中国乡镇企业能效自愿协议活动初探

能效自愿协议是行业组织或企业以节能和减排温室气体为目的自愿与政府签订的一种协议。中国乡镇企业普遍工艺落后,能源效率低,节能潜力巨大。本文借鉴国内外自愿协议经验,通过对GEF在中国乡镇企业示范项目实施过程具体分析,提出了加强宣传教育、制定优惠政策和发挥行业协会作用等在乡镇企业推广自愿协议有益建议。     

节能自愿协议研究最新进展

《节能和减污自愿协议的政策措施研究》项目是在能源基金会资助下开展的 ,自 2 0 0 3年 4月启动 ,至2 0 0 4年 4月完成。目的是根据《节能法》和《清洁生产促进法》的要求 ,开展理论研究工作 ,为政府部门提供一个在节能和减污领域实施自愿协议的理论基础。它包括如下 4个方面的工作 :(1)研究国际上有关自愿协议的立法基础和实施方式 ,研究在中国实施节能和减污自愿协议的可行性 ;(2 )起草一个《节能和减污自愿协议实施办法》 ;(3)研究实施节能和减污自愿协议的激励政策 ;(4 )研究自愿协议实施的程序和其他有关的实施细节。目前 ,项目组通过…     

建筑管理与能源匹配中的建筑节能

基于调研成果 ,分析了目前上海市公共建筑的管理模式与建筑能源的匹配情况 ,探讨了建筑管理与建筑能源匹配对公共建筑节能的影响     

国外促进节能的财税政策

本文阐述了促进工业节能的财税政策的目的和意义。财税政策的功能,一是降低能源效率投资成本促进节能,包括财政拨款,税收减免,优惠贷款等,二是增加能源使用成本促进节能,主要是征收能源税和环境税,介绍了国外促进工业节能的财税政策的实施及实例,包括公益基金,节能基金,创新基金,需求侧管理,能源服务公司,节能自愿协议等。     

主动干涉下的楼宇管理节能研究

楼宇节能管理是降低公共建筑能耗的重要措施之一,而目前大多数关于楼宇节能管理的研究集中在利用数学模型对建筑负荷进行预测、通过自动控制手段期望实现节能的目的,基本上忽略了管理者对于节能技术实施效果的影响。该文以上海市公共建筑为例,对56幢建筑的楼宇管理现状进行了调研,对有无管理人员主动干涉的楼宇管理模式及节能效果进行了对比分析,并以建筑实际运行数据为依据证明管理人员的主动干涉可以有效提高建筑能效水平。以行为模型理论为指导,分析建立主动干涉管理模式的关键因素和途径,为建立有效节能管理模式提供参考。     

节能自愿协议:调查与法经济学分析

新修订的《节约能源法》把节能作为基本国策,创新了节能自愿协议这一市场化节能机制。作为特殊行政合同的节能自愿协议有公共利益性、自愿性特点。从对北京、山东、浙江、上海等省市实际调研结果看,节能自愿协议实施中的成果和缺陷并存。缺陷表现在协议客体难以达成,主体权利义务边界不清晰,协议的义务本位性导致激励不相容,违约责任制度形同虚设,协议适用范围窄。如何应用市场化的节能机制实现"十二五"及将来国家节能减排目标仍然是亟待解决的现实课题。     

节能自愿协议国家标准通过审定

日前,《节能自愿协议技术通则》国家标准通过了全国能源基础与管理标准化技术委员会组织的审定,将作为推荐性国家标准,报国家标准委批准发布。     

节能自愿协议国家标准通过审定

目前,<节能自愿协议技术通则>国家标准通过了全国能源基础与管理标准化技术委员会组织的审定,将作为推荐性国家标准,报国家标准委批准发布.     

提高能效的自原协议

一、概述 1.什么是提高能源效率的自愿协议 自愿协议是政府与工业部门之间的协议,受政府的鼓励,在参加者的自身利益基础上由参加者来执行. 提高能源效率的自愿协议是指行业组织或单个企业在自愿的基础上为提高能源效率与政府签订的一种协议. 2.提高能源效率的自愿协议的发展历史 70年代石油危机以来,世界各国开始重视提高能源效率.80年代环境污染尤其是温室气体的过度排放引起了人们的高度重视.当时,国际上对于减排二氧化碳的磋商还没有形成统一明确的意见.许多欧洲国家就采用了自愿协议的方式,作为减少二氧化碳排放的国家政策.美国环保局(EPA)也于1990年提出减少建筑物温室气体排放的自愿计划.     

完善公共建筑节能低碳绩效评价考核制度的几点建议

公共建筑用能量和用能强度不断攀升,强化公共建筑节能低碳绩效评价考核制度不仅是实现能源消费总量和强度“双控”目标的需要,更是国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的需要.针对公共建筑节能低碳考核中缺少能源消费量化目标,难以分解到各地区,主管政府机构间缺乏协同合作的工作机制,目标责任与政策、措施间缺少互补互促等问题,建议把强化能源消费计量和统计工作放在突出位置,推动建立多方协调合作、建筑能耗数据共享的工作机制,加快推动能耗限额管理、能效测评和能耗公示等节能减碳措施的落实,尽快修订《民用建筑节能条例》,为完善公共建筑节能低碳绩效评价考核制度提供法律依据.     

Towards cooperative policy approaches in China—Drivers for voluntary agreements on industrial energy efficiency in Nanjing

Energy efficiency is a national priority for China as rapid energy consumption growth aggravates its greenhouse gas emissions, local air pollution and energy scarcity. In the 1990s, a large number of voluntary agreements emerged in industrialised countries in order to improve industrial energy efficiency. These experiences are now taken into account in China. This article analyses the drivers for voluntary agreements on industrial energy efficiency in China, based on a case study of three enterprises in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province. Furthermore, the article reviews the institutional set-up of energy policy and investigates the pertaining policy culture. From the findings, conclusions are drawn on the role of voluntary agreements within China's larger policy context. We conclude that opposed to avoiding stricter regulation, voluntary agreements in Nanjing are reinterpreted in view of more stringent national provisions on energy efficiency in the 11th Five Year Plan. Hence, agreements have evolved into an implementation tool of national policy at the local level. For industry, another major driver for participation was identified as improving its relations with local authorities. Voluntary agreements showed to have the potential to overcome traditional constraints of implementing top–down policies at the local level in China.     

Assessment of retrofitting measures and solar systems' potential in urban areas using Geographical Information Systems: Application to a Mediterranean city

Energy efficient management of urban environment is undoubtedly a challenging task. Although the topography of cities and their urban built environment are considered as the main layers for environmental analysis, further geographical data has to be taken into account as well. In particular, economic and social data should also be considered on spatial level, as they highly affect the need for energy conservation measures. Furthermore, land and building uses, urban mobility and transactions are also crucial factors that influence energy use and management. Within this framework, this paper examines the establishment of a methodology approach in order to estimate energy conservation and solar systems potential in urban environments, based on the implementation of geoinformatics decision-making tools into a fine-scale analysis over an extended geographical area. All above multi-criteria variables can be efficiently analyzed by applying Geographical Information System (GIS) tools, which are particularly applied for the establishment of the proposed methodology. The scope of the paper is to deliver an integrated assessment tool, in order to aid researches as well as public bodies for the implementation of energy policies concerning the urban built environment. A case study of the urban area of Thessaloniki in Northern Greece is presented focusing on the evaluation of current energy performance and possible retrofit measures for the existing urban building stock, especially for typical residential multi-family (MF) buildings. Conclusively, the general outcome obtained by current research, indicate that denser urban areas perform limited potential both for retrofitting interventions on buildings' envelope and solar systems applications, apart from the quality and the age of building constructions.     

Implementation of voluntary agreements for energy efficiency in China

Low-energy efficiency and environmental pollution have long been taken as key problems of Chinese industry, although a number of command-and-control and economic instruments have been adopted in the last few decades. In this paper, policy and legislation development for voluntary agreements were summarized. The voluntary agreements pilot project in two iron and steel companies in Shandong Province as well as other cases were analyzed. In order to identify the existing problems in Chinese cases, comparison was made between China and industrialized countries in the practices of energy efficiency voluntary agreements. Based on the analysis, detained recommendations, including the use of supporting policies for voluntary agreements, were raised. It is expected that voluntary agreements could play a more important role in energy efficiency improvement of Chinese industry.     

Evaluation of city-scale impact of residential energy conservation measures using the detailed end-use simulation model

Energy conservation policies for the residential sector are evaluated by a model that simulates city-scale energy consumption in the residential sector by considering the diversity of household and building types. In this model, all the households in the city are classified into 380 categories based on the household and building type. The energy consumption for each household category is simulated by the dynamic energy simulation model, which includes an energy use schedule model and a heating and cooling load calculation model. Since the energy usage of each appliance is simulated for every 5 min according to the occupants’ energy usage activity, this model can evaluate not only the energy conservation measures by improving the buildings and appliances but also the measures that involve changing the occupants’ activities. The accuracy of the model is verified by comparing its results with the statistical and the measured data on Osaka City, Japan. Various types of energy conservation measures planned by the Japanese government for the residential sector are simulated and their effects on Osaka City are evaluated quantitatively. The future effects of these combined measures on the energy consumption are also predicted.     

The rise and fall of French Ecological Tax Reform: social acceptability versus political feasibility in the energy tax implementation process

The French government has a 10-year history of negotiations with industry, resulting in voluntary agreements on energy consumption. When implemented, these voluntary agreements produced very few results in terms of global reduction of greenhouse emissions (Politiques et Management Public 11(4) (1993) 47), hence the idea of an energy tax became increasingly attractive for many French decision-makers. Ecological/Environmental Tax Reform (ETR) should have been one of the major political decisions and successes of the past leftwing coalition government. Instead it became one of its major failures as the Constitutional Court decided to terminate the energy tax project in December 2000. Through insights gleaned from focus groups and interviews with business-people and decision-makers, an attempt is made to understand the failure of the energy tax project. Firstly, decision-makers lacked crucial information about public and business opinions and secondly, there were conflicts between the relevant administrations. The fuel revolts of 2000 ended any hope of resolving the conflicts and implementing ETR, which was ultimately found unconstitutional. This paper examines the political controversies raised by the ETR project and the reasons for its eventual collapse, in the hope of contributing new understanding to the body of knowledge on the political difficulties of introducing environmental policy instruments.     

Application of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and extenics theory for building energy conservation assessment

Reduce energy consumption and environmental pollution is an important objective in energy sustainability. The building sector, one of the fastest growing in terms of energy consumption, accounts for over 40% of final energy. Building energy conservation will drive the application of new energy conservation technologies and strongly promote the development of sustainable building. In this paper, the extenics theory and life cycle assessment (LCA) are proposed in building energy conservation assessment. Analytic hierarchical process (AHP) method and 9-scale pair-wise comparison are adopted to determine the weights of the factors in different hierarchies. A building energy conservation assessment model combining LCA and the extenics theory is established. The matter-element and the dependent function are defined. Then the synthesis dependent degree and the final grade index are calculated. Thus the building energy conservation grade is obtained. An example is used to illustrate the proposed approach. The results provide guidance to assess building energy conservation performance and determine the energy conservation grade of buildings.     

知识经济时代中的建筑节能新观念

论述了知识经济为人类的可持续发展寻求了一条可行途径。分析了建筑节能的关键是要在观念上、技术上以及管理上建立有持续创新能力的创新体系。从这些观点出发,就我国建筑节能技术的发展提出了建议．     

Evaluating public policy instruments in the Greek building sector

This paper applies a multi-criteria analysis (MCA) to evaluate public policy mechanisms that foster energy efficiency and renewable energy sources in the Greek building sector, based on stakeholders’ understanding and perceptions of the functionality of policy instruments. The objective is to shed light on the implementation of currently employed policy mechanisms that aim to achieve the 2020 energy savings targets and beyond, providing useful information to policy makers for future policy (re-) formulations. In this framework, policy instruments were evaluated against process-related criteria, such as implementation costs, distributional effects, and coherence of policy processes, so as to highlight successful policy practices during their implementation phase as well as to unveil cases of policy underperformance or unintended policy outcomes. To hedge uncertainties related to policy instrument selection, the method employs probabilistic evaluations of every alternative against each criterion. The MCA results showed that the country is still missing significant energy saving opportunities that could be reached through more streamlined implementation practices and political support. In times of fiscal crisis, the Greek government should also revitalize the implementation of alternative funding mechanisms and support policy alternatives such as green public procurement, voluntary agreements, and energy performance contracting.     

Voluntary agreements with white certificates for energy efficiency improvement as a hybrid policy instrument

In this paper we examine the implementation of a combined policy scheme that consists of a traditional instrument, the voluntary agreements (VAs), and an innovative one, the white certificates (WhC). The basic structure of this scheme is that energy suppliers who undertake an energy efficiency obligation under a white certificate scheme can make use of voluntary actions to enhance investments in innovative energy savings projects. Energy suppliers and other market parties can additionally or in parallel participate in voluntary agreements and set energy efficiency targets. For fulfilling their voluntary agreement target, these market parties can receive tax exemptions or receive white certificates that they can sell in the market. Transaction costs and baseline definition for demonstrating energy efficiency improvement deserve special attention. This policy can assist a country to enhance energy efficiency improvement while it stimulates innovation. Cost effectiveness can be higher than the case of stand-alone policy instruments, since more financing options are available for more expensive projects. Nevertheless, the added value of the scheme lies more in the implementation of innovative measures for enhanced energy efficiency. Furthermore, market parties can discover more business opportunities in energy efficiency and establish a green image; hence an integrated scheme should achieve higher political acceptability.     

建筑节能的若干重要因素分析

本文分析了影响建筑系统节能的若干重要因素,指出建筑系统节能须从设计开始综合考虑各个因素及其相互关系,并充分顾及环保等社会可持续发展问题。