Laundry products in bar form

Synthetic detergents have all but replaced soap in the developed countries. Laundry products in bar form, however, are still the major detergent in much of the world where manual washing predominates. This article reviews the types of laundry bars in existence today, their consumption, typical compositions, and the processes by which they are manufactured.     

中国表面活性剂/洗涤剂领域技术进展

分6个方面对国内表面活性剂／洗涤剂行业近几年来技术进展情况进行了概括总结，主要内容包括：表面活性剂主要品种及其原料的生产技术进展，如烷基苯、脂肪醇、脂肪胺及脂肪酸的生产以及磺化工艺和乙氧基化技术；新型表面活性剂的研究与开发，主要品种有烷基多苷、醇醚羧酸盐、脂肪酸甲酯乙氧基化物、葡糖酰胺、脂肪酸甲酯磺酸盐等；助剂制造技术的进步，如4A沸石、层状硅酸盐、酸制剂等的研发情况及生产技术的提高；洗涤用品制造技术，包括洗衣粉规模化生产技术，液洗配方技术等；表面活性剂在高新技术领域如新材料领域、能源领域、农药、医药与生命科学领域应用的研发情况；表面活性剂／洗涤剂行业技术标准进展情况。总体看行业技术取得明显进步，但和国外先进水平相比仍有较大差距，需加快技术进步步伐，实现行业的可持续发展。     

重垢液体洗涤剂——液体洗涤剂的诱惑(英)

介绍了三种形式的液体洗涤剂即：均质型、结构型和无水型。重垢液洗具有洗衣粉所不具备的功能,它在冷水中比洗衣粉易溶,也易分散,不像洗衣粉在贮藏时因为受潮而结块。高浓缩均质液洗生产工艺难,并限制了表面活性剂和助剂的使用范围。结构型液洗,表面活性剂盐析出溶液,形成层状相液滴,最终形成不透明的液体,它非常稳定且可以悬浮大量固体物。无水液洗能包含所有最好的组分而对水的相容性没有影响。尽管近几年液洗有了很大的改变,但目前还在变化中,要抓住机会改变洗涤剂配方。     

Cationic surfactants in laundry detergents and laundry aftertreatment aids

Cationic surfactants have a positively charged nitrogen atom and at least one hydrophobic, long-chain substituent in the molecule. Because of their fabric-softening and antistatic properties, they are used as active materials in fabric-softening agents. Suitable cationic surfactants are mostly quaternary ammonium salts, and to a lesser extent, imidazolinium salts with two long hydrophobic alkyl chains. Alkylated, partly ethoxylated polyamines, amine amides, ester amines and di-quaternary compounds also have recently been used or proposed. Fabric softeners generally are aqueous dispersions of distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride or tallow alkylated imidazolinium derivatives in concentrations of 1–9%. Concentrated fabric softeners have recently been pushed into the market as double, triple or 10-fold concentrates. Fabric softeners used in the forms of acrosol sprays, pads or sheets, are not used in the washing machine but can be used in the laundry dryer. The combination of laundry detergent and fabric softener is a single product is impaired by anionic surfactants normally contained in laundry detergents because they react with the cationics to form neural salts. With the so-called soft detergents, one attempts to circumvent these difficulties by means of special formulations, e.g., with nonionics or by using definite physical-chemical mechanisms. They represent a compromise with regard to detergency performance and softening effect.     

Detergent enzymes: Developments during the last decade

The decade of the seventies saw dramatic changes in the formulation of heavy duty laundry detergents. The reduction in the STPP content in laundry product formulations was a notable example. During the early 1970s, heavy duty liquid laundry detergents were introduced and today represent an estimated 20% of the heavy duty laundry detergent market. A significant trend during this decade toward lower wash temperatures also appeared. These developments in home laundry products and washing trends have been followed by collateral developments in detergent enzyme technology. During the 1970s, a new generation of high alkaline, active detergent enzymes were developed. This new group of alkaline proteases were characterized by greater activity and stability under conditions of alkalinity between pH 10.5 to near 12, thus favoring phosphate-free detergent formulations. These enzymes also were found to exhibit superior stability in nonbuilt liquid laundry detergent systems. Safety considerations at the plant operation level have resulted in a continual improvement in the quality of coated and encapsulated detergent enzyme granulates. During the past 10 years, detergent enzymes have passed through three generations of physical forms, from the powders to prills to encapsulates. The decade of the 1980s offers exciting possibilities for enzymatic laundry products. The trend toward lower wash temperatures, caused initially by the popularity of synthetic fabrics, is being compounded by a radical reappraisal of household energy consumption patterns. In this new atmosphere of energy conservation, detergent enzymes will offer energy-saving options in an assortment of laundry products. Finally, as we start this decade of the 1980s, the spiralling cost of petrochemical feedstocks will cause us to rethink laundry product formulations and here again, detergent enzymes offer an important alternative for the future.     

洗衣剂的发展趋势（英）

新用途和多功能产品使洗衣剂除了清洗衣物外,有了更大作用,分析了液体洗涤剂和粉状洗涤剂的市场,正确评估了片状洗涤剂的市场前景,指出,省时和多功能将是洗衣剂未来发展的趋势。     

固体含酶彩漂的研制

普通的固体衣物洗涤剂往往难以获得令人满意的洗涤效果,由含氧的漂白剂组成的彩漂粉能有效去除织物上的茶渍、酱油渍和番茄汁渍等污渍,并且不损伤织物。本文针对家庭洗涤用的彩漂粉进行了研究,采用过碳酸钠作为主漂白剂进行实验,研究了彩漂粉的活性氧含量、洗涤液的pH值、洗涤温度、表面活性剂对漂白效果的影响;开发的固体彩漂能有效的去除各种污渍;推荐了家庭用的固体彩漂的优化配方。     

我国织物洗涤剂行业现状及发展

概述了我国织物洗涤剂行业的现状。我国作为亚太地区最大的织物洗涤产品市场,产品形式主要有洗衣粉、洗衣液和洗衣膏,其中洗衣粉是我国织物洗涤剂的主流产品,占有约60％～70％的市场份额。洗衣液以其环保优越性,已经成为我国织物洗涤剂行业发展的主要趋势。重点介绍了浓缩型、低温低泡型、含酶和无磷织物液体洗涤剂。最后探讨了我国织物洗涤剂行业的发展方向和发展趋势,即向具有高去污力、环保、节能、经济以及气味清新的液体洗涤剂的方向发展。     

Detergent raw material trends in western europe

Household detergent sales during 1975 in Western Europe totaled more than $4 billion and are expected to continue to grow at approximately 3 to 4 percent annual increments during next decade. There is a trend toward more uniform formulations, but factors affecting future market growth include washing practices and conditions that vary from nation to nation. Demand for surfactants is dominated by LAS, accounting for 80 percent of total synthetic actives used in laundry detergent, with increasing use of linear alcohol ethoxylates. Environmental considera-tions, cost, and energy savings are factors in a trend toward less use of phosphate, compensated by greater use of LAS or ethoxylate or both to maintain clean-ing performance. New investment in detergent raw materials is more likely for detergent alcohols and alpha olefin derivatives, and not in LAB. The Soap and Detergent Association 1977 Annual Meeting and Industry Convention, Boca Raton, FL.     

超浓缩洗衣液的配制及性能研究

研究了不同中和剂和助溶剂等对超浓缩洗衣液溶解速度的影响,并考察了不同的非离子对超浓缩洗衣液体系的溶解速度和去污效果的影响。研究结果表明,不同中和剂对溶解速度的影响：单乙醇胺〉三乙醇胺〉氢氧化钠（32%）水溶液;助溶剂提高溶解速度的能力：乙醇〉乙二醇〉甘油;综合考虑再溶解速度和去污力,采用AEO7作为超浓缩洗衣液体系中的非离子表面活性剂时效果最佳。     

我国洗衣液配方技术现状及发展趋势

从洗衣液去污力、节能和附加值3方面介绍了目前国内洗衣液常见的配方技术。同时,从能源和消费者需求方面探讨了洗衣液配方的发展趋势。     

Protease and Amylase Stability in the Presence of Chelators Used in Laundry Detergent Applications: Correlation Between Chelator Properties and Enzyme Stability in Liquid Detergents

Chelators are a common ingredient in most laundry detergents. They have a number of different functions such as reducing water hardness, assisting in keeping particulate soil in suspension and the removal of certain stains, thus complementing the action of the anionic surfactants. Another important group of components in a modern liquid detergent is enzymes, mainly proteases and amylases. As the most commonly used enzymes within the detergent industry are dependent on bound calcium ions to maintain conformational stability and function, the presence of both chelators and enzymes in a liquid detergent presents a challenge. The three commonly used Ca²⁺ chelators: citrate, DTPA (diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid) and HEDP (1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid), were studied with regard to their impact on protease and amylase stability in buffer and in a model liquid detergent. Enzyme stability was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and activity studies, and correlated to the chelator-Ca²⁺ interaction properties. The results show that a chelator’s ability to reduce water hardness and its Ca²⁺ affinity are in reality two separate aspects in the context of their use in liquid detergents. In the presence of DTPA, stoichiometric surplus of free Ca²⁺ is required to maintain sufficient amylase and protease stability. In the presence of the weaker chelators, HEDP and citrate, the total Ca²⁺ concentration is more important to protein stability than stoichiometric balancing between chelator and Ca²⁺. Thus, for these chelators their total concentration only has a minor impact on the Ca²⁺ concentration required to maintain or improve enzyme storage stability. The results underline the importance of Ca²⁺ in liquid detergent formulations, and suggest how proper balancing of chelators and Ca²⁺ can be used to improve overall enzyme stability.     

洗涤剂表面活性剂生产的生命周期调查

由13家生产洗涤剂表面活性剂及有关中间体的公司所组成的生命周期评估小组进行了一项表面活性剂的生命周期调查研究（LCI），考查了22种洗涤剂常用的表面活性剂对资源（能源和原材料）的要求；以及对环境的排放（大气中、水中和固体废渣）。研究的结论认为、任何一种表面活性剂，不论是从石油化学品得到的，或者从油脂化学品得到的，要声称在总体上对于环境是最为优越品种，都缺乏科学技术上的依据。     

酶在现代洗净过程中的作用(英)(待续)

各种酶已经有效地帮助了现代家用和工业用洗涤剂的发展和改进。洗涤剂酶的主要类型（蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶和纤维素酶）中的每一类为洗衣和自动洗碗机的应用提供了专门的好处。历史上,蛋白酶是一第一个在洗衣用洗洗剂中广泛的酶,酶除了提高洗争的水平外,还由于能够缩短洗涤时间、降低洗涤温度以及减少水的用量而节约能耗,从而对一半有利。当今,蛋白酶与脂肪酶和粉酶联合使用可以改善洗涤效果,尤其是在低 上的家用洗衣和工业     

Measurement of enzyme laundry product dust levels and characteristics in consumer use

Prior to the adoption of improved dust control measures, some factory workers developed allergic respiratory symptoms during the manufacture of enzyme laundry detergents. Since then, the industrial hygiene problem is being brought under control by maintaining dust exposure below levels where allergic respiratory symptoms develop. However, the fact that enzyme allergies could develop in manufacturing plants prompted questions from outside the soap and detergent industry regarding consumer safety of enzyme detergents. Although detergent dust levels in consumer use were known to be very low, a comprehensive testing program was undertaken to place quantitative dimension on the difference between home use and factory operation. Levels and characteristics of detergent dust and enzyme dust generated during home use of laundry detergents have been measured using specialized equipment and procedures. Data from laboratory and in-home studies confirm that laundry products containing an agglomerated enzyme complex are safe from the standpoint of potential consumer exposure to enzyme dust. Even under conditions of excessive home use, consumer exposure is extremely low and can be compared to only a minute fraction of the industrial exposures which are considered to be safe.     

片状洗衣剂的技术特点

综述了洗衣用片状洗涤剂的技术发展情况，介绍了市售产品的基本形态和配方结构，分析对比了片状洗涤剂和浓缩粉在配方上的相同点和主要区别，特别对影响片状洗涤剂成型和溶解速度的主要因素，如表面活性剂和助剂原料，造粒方式和粒度大小、压力强度、黏合剂、水助溶剂及崩解剂种类等技术等特点进行了讨论。并片状洗涤剂的制备工艺进行了简介。     

Synergism and Performance Optimization in Liquid Detergents Containing Binary Mixtures of Anionic–Nonionic, and Anionic–Cationic Surfactants

In this paper evaluation of surface active and application properties in liquid detergent formulations containing binary mixtures of anionic–nonionic, and anionic–cationic surfactants is discussed. Surfactants used include: linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), alcohol ether sulfate (AES-2EO), alcohol ethoxylate (AE-7EO), lauryl dimethyl amine oxide, and alkyl hydroxyethyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (AHDAC). Surface active parameters relating to the effectiveness and efficiency of surface tension reduction were determined from the surface tension data. Non-ideal solution theory was used to determine the degree of interactions between the two surfactants, and the conditions under which a mixture of two surfactants show synergism in surface active properties. Our data indicated that synergism in mixed surfactants increases with the degree of charge difference between the surfactants. In both mixed micelle and mixed monolayer formation, the degree of interactions between the two surfactants in the mixture increased in the following order: LAS/AE < AES-2EO/amine oxide < AES-2EO/AHDAC. This synergistic behavior as presented in this paper leads to unique application properties and improved performance in terms of foam volume, and soil removal which has applications in formulation of dishwashing liquids, and laundry detergents.     

The role of enzymes in modern detergency

Enzymes have effectively assisted the development and improvement of modern household and industrial detergents. The major classes of detergent enzymes—proteases, lipases, amylases, and cellulases—each provide specific benefits for application in laundry and automatic dishwashing. Historically, proteases were first to be used extensively in laundry detergents. In addition to raising the level of cleaning, they have also provided environmental benefits by reducing energy consumption through shorter washing times, lower washing temperatures, and reduced water consumption. Today proteases are joined by lipases and amylases in improving detergent efficacy especially for household laundering at lower temperatures and, in industrial cleaning operations, at lower pH levels. Cellulases contribute to overall fabric care by rejuvenating or maintaining the new appearance of washed garments. Enzymes are produced by fermentation technologies that utilize renewable resources.     

新型表面活性剂在洗衣液中的应用

洗衣液市场的快速增长促进了其技术的不断进步与产品创新。从洗衣液技术发展趋势的角度讨论了脂肪酸甲酯磺酸盐(MES)、仲烷基磺酸盐(SAS)、异构醇聚氧乙烯醚、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯-聚氧丙烯醚以及脂肪酸甲酯乙氧基化物等新型表面活性剂在洗衣液中的应用和发展前景。     

Multi-functional polyacrylate polymers in detergents

Alkali metal salts of polyacrylic acids are water-soluble, multifunctional polyelectrolytes which exhibit a variety of solution properties useful in laundry and dishwashing detergents. This paper describes a number of studies carried out to identify the multifunctionality of polyacrylates under simulated detergent use conditions. Solution properties of several commercially available polyacrylates, with average molecular weight ranging from about 2500 to 250,000, are presented. These include: adsorption onto model particulate soil materials and fabrics, particulate soil and lime-soap dispersancy, sequestration of calcium, magnesium and ferric ions, calcium carbonate precipitation inhibition, buffer action and detergency. Where appropriate, these solution properties are compared with those of commonly used non-polymeric detergent ingredients. Presented at the 75th Annual AOCS Meeting, Dallas, 1984.