Kinetics of Slag Hydration in the Presence of Calcium Hydroxide

The reaction between ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) having an empirical formula of C_7.88S_7.39M₃A and calcium hydroxide (CH) was investigated. The kinetics of the reaction were explored. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to monitor the consumption of CH from which rate constants were determined. Based on Knudsen's kinetic model, activation energies of 14.5, 17.9, and 22.6 kJ/mol were determined for three different mass ratios of slag and CH reacted over a temperature range of 15° to 50°C and hydrated for a period of time from 0 to 32 days. A comparison of the kinetics of the slag/CH reaction was made with slag/portland cement hydration. The basic features of both appear similar.     

A Trend to the Production of Calcium Hydroxide and Precipitated Calcium Carbonate with Defined Properties

In this paper, production of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) with required particle size and morphological structure, along with its dependence on technological parameters and the properties of Ca(OH)₂, is discussed. The effect of the reaction environment on the kinetics of CaO hydration and the formation of crystals in water suspension was established. A remarkable difference in the system's restoration ability after stirring was observed. The hydration process is initially controlled by a kinetic mechanism, followed by a diffusion‐controlled process. The dissolution speed of lime hydrated to suspension is eight times higher than that of lime hydrated to powder. Particles of hydrated lime appeared in various forms.     

Characterization by Multinuclear High-Resolution NMR of Hydration Products in Activated Blast-Furnace Slag Pastes

The effect of activators on the hydration of granulated blast-furnace slag (gbfs) was studied through compressive strength measurements, ²⁹Si, ²⁷Al, and ²³Na high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance, and X-ray diffraction. Four different activations containing sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate, and/or calcium hydroxide (CH) were considered, at fixed amounts of alkali: 5% Na₂O, 5% Na₂O-2.5% CH, 5% Na₂O-7.5% SiO₂, and 5% Na₂O-2.5% CH-7.5% SiO₂. Silicate-activated gbfs cements have greater compressive strength than Portland cements over the whole period of study (1 yr). Also, silicate-free activated gbfs cements have poorer mechanical strength than silicate-activated cements. In fact, substantial structural differences were observed between hydration products in both kinds of activations. In silicate-activated pastes there exists an intimate mixture of C-S-H layers and AFm-like arrangements containing Al in octahedral sites bonded to the silicate layers, originated either from phase intergrowths or from a high density of Ca-Al incorporation in the interlayer spaces of C-S-H. In pastes obtained from silicate-free activation of gbfs there is a better chemical and structural definition among C-S-H and calcium aluminate hydrate domains (AFm and hydrogarnet).     

氢氧化钙对硫铝酸盐水泥-粉煤灰复合胶凝材料的水化影响

通过凝结时间、抗压强度和电阻率等分析手段,研究了Ca(OH)2对硫铝酸盐水泥-粉煤灰复合胶凝材料水化过程的影响.结果表明,掺入Ca(OH)2明显缩短了硫铝酸盐水泥-粉煤灰复合胶凝材料的凝结时间;当Ca(OH)2掺量为0.5%时,初凝时间最短,1 d、28 d强度均明显提高;当Ca(OH)2的掺量为2%时,28 d强度相比空白样提高了61.9%;掺入Ca(OH)2后,硫铝酸盐水泥-粉煤灰复合胶凝材料的1 d电阻率减小,随着Ca(OH)2掺量增大,电阻率逐渐减小,电阻率变化率极大值提前,说明Ca(OH)2加快了该复合胶凝材料的早期水化进程.XRD分析表明,掺入Ca(OH)2后,水化1 d时钙矾石的生成量增多,消耗无水硫铝酸钙的量增多;水化28 d时钙矾石的生成量相对变化较小,但强度明显增大,粉煤灰对硫铝酸盐水泥强度的贡献较为明显.     

氢氧化钙羰基化合成甲酸钙工艺研究

对氢氧化钙羰基化合成甲酸钙的工艺进行了初步研究,考察了温度、一氧化碳分压、不同添加剂和搅拌速率对反应速率的影响,实验结果表明,反应速率随着反应温度、一氧化碳分压、氢氧根浓度和搅拌速率的提高而提高,随着甲酸钙浓度的提高而降低,而甲酸钠和氮气的添加对反应速率几乎没有影响.     

碳酸化钢渣复合胶凝材料早期水化活性

通过调节初始加水量控制钢渣的碳酸化效果（碳酸化质量增加率）,利用胶砂强度试验法测定碳酸化钢渣的活性指数,以及分析硬化浆体矿物相和微观形貌,研究碳酸化钢渣水泥水化活性。结果表明：随着初始加水量的增加,碳酸化质量增加率先增加后降低;钢渣中的游离氧化钙（f-CaO）含量经碳酸化后,由3．92％降至1．11％;加水量为19％的钢渣经碳酸化后,生成15．95％的CaCO3;碳酸化质量增加率相同时,加水量为11.8％的碳酸化钢渣3、28d活性指数较21％加水量的分别高49％和5％。在初始加水量为19％时,碳酸化钢渣3、28d活性指数为最大值,较未碳酸化钢渣水化活性可提高97％和16％：碳酸化生成的CaC03与水泥中的C3A反应生成水合碳铝酸钙。     

氢氧化钙精制的新技术

本实验以草酸铵为主要原料对工业消石灰进行精制。同时测试了草酸铵用量对氢氧化钙的有效钙含量和产率的影响,测试了在不同pH条件下对氢氧化钙的有效钙含量和产率的影响,测试了不同加热温度对草酸钙分解温度的影响。结果表明,3％草酸铵溶液用量为436mL,pH范围为3．5～4．4,加热温度为1000℃时,氢氧化钙的有效钙含量和产率最高。     

Hydration Products and Reactivity of Blast-Furnace Slag Activated by Various Alkalis

Pastes of blast-furnace slag were cured for up to 90 d using sodium silicate (waterglass), NaOH, and three different mixtures of Na₂CO₃–Na₂SO₄–Ca(OH)₂ to activate reactions. The highest slag reactivity was observed for NaOH activation and the least for waterglass, although nonevaporable water indicated similar amounts of hydration products formed. The main hydration products found using X-ray diffractometry in all systems were calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) and a hydrotalcite-type phase. Microanalysis was performed on pastes activated using 50% Na₂CO₃·25% Na₂SO₄·25% Ca(OH)₂, NaOH, and waterglass; the chemical composition of the C-S-H in the waterglass case was different relative to the other two alkalis. For all alkaline agents used, the C-S-H seemed finely intermixed with a hydrotalcite-type phase of Mg/Al = 1.82, on average.     

钢渣粉对硫铝酸盐水泥水化过程的影响及热力学模拟

通过测试水泥浆体的凝结时间、抗压强度、电阻率,同时结合水化产物分析及热力学模拟,研究了不同掺量钢渣粉对硫铝酸盐水泥水化行为的影响规律。结果表明,随着钢渣粉质量掺量的增大,初凝时间呈先延长后缩短的趋势,且在掺量为20%时达到最大值。在28 d龄期内,掺入钢渣粉的水泥硬化浆体抗压强度均小于未掺入钢渣粉的硬化浆体,但在龄期达到60 d和90 d时,掺入40%钢渣粉试样的抗压强度均大于未掺入钢渣粉的试样。钢渣粉与硫铝酸盐水泥复合浆体的电阻率在水化初始阶段随着钢渣粉掺量的增大而增大,在水化后期(约3 h后)则随钢渣粉掺量的增大而减小。在1 d龄期内,钢渣粉掺量为40%的试样中的钢渣粉发生了水化反应,使得水泥浆体在减速期的水化速率最大。由热力学模拟结果可知：在钢渣粉掺量为40%的试样中,C₂S在10 h后开始进行水化反应,C₂ASH₈则在168 h后开始生成;当钢渣掺量大于15%时,随着钢渣粉掺量的增大,钙矾石和铝胶的生成量逐渐减少,C₂ASH₈的生成量逐渐增多。     

无水硫铝酸钙在石膏和氢氧化钙水溶液中的水化试验研究

基于无水硫铝酸钙水化固液反应的机理,分别在20℃和60℃恒温条件下研究了不同的n(C4A3S∶C SH2∶CH)对C4A3S的水化程度以及水化产物的影响.利用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析表征水化试样的矿物种类和微观结构.研究结果表明,CH对C4A3S的水化有一定的抑制作用,温度的升高都有利于C4A3S的水化.在溶液中有CH存在的条件下,温度的提高使得C4A3S在水化早期形成AFm相;由于C SH2量充足,最终的水化产物为AFt相.(在本文缩写中,C=CaO,A=Al2O3,H=H2O,S=SO3,S=SiO2)     

水泥–矿渣复合胶凝材料中矿渣的水化特性

通过对不同矿渣掺量时水泥–矿渣复合胶凝材料中矿渣的反应程度、硬化浆体中Ca（OH）2含量以及水化硅酸钙（C–S–H）凝胶的Ca/Si比（Ca和Si的摩尔比）的测定,研究复合胶凝材料体系中矿渣的水化特性。结果表明：在水泥–矿渣复合胶凝材料中,矿渣掺量越大,矿渣反应程度越低,但矿渣掺量≤70%时,对矿渣的反应程度影响不大。高温养护可提高早期矿渣的反应程度,但阻碍其后期的进一步水化。矿渣早期水化生成外部水化产物时消耗一定的Ca（OH）2,使硬化浆体中Ca（OH）2含量降低,矿渣水化吸收Ca（OH）2中的Ca2＋,使生成的C–S–H凝胶的Ca/Si比降低较少;在水化后期,矿渣生成内部水化产物不再消耗较多的Ca（OH）2,使C–S–H凝胶的Ca/Si比降低相对较多,硬化浆体中Ca（OH）2含量有增加的趋势,保证硬化浆体的长期稳定性。     

钙镁摩尔比对氢氧化钙碳化性能的影响

为提高矿物周碳效率,采用固体法碳化,在CO2质量分数为99.9％、压力为0.3 MPa、液固比为0.10、碳化时间为2.0h条件下,探讨了不同Ca与Mg摩尔比(Mr)对氢氧化钙和氢氧化镁混合物碳化质量增加率的影响.结果表明:当Mr为5时,碳化质量增加率达到最大值23.75％;加入氢氧化镁,可使碳化产物结构疏松、细化氢氧化钙的碳化产物,碳化程度提高;同条件下,氢氧化镁碳化程度远低于氢氧化钙的.     

基于ARIMA模型的硅钙渣水泥复合胶凝材料水化热预测

预测硅钙渣水泥复合胶凝材料水化过程中产生的热量,对于这种材料在混凝土结构中的应用具有现实意义。本文基于ARIMA模型基本理论,建立了硅钙渣掺量分别为0%、10%、30%(质量分数,下同)下硅钙渣水泥复合胶凝材料的水化放热量预测模型,通过与试验数据的对比,验证了模型的准确性与可靠性;基于0%、10%、30%这三种硅钙渣掺量下复合胶凝材料的水化放热量试验数据,建立不同龄期下复合胶凝材料的水化放热量预测模型,并对其他硅钙渣掺量下复合胶凝材料的水化放热量进行预测。结果表明:0%、10%、30%这三种硅钙渣掺量下水化放热量预测值与试验值的相对误差均值均小于5%,这说明运用ARIMA模型预测硅钙渣水泥复合胶凝材料的水化放热量具有较高准确性和可靠性;其他硅钙渣掺量下复合胶凝材料水化放热量的预测结果符合实际变化趋势,进一步证明了ARIMA模型在水化热预测方面的可行性,这为定量研究与预测不同类型胶凝材料的水化放热量提供了一种有效方法。     

Structure of Calcium Silicate Hydrates Formed in Alkaline-Activated Slag: Influence of the Type of Alkaline Activator

The influence of the alkaline activator (NaOH, waterglass, or Na₂CO₃) on the structure of the hydrated calcium silicate formed in alkali-activated slag (AAS) cement pastes has been investigated by FTIR, ²⁹Si and ²⁷Al magic-angle scattering nuclear magnetic resonance, and TEM/EDX techniques. In all cases, the main product formed after 7 d of activation, with activators giving an Na₂O concentration of 4%, is a semicrystalline calcium silicate hydrate with a dreierkette-type anion. In these structures, linear finite chains of silicate tetrahedra ( Q ² units) are linked to central Ca-O layers, and tetrahedral aluminum occupies bridging positions in the chains. The main chain length and the amount of aluminum incorporated in the tetrahedral chains depend on the activator used. The detection of Q ³ silicon entities in alkaline-activated slags is discussed in relation to the possible formation of cross-linked structures that may be responsible for increased flexural and compressive strengths in AAS mortars.     

快凝快硬高贝利特硫铝酸盐水泥熟料水化机理研究

研究了一种新型快凝快硬高贝利特硫铝酸盐水泥的水化性能,并利用微量热仪、XRD、TGA、SEM等方法进行了水泥水化过程,水化产物和微观形貌结构的表征.实验结果表明:新型高贝利特硫铝酸盐水泥熟料的早期水化放热迅速并集中,早期强度发展迅速;该水泥的早期水化产物主要为AFt和铝胶相,未发现CH相;在水化后期,生成的AFt会发生转化生成AFm相,同样没有发现CH相.随着水化的进行,水化产物不断增多,针棒状的AFt穿插,交错在凝胶之间,形成了较为致密的结构,从而提高了水泥的强度.     

活化煤矸石细粉-水泥复合胶凝材料水化性能研究

主要采用XRD、DTA/TG、SEM、MIP及等温微量量热仪研究了华新硅酸盐水泥以及掺有活化煤矸石细粉水泥胶凝体体系的水化性能和微观结构,试验证明煅烧后的煤矸石具有火山灰活性。掺有活化煤矸石细粉的水泥浆体结构较疏松,孔隙较多,但随着龄期的增长,浆体结构变得越来紧密,其主要的水化产物亦为水化硅酸钙凝胶、钙矾石和Ca(OH)2晶体。     

麦秸秆的氢氧化钙预处理及酶解试验研究

采用氢氧化钙对麦秸秆进行预处理,以酶解还原糖得率为目的,分别优化预处理及酶解条件。结果表明,氢氧化钙预处理麦秸秆的最佳条件是:Ca(OH)2添加量为0.06g/g(对秸秆),固液比为1:10,在120℃下反应时间为2h;最佳酶解条件是:温度50℃,pH4.8,纤维素酶17FPU/g(对秸秆),木聚糖酶160IU/g,在添加0.15g/g(对秸秆)Tween80条件下,酶解液中还原糖质量浓度为62.32g/L,酶解还原糖得率达85.23%。     

钙盐调凝剂对硅酸盐水泥水化性能的影响

本文研究了硫酸钙和氯化钙两种钙盐在不同的掺量下对硅酸盐水泥水化性能的影响,试验发现随着两种钙盐掺量的增大,水泥标准稠度值呈现先减小后增大的趋势,且氯化钙的流动度保持效果没有硫酸钙好,但是氯化钙对水泥强度的发展贡献更大,而掺硫酸钙随着掺量达到2‰后,28 d强度出现倒缩.     

X-ray Diffraction Investigations of Microstructure of Calcium Hydroxide Crystallites in the Interfacial Transition Zone of Concrete

This work presents theoretical and experimental X-ray diffractometry investigations of the morphology and deformation state of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂, CH) crystallites in the interfacial transition zone of concrete. Based on the developed theoretical approach, the distributions of CH crystallites and their coherent domains over strains and sizes are reconstructed. The average amounts of planar defects, cracks, and possible stacking faults within a CH crystallite are estimated. A comparative analysis is conducted for the morphology of CH texture depending on the type of aggregate particles (granite and smoky quartz) used.     

温度对半水硫酸钙晶须水化过程的影响

对半水硫酸钙晶须在不同水化温度下的水化过程进行了研究.通过XRD、SEM等对晶须水化产物进行了表征,结果表明:半水硫酸钙晶须水化过程随着静置水化温度的升高而延迟,静置水化温度大于100℃时,晶须不水化.晶须长径比减小的趋势随水化温度的升高逐渐减弱.静置水化温度为80℃时,半水硫酸钙晶须的长径比在水化30 min后可保持为30左右.