开放磁路式磁致伸缩导波传感器原理的实验研究

磁致伸缩导波技术具有单点激励即可实现长距离检测的优点,但在检测非铁磁性构件或端部外露构件时面临难题.在分析已有磁致伸缩导波传感器检测原理的基础上,提出首先利用磁致伸缩效应在铁磁性波导管中产生导波;然后通过端部将其传入构件实现检测的原理,构建了开放磁路式磁致伸缩导波传感器原理的研究实验平台.采用270 kHz的纵向模态导波,在长2800 mm,壁厚2.5mm的Φ25 mm低碳钢钢管上可检测出0.5mm深刻槽和Φ5 mm的通孔缺陷,且在长2800 mm,壁厚2.5mm的Φ25mm不锈钢钢管上可得到明显的端部回波信号,从而为该传感器进一步应用于非铁磁性或端部外露构件检测提供了依据.     

管道超声导波检测用磁致伸缩涂层传感器研究

为克服磁致伸缩带材导波检测技术对耦合剂的依赖,又能满足对异形部件的检测需求,本文提出了一种磁致伸缩涂层导波检测的新方法。结合Fe-Ga磁致伸缩合金具有高的磁机械耦合系数,通过热喷涂技术制备Fe-Ga合金涂层,磁致伸缩为32 ppm。在1m长预置人工缺陷的316L不锈钢管道一端喷涂Fe-Ga涂层,设计磁致伸缩涂层传感器的结构和参数,得到产生偏置磁场与通入直流电的关系为17.05I Oe。通过频散曲线确定管道纵向导波的激励频率为180kHz,当偏置磁场为273 Oe时,得到缺陷处L(0, 1)、L(0, 2)和端面处L(0, 2)的回波信号幅值分别为0.24 V、0.20 V和1.44 V,说明磁致伸缩涂层传感器不仅能检测出缺陷,还能有效克服带材传感器需要耦合剂和适用对象有限的问题,可应用于管道在线监测,具有重要应用前景。     

用于板结构损伤检测的磁致伸缩传感器

基于铁磁性材料的磁致伸缩特性,提出一种用于非铁磁性板结构损伤检测的磁致伸缩传感器。该传感器分为激励和接收两部分,由8字型线圈、镍带以及偏置永磁铁组成。根据磁致伸缩效应,激励部分在板中激励导波,波在板中传播,遇缺陷及边缘反射,通过磁致伸缩逆效应,由接收部分接收其反射信号。根据反射信号的到达时间和波在板中传播的速度,可判断出板中缺陷所在位置。改变恒定偏置磁场与时变磁场的方向可以在板中激励不同波型的导波。实验结果证明:该传感器设计是可行的,且具有价格便宜、灵敏度高、可与被测结构分离等优点。     

非线性自适应滤波在磁致伸缩导波传感器信号处理中的应用

针对传统滤波算法对磁致伸缩导波传感器信号滤波,存在降噪效果不理想、滤波后信号失真等问题,提出一种基于小波分解的非线性自适应滤波算法。在利用小波分解提取参考噪声的基础上,将神经网络和粒子群优化算法引入传统自适应滤波中,实现了对信号的非线性自适应滤波。以纵向导波磁致伸缩传感器对钢杆的检测信号为例,应用该算法进行滤波处理,结果表明:这种算法能够有效滤除检测信号中的噪声,具有滤波后信号信噪比高、信号不失真、容易实现实时处理等优点,可以实际应用在磁致伸缩导波传感器信号处理中。     

基于磁致伸缩电磁超声导波的钢板焊缝缺陷检测

针对工业现场使用压电超声波检测焊缝缺陷时需使用耦合剂的问题,研究了通过无须耦合剂的基于磁致伸缩电磁超声对薄钢板焊缝中缺陷进行检测的方法,并且针对电磁超声换能效率低、信号微弱的问题,通过仿真优化了回折线圈结构参数,选择了三分裂回折线圈,并探究了导波频率对缺陷检测灵敏度的影响。仿真结果表明:相比于无分裂线圈,选择三分裂回折线圈后激励信号面内位移幅值提高了94.2%,随着导波频率增加,缺陷反射回波幅值表现出先增大再减小的变化规律。实验结果表明:S0模态Lamb波垂直入射焊缝时,焊缝本身产生的回波与缺陷信号相比相对较小,缺陷检测阈值达到1 mm,缺陷定位误差小于2 mm,证明了电磁超声导波具备检测焊缝中毫米级缺陷的能力。     

大功率磁致伸缩检测仪的研制

本文介绍了大功率磁致伸缩检测仪的研制.该设备采用磁致伸缩效应的原理实现对钢管的无损检测.本文首先介绍了设备的工作原理及核心技术,然后介绍其硬件和软件,最后通过实验的检验,该设备可以对钢管的缺陷进行精确的定位和缺陷大小的判断.     

增强SH波电磁超声传感器信号的方法与实验

电磁超声传感器技术作为一种非接触无损测量方法,可用于恶劣工况的无损检测,尤其是可以实现水平剪切(SH)波的激励和接收。基于磁致伸缩效应的常规SH波电磁超声传感器信号较弱,为得到较强SH信号,改善信噪比,提出了一种增强电磁超声传感器信号的方法。该方法是在主永久磁铁闭合磁路上施加辅助永久磁铁,提高电磁超声线圈下部构件磁化强度,从而增强信号。实验证明:此方法可以使信号得到明显增强,并且有助于提高缺陷检测能力。     

磁致伸缩纵向导波传感器中偏置磁场的优化设计

偏置磁场大小是磁致伸缩纵向导波传感器设计的关键参数之一,最佳偏置磁场的选择受到材料和激励条件的影响,故要求导波检测系统中偏置磁场可调节性好.目前使用的偏置磁场有两种,其中螺线管线圈产生的磁场信号干扰大,信噪比低,永磁体提供的磁场可调节性不佳.为此,提出一种偏置磁场可以调节的结构方案,并通过该方案研制了一种可以调节的偏置...     

一种用于管道检测的磁致伸缩式周向超声导波传感器

传感器由磁化器、激励线圈、接收线圈和聚磁器等组成.实验结果表明,利用周向超声导波传感器可以在大直径管道中激励和接收周向超声导波并可对管道中的缺陷进行长范围、全覆盖的非接触无损检测.     

电磁超声扭转波检测钢管缺陷的实验研究

扭转模态T(0,1)超声导波具有无频散的特点,便于信号分析与处理。在分析电磁超声扭转波传感器换能原理的基础上,搭建了电磁超声扭转波钢管缺陷检测实验平台,采用350 kHz的T(0,1)模态导波,在Ф25 mm×2800 mm壁厚2.5 mm的钢管上检测出20%壁厚损失的周向平底刻槽与Ф5 mm通孔缺陷,检测信号的信噪比较高。实验结果表明:这种电磁超声扭转波方法可以应用于钢管缺陷检测。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).