共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 78 毫秒
1.
2.
3.
余热锅炉是燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组和多种化工工艺流程中的重要换热设备。余热锅炉属于典型的低温换热器,且蒸汽压力等级多,系统复杂,各模块间逻辑耦合性差,其热力计算与常规煤粉锅炉相比存在较多差异。以典型的自然循环余热锅炉为对象,对比研究了平均对数温差法(LMTD法)和有效度-传热单元数法(ε-NTU法)在余热锅炉传热计算中的应用,采用优选的算法建立了余热锅炉整体热力计算模型并对整体热力计算方法提出了优化。 相似文献
4.
5.
由于增压锅炉燃烧压力的提高,强化了对流传热,如果仍按常压燃烧锅炉炉膛热力计算,忽略对流传热,将直接影响增压锅炉炉膛热力计算的准确性。文中对增压锅炉与常压燃烧锅炉炉膛特性参数进行了比较,对前苏联增压锅炉的试验数据进行了分析探讨,指出了增压锅炉炉膛对流传热的影响因素。同时提出增压锅炉炉膛传热计算应将辐射与对流传热分开计算,给出了适用于增压锅炉炉膛对流传热的计算公式,并进行了实例计算分析,与前苏联增压锅炉试验的计算数据结果相近。对于完善增压锅炉的炉膛热力计算具有一定的理论和实际指导意义。 相似文献
6.
为了满足热力系统中疏水泵和疏水冷却器的节能效果分析的需要,建立了热力系统经济性评价的热平衡分析模型、等效焓降整体模型与等效焓降局部定量模型;以热平衡模型为基准,比较了3种算法模型的差异,计算结果表明:热平衡计算和等效焓降整体计算在本质上是一致的,而等效焓降局部计算存在可以接受的误差;对等效焓降局部计算模型进行了分析,指出了误差存在的原因,并给出了修正算法,计算结果表明,修正后的等效焓降局部算法模型可以在热力系统有不太大的局部变化情况下减少计算误差。此外,对热力系统不同疏水利用方式的效率比较,为热力系统的节能改造提供定量数据的支持。 相似文献
7.
分析了炉膛设计热力计算中引入煤焦颗粒燃烧模拟的可能性和必要性,探讨了采用早期的锅炉机组热力计算标准进行新型的W型火焰锅炉炉膛热力计算的可行性及经验系数的取值问题,分析、比较了煤焦颗粒在实验室和炉膛内燃烧环境的差异,并引入氧量分布不均系数、区段充满度系数来考虑炉膛内颗粒表面氧浓度、停留时间等方面与实验环境的差异.在此基础上,建立了适合于炉膛分区段热力计算的煤焦燃烧模型,并最终将煤焦非均相反应的实验室数据应用于炉膛分区段热力计算,克服了目前炉膛设计热力计算仅考虑传热所带来的不足.在一台W型火焰锅炉上的应用表明,颗粒燃烧和炉膛传热相耦合的分区段热力计算模型能够揭示过量空气量、煤粉细度、煤种、负荷等因素对燃尽和传热的影响,适合工程应用. 相似文献
8.
加热器端差对机组经济性影响的通用计算模型 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
热力系统中表面式加热器的传热端差是影响回热效果的主要因素,准确地计算端差对经济性的影响,对热力系统的设计、运行和检修具有十分重要的意义.从等效焓降法的基本原理出发,推导并提出了端差对经济性影响的等效焓降改进算法模型;以亚临界参数600MW机组为研究对象,将改进的等效焓降算法模型与常规热平衡算法模型的计算结果进行了对比;对比结果表明,改进算法具有模型简捷、结果准确的特点. 相似文献
9.
10.
本文讨论小型烟管锅炉中螺纹管束的热力计算问题。分析了螺纹管束中烟气的流动和传热特点。提出了正确的热力计算方法,并举例说明了方法的应用。本文所提出的方法亦适用于其他两种流阻不同管所组成换热器的热力计算。 相似文献
11.
Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden. 相似文献
12.
《热能动力工程》2014,(5)
正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%. 相似文献
13.
14.
The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°, −5°, +5°, +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods. 相似文献
15.
A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified. 相似文献
16.
17.
18.
The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σred = σ1 β + (1 − β)σi, where: σ1-maximal principal stress, σi-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures. 相似文献
19.
Jaime Massanet-Nicolau Alan Guwy Richard Dinsdale Giuliano Premier Sandra Esteves 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2010
Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H2 kg−1 VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min−1 successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0 L H2 kg−1 VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production. 相似文献
20.
As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied. 相似文献