放电等离子烧结可加工Ti2AlC陶瓷的研究

以自蔓延高温合成（SHS）的Ti2AlC粉体为原料，利用放电等离子烧结技术（SPS）研究了Ti2AlC陶瓷的烧结制备。结果表明：烧结温度1250℃，压力20MPa，真空烧结，保温5min，可获得相对密度98．6％，维氏硬度为4．3GPa的致密烧结块体；烧结样品的维氏硬度随烧结温度升高而增大，但高于1250℃后随温度升高反而减小，SPS方法烧结Ti2AlC陶瓷的最佳温度为1250℃，当烧结温度≥1350℃时Ti2AlC分解；SEM分析表明，SPS技术烧结制备的Ti2AlC陶瓷片层尺寸随烧结温度的升高而增大。     

原位热压制备Ti3Si0．8Al0．4C1．95固溶体陶瓷

以Ti、Si、Al和C（石墨）元素粉为原料，采用原位热压烧结法制备了高纯度的Ti3Si0．8Al0．4C1．95层间固溶体陶瓷块体材料，研究了合成温度对产物纯度的影响，测试分析了制备材料的相组成及显微结构，测试了制备材料的密度、抗弯强度及电阻率等特性。结果表明，适当的热压烧结温度为1550℃左右，偏高或偏低都导致TiC及Ti5Si3等杂相的生成；微观结构为典型的板状晶，晶粒内部的层状结构清晰可见；材料的密度、抗弯强度和电阻率均介于Ti3SiC2和Ti3AlC2两者之间。     

热压烧结制备Al2O3/TiCN-Ni-Ti陶瓷复合材料的组织与性能

采用真空热压烧结方法制备Al2O3/Ti(C,N)-Ni-Ti陶瓷基复合材料,采用X射线衍射与扫描电镜分析材料的物相组成和显微结构,研究烧结工艺对材料物相组成、显微结构和力学性能的影响。结果表明:Ni和Ti的添加显著提高复合材料的强度和韧性;温度小于1 600℃时,复合材料的力学性能随热压温度的升高而升高;温度高于1 600℃时,温度升高及保温时间延长不仅会导致Al2O3晶粒的异常长大和Ti(C,N)的分解,而且会使Ni发生聚集现象,复合材料的力学性能下降;当烧结温度为1 600℃、保温时间为30 min时,制备的Al2O3/Ti(C,N)-Ni-Ti陶瓷复合材料的力学性能最佳,其相对密度达到99.4%,抗弯强度为820 MPa,断裂韧性达到9.3 MPa.m1/2。     

放电等离子（SPS）快速烧结可加工陶瓷Ti3AlC2

利用放电等离子烧结技术研究了SHS的Ti3AlC2粉体的烧结过程。烧结温度1450℃，压力20MPa，真空烧结，保温5min，可获得相对密度达98．4％的致密烧结体，HV可达3．8GPa；烧结温度为l500℃，则可获得完全致密的烧结体，HV可达4．2GPa；烧结体的维氏硬度随烧结温度(1300℃～1500℃)的升高而增大；SEM分析表明，SPS技术烧结制备的Ti3AlC2陶瓷，片层大小随烧结温度的升高而增大。     

Ti2AlC陶瓷的电化学腐蚀性能研究

将原料粉体按TiC：Ti：Al：C=0．5：1．5：1：0．5的配比充分混合，在石墨模具中加压到30MPa，升温至1400℃保温2h后自然冷却到室温，得到高纯致密的Ti2AlC烧结体。用电化学方法测定了高纯Ti2AlC在不同腐蚀介质中的极化曲线。结果表明，Ti2AlC在HCl中的腐蚀电流密度最大，腐蚀严重；而在NaOH中自腐蚀电压最负，腐蚀趋势最大；除了在HCl中表现为活性溶解外，在其它的腐蚀介质中均出现钝化现象。     

原位反应合成TiN/Al2O3复合陶瓷

研究了Ti,Al和TiO2混合粉体经无特殊气氛保护的高能球磨和真空热压烧结工艺原位合成了TiN/Al2O3复合材料,该材料的抗弯强度达到850 MPa,断裂韧性为5.5 MPa.m1/2.利用DTA,XRD及SEM等手段的分析测试结果,结合热力学计算,研究了该粉体的高能球磨过程和球磨粉体在后续热处理中的物相形成及转化规律.结果表明:在球磨过程中粉料吸附并溶解了空气中的N2和O2气,在后续热压烧结处理中首先原位反应形成了Ti2AIN,Al2O3以及TiAl,Ti3Al,TiAl3等金属间化合物相.随温度的升高Ti2AIN逐渐分解形成TiN相,当热压温度升高到1300℃时,其它物相基本消失,从而形成了FiN/Al2O3复合材料.     

热压C-SiC-B4C-TiB2复合材料的组织与力学性能

以磷片石墨Cfg,SiC,B4C和TiO2为原料,热压合成C-SiC-B4C-TiB2复合材料,研究不同Cfg含量和热压温度对复合材料显微组织和力学性能的影响规律.结果表明烧结过程中TiO2与B4C反应原位生成TiB2;复合材料的密度和抗弯强度随着热压温度的升高而增加,却随着Cfg含量的增加而降低,随着热压温度的升高和Cfg含量的增加,复合材料的断裂韧性则提高;在2 000 ℃,25 MPa下热压时,Cfg含量为20%(质量分数)的复合材料其体积密度为2.81 g/cm3,抗弯强度为236.7 MPa,断裂韧性为5.3 Mpa·m1/2,Cfg含量为65%含量的复合材料的体积密度为2.42 g/cm3、抗弯强度为103.6 MPa、断裂韧性为8.1 Mpa·m1/2;复合材料的致密化程度和陶瓷晶粒随热压温度的升高而增大,复合材料中Cfg层状分布结构随Cfg含量的增加更加明显;复合材料中Cfg弱界面分层诱导韧化作用及第二相TiB2和陶瓷基体热膨胀系数不匹配所产生的残余应力导致的裂纹偏转作用是复合材料断裂韧性提高的主要原因.     

Ti3AlC2材料的反应合成及其烧结行为

以Ti,Al和TiC为原材料,用无压煅烧合成法制备三元化合物Ti3AlC2。详细讨论了煅烧温度和铝含量对多晶Ti3AlC2纯度的影响。利用X射线衍射仪、场发射扫描电镜和场发射透射电镜研究了粉末材料的组织结构、晶粒大小、层板厚度和选区电子衍射花样。结果表明1300℃是合成Ti3AlC2粉末的最佳煅烧温度,1:1.2:2是Ti/Al/TiC原材料的最佳摩尔比。用热压法制备了不同烧结温度下的Ti3AlC2块体试样,在1300℃热压制备的Ti3AlC2块体的相对密度可达99.9%,其维氏硬度和三点抗弯强度分别为5.7 GPa和630 MPa。通过场发射扫面电镜观察材料的断口形貌,进一步分析了Ti3AlC2块体材料的强化机理。     

Sn做助剂机械合金化+热处理制备Ti_3AlC_2

以3Ti/Al/2C/0.1Sn粉体为原料,进行机械合金化,并对粉体产物进行热处理,制备高含量Ti3AlC2材料,并分析了产物的微观形貌。机械合金化3Ti/Al/2C粉体,可合成TiC、Ti3AlC2和Ti2AlC混合粉体产物。添加适量Sn可消除产物中的Ti2AlC,明显促进Ti3AlC2合成。对粉体产物进行热处理,可以提高产物Ti3AlC2含量。热处理温度过低或过高都不利于Ti3AlC2含量的提高。随着热处理温度的提高,晶粒长大明显,烧结倾向加剧,研磨困难。在900℃可以获得质量分数为95.2%的Ti3AlC2。热处理产物颗粒比较细小,可做复合材料的原料。     

原位反应合成TiN／Al2O3复合材料

以Al和TiO2为初始原料，经高能球磨及热压烧结工艺，原位合成了TiN／Al2O3复合材料。利用DTA，XRD及SEM等方法结合热力学计算，研究了该粉体的高能球磨过程和球磨粉体在后续热处理中的物相形成及转化规律。同时研究了以高能球磨及热压烧结工艺所制备的复合材料的力学性能和显微结构。结果表明：在球磨过程中粉料吸附并溶解了N2气，在后续热处理中原位反应形成了Ti2AlN相，当温度升高到一定程度时分解形成TiN，这有助于材料的致密化并使其力学性能提高。球磨粉体在1300℃、30MPa、保温、保压60min热压烧结条件下，可得到性能优异的TiN/Al2O3复合材料，该材料的抗弯强度为850MPa，断裂韧性为5．7MPa·m^1/2。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.