Unsupervised fault detection for muitimode processes using distance space statistics analysis

工业过程往往运行于多个生产模态,针对多模态过程数据的空间分布特点,提出了一种新的基于样本距离空间统计量分析的故障检测方法(DSSA).首先用每一个样本与其训练集样本中的邻居之间的k个最近邻距离之差来表示该样本,将样本从原始变量空间映射到对应的距离空间中.然后在距离空间中通过移动窗口的方式计算各阶统计量,最后对由各阶统计量组成的统计量样本进行主元分析(PCA).将DSSA方法、PCA方法以及另一种基于k近邻规则的多模态故障检测方法(FD-kNN)应用于TE过程中,仿真结果表明DSSA方法对多模态故障检测更为有效.     

基于局部相对概率密度kNN的多模态过程故障检测

针对多模态过程数据方差差异明显的空间分布特点,提出一种基于局部相对概率密度k近邻(LRPD-kNN)的多模态过程故障检测方法。首先对训练数据进行标准化,计算训练数据的局部相对概率密度估计值,消除多模态数据的方差差异。然后,对预处理后的数据建立kNN模型,计算统计量和控制限。对于测试数据,计算与训练数据局部相对概率密度的欧式距离平方和,通过比较统计量与控制限进行多模态故障检测。将该方法应用到数值例子和半导体生产过程,仿真结果表明,提出的算法效果要优于PCA、kNN和局部离群因子(LOF)方法,说明算法在方差差异较大的多模态过程故障检测方面具有很高的准确性。     

一种基于改进局部熵PCA的工业过程故障检测方法

针对工业过程的多模态和非高斯特性,提出一种基于改进局部熵主元分析(ILEPCA)的故障检测方法。引入k近邻的均值对局部概率密度函数进行改进,构造改进的局部熵数据剔除多模态和非高斯特性。对改进的局部熵数据建立主元分析(PCA)模型,根据核密度估计计算控制限。对于测试数据,运用改进的局部熵算法预处理后,向PCA模型上投影,计算统计量。通过比较统计量与控制限来进行故障检测。把该方法应用到数值例子和半导体过程故障检测,仿真结果表明,与PCA、核主元分析(KPCA)和局部熵PCA (LEPCA)相比,ILEPCA算法在具有多模态和非高斯特性的工业过程故障检测中具有明显的优越性。     

基于加权差分主元分析的化工过程故障检测

针对工业生产过程的多模态和非线性特性,提出了一种新的基于加权差分主元分析的故障检测算法。首先选取原始数据样本的最近邻xf以及xf的前k个近邻,分别计算出xf的前j个近邻样本的均值mj和权值wj,利用加权差分的方法对原始数据进行预处理,剔除多模态和非线性特征;然后利用主元分析法(PCA)计算出负载矩阵P以及SPE和T2检测指标的控制限,建立PCA模型;最后将待检测数据运用加权差分法预处理后投影到PCA模型上计算检测指标,通过检测指标是否超过控制限进行故障检测。将该方法应用于数值例子和半导体生产过程来验证其有效性。     

基于二阶差商LPP的多模态过程故障检测

为了提高局部保持投影(LPP)算法在各模态离散程度差异较大的多模态过程中故障检测性能,提出了一种新的基于二阶差商LPP(SODQ-LPP)的多模态过程故障检测方法。首先对多模态过程训练数据进行二阶差商预处理,消除模态间的方差差异,然后运用LPP算法进行降维和特征提取,计算样本的统计量,并利用核密度估计(KDE)确定控制限。对于新来的校验样本数据进行二阶差商处理后,向LPP模型上进行投影,计算新数据的统计量并与控制限比较进行故障检测。最后通过多模态数值例子和半导体过程数据的仿真实验结果验证了该算法的有效性。     

基于非负矩阵分解的多模态过程故障监测方法

针对传统的多元统计故障监测方法往往需要假设测量数据服从单一高斯分布的不足,提出了一种基于非负矩阵分解(NMF)的多模态故障监测方法。首先使用标准的NMF算法对训练集数据进行聚类,将多模态数据划分到各个模态中;然后使用稀疏性正交非负矩阵分解(SONMF)算法对各模态分别建模,同时构造监控统计量进行故障监测。将提出的基于非负矩阵分解的多模态故障监测方法应用于数值例子和TE过程的仿真结果表明,该方法能够及时有效地检测出多模态过程中的故障。     

基于非负矩阵分解的多模态过程故障监测方法

针对传统的多元统计故障监测方法往往需要假设测量数据服从单一高斯分布的不足,提出了一种基于非负矩阵分解(NMF)的多模态故障监测方法。首先使用标准的NMF算法对训练集数据进行聚类,将多模态数据划分到各个模态中;然后使用稀疏性正交非负矩阵分解(SONMF)算法对各模态分别建模,同时构造监控统计量进行故障监测。将提出的基于非负矩阵分解的多模态故障监测方法应用于数值例子和TE过程的仿真结果表明,该方法能够及时有效地检测出多模态过程中的故障。     

基于局部信息的LNS-PCA的多模态过程故障监测

为了满足各种不同的企业生产需求，在实际化工过程中往往包括许多不同的运行模态。因为涉及内部各种反应的复杂性和微妙性，且各个环节相互联系，导致化工过程数据呈现高斯与非高斯数据相互混合的情况，传统多元统计监控(Multivariate Statistical Process Monitoring, MSPM)在多模态数据故障检测领域精确度较低。因此进行准确的复杂化工过程故障检测仍然是一大难题。针对这一类问题，本工作提出了一种新的基于局部信息的近邻标准化和主成分分析(Local Information Local Neighbor Standardization and Principal Component Analysis, LLNS-PCA)的方法建立高精确度的故障诊断模型。首先对样本利用高斯混合模型(Gaussian Mixture Model, GMM)方法分解成多个局部样本，应用每一个局部样本的平均值和方差进行近邻标准化，再使用主元分析进行故障监测。基于PCA监测模型，采用T2和SPE两种监测统计量对多模态过程进行监测。最后通过数值例子和青霉素生产过程验证其有效性。结果表明，相对于...     

基于贝叶斯推理的PKPCAM的非线性多模态过程故障检测与诊断方法

针对一类非线性多模态的化工过程,提出一种基于概率核主元的混合模型(PKPCAM),并利用贝叶斯推理策略进行过程监控与故障诊断.在提出的模型中, 每个操作模态由一个局部化的概率核主元分量描述,从而构建的一系列分量对应了不同的操作模态.首先,将过程数据从原始的度量空间投影到高维特征空间;其次,在该特征空间建立概率主元混合模型,从概率角度刻画数据集的多个局部分量特征;最后,在提取的核主元分量内获得测试样本的后验概率,结合模态内的马氏距离贡献度,提出基于贝叶斯推理的全局概率指标进行故障检测,同时利用模态内变量的相对贡献度,基于全局贡献度指标进行故障诊断.利用TEP仿真平台,与基于k均值聚类的次级主元分析和核主元分析的方法进行了对比分析,验证了提出的贝叶斯推理的PKPCAM方法对非线性多模态过程进行故障检测与诊断的可行性和有效性.     

基于RISOMAP的非线性过程故障检测方法

化工过程监控数据存在非线性特点,且过程常常运行于多个模态,针对该类问题,提出基于相对等距离映射(relative isometric mapping, RISOMAP)的过程故障检测方法,该方法采用相对测地距离构造高维空间的距离关系阵,运用多维尺度变换(MDS)计算其低维嵌入输出,从高维数据中提取子流形信息和残差信息分别构造监控统计量进行故障检测,同时运用核ridge回归在线计算测试数据的低维输出,核矩阵通过综合相似度进行更新。数值算例和TE过程的仿真结果表明,RISOMAP方法可以更为有效地实施故障检测,故障检测的灵敏度较高,同时也为基于流形学习的多模态过程故障检测的实施提供了一条思路。     

Multimode Process Fault Detection Using Local Neighborhood Similarity Analysis

Traditional data driven fault detection methods assume unimodal distribution of process data so that they often perform not well in chemical process with multiple operating modes. In order to monitor the multimode chemical process effectively, this paper presents a novel fault detection method based on local neighborhood similarity analysis (LNSA). In the proposed method, prior process knowledge is not required and only the multimode normal operation data are used to construct a reference dataset. For online monitoring of process state, LNSA applies moving window technique to obtain a current snapshot data window. Then neighborhood searching technique is used to acquire the corresponding local neighborhood data window from the reference dataset. Similarity analysis between snapshot and neighborhood data windows is performed, which includes the calculation of principal component analysis (PCA) similarity factor and distance similarity factor. The PCA similarity factor is to capture the change of data direction while the distance similarity factor is used for monitoring the shift of data center position. Based on these similarity factors, two monitoring statistics are built for multimode process fault detection. Finally a simulated continuous stirred tank system is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The simulation results show that LNSA can detect multimode process changes effectively and performs better than traditional fault detection methods.     

Local component based principal component analysis model for multimode process monitoring

For plant-wide processes with multiple operating conditions,the multimode feature imposes some chal-lenges to conventional monitoring techniques.Hence,to solve this problem,this paper provides a novel local component based principal component analysis(LCPCA)approach for monitoring the status of a multimode process.In LCPCA,the process prior knowledge of mode division is not required and it purely based on the process data.Firstly,LCPCA divides the processes data into multiple local components using finite Gaussian mixture model mixture(FGMM).Then,calculating the posterior probability is applied to determine each sample belonging to which local component.After that,the local component information(such as mean and standard deviation)is used to standardize each sample of local component.Finally,the standardized samples of each local component are combined to train PCA monitoring model.Based on the PCA monitoring model,two monitoring statistics T2 and SPE are used for monitoring multimode pro-cesses.Through a numerical example and the Tennessee Eastman(TE)process,the monitoring result demonstrates that LCPCA outperformed conventional PCA and LNS-PCA in the fault detection rate.     

基于约翰逊转换的鲁棒化工过程监控方法

化工厂中一个小故障可能导致大事故,从而造成生命财产损失和环境破坏。为了防止小故障演变成大事故,化学工业需要有效的过程监控来及时检测故障和诊断故障原因。传统化工过程监控方法主元分析法(Principal Component Analysis, PCA)假设数据服从高斯分布,实践中有时并不满足该条件。此外,其使用方差、协方差捕捉数据非线性变化时,鲁棒性较差。本工作提出一种改进的主元分析法—基于约翰逊转换的鲁棒过程监控方法。首先引入约翰逊正态转换(Johnson Transformation)使过程数据服从高斯分布;其次使用鲁棒性强的斯皮尔曼相关系数(Spearman Correlation Coefficient)矩阵代替传统主元分析法的协方差矩阵提取特征向量,构造特征空间;最后将过程数据投影到特征空间,使用T2和SPE统计量实施过程监控。将此方法应用于TE过程故障案例,并与PCA和核主元分析法(Kernel Principal Component Analysis, KPCA)对比,验证了此方法的有效性。     

Hyperplane distance neighbor clustering based on local discriminant analysis for complex chemical processes monitoring

The collected training data often include both normal and faulty samples for complex chemical processes. However, some monitoring methods, such as partial least squares (PLS), principal component analysis (PCA), independent component analysis (ICA) and Fisher discriminant analysis (FDA), require fault-free data to build the normal operation model. These techniques are applicable after the preliminary step of data clustering is applied. We here propose a novel hyperplane distance neighbor clustering (HDNC) based on the local discriminant analysis (LDA) for chemical process monitoring. First, faulty samples are separated from normal ones using the HDNC method. Then, the optimal subspace for fault detection and classification can be obtained using the LDA approach. The proposed method takes the multimodality within the faulty data into account, and thus improves the capability of process monitoring significantly. The HDNC-LDA monitoring approach is applied to two simulation processes and then compared with the conventional FDA based on the K-nearest neighbor (KNN-FDA) method. The results obtained in two different scenarios demonstrate the superiority of the HDNC-LDA approach in terms of fault detection and classification accuracy.     

Multimode process monitoring strategy based on improved just-in-time-learning associated with locality preserving projections

In this paper, a multimode process monitoring strategy based on improved just-in-time-learning associated with locality preserving projections (IJITL-LPP) is proposed. First, raw data are projected into the feature space using locality preserving projections (LPP). Second, IJITL searches for similar samples of the query sample in the feature space by introducing a variational inference Gaussian mixture model (VIGMM). Finally, the new statistic named average distance is created to complete process monitoring. In the IJITL, the introduced VI can automatically determine the number of modes, thereby accelerating the efficiency of selecting similar samples. In the process monitoring phase, the average distance can reduce the impact of different mode dispersion on fault detection. In addition, LPP can render the model less sensitive to outliers. Compared with principal component analysis (PCA), LPP, K nearest neighbour rules, Gaussian mixture model (GMM), K-means based-PCA, and just-in-time-learning (JITL)-based LPP, the proposed method has better performance in a numerical case, the Tennessee Eastman process, and the semiconductor etching process.     

A local and global statistics pattern analysis method and its application to process fault identification☆

Traditional principal component analysis (PCA) is a second-order method and lacks the ability to provide higher-order representations for data variables. Recently, a statistics pattern analysis (SPA) framework has been incor-porated into PCA model to make full use of various statistics of data variables effectively. However, these methods omit the local information, which is also important for process monitoring and fault diagnosis. In this paper, a local and global statistics pattern analysis (LGSPA) method, which integrates SPA framework and locality pre-serving projections within the PCA, is proposed to utilize various statistics and preserve both local and global in-formation in the observed data. For the purpose of fault detection, two monitoring indices are constructed based on the LGSPA model. In order to identify fault variables, an improved reconstruction based contribution (IRBC) plot based on LGSPA model is proposed to locate fault variables. The RBC of various statistics of original process variables to the monitoring indices is calculated with the proposed RBC method. Based on the calculated RBC of process variables' statistics, a new contribution of process variables is built to locate fault variables. The simula-tion results on a simple six-variable system and a continuous stirred tank reactor system demonstrate that the proposed fault diagnosis method can effectively detect fault and distinguish the fault variables from normal variables.     

基于ICA混合模型的多工况过程故障诊断方法

针对工业过程数据的多模态和非高斯特性,提出一种基于独立元混合模型（independent component analysis mixture model,ICAMM）的多工况过程故障诊断方法。该方法将独立元分析与贝叶斯估计结合,同时完成各个工况的数据聚类和模型参数求取,并建立基于贝叶斯框架下的集成监控统计量实时监控过程变化。在检测到故障后,针对传统的变量贡献图方法无法表征变量之间信息传递关系的缺点,提出基于信息传递贡献图的故障识别方法。该方法首先计算各变量对独立元混合模型统计量的贡献度,进一步通过最近邻传递熵描述故障变量之间的传递性,挖掘故障变量之间的因果关系,从而确定故障源变量和故障传播过程。最后对一个数值系统和连续搅拌反应釜（CSTR）过程进行仿真研究,结果验证了本文所提出方法的有效性。     

基于双近邻标准化和PCA的多阶段过程故障检测

现代工业产品的生产往往需要多个生产阶段,多阶段生产过程的故障检测成为一个重要问题。多阶段过程数据具有多中心、各工序数据结构不同等特征。针对多阶段过程数据的特征,提出了基于双近邻标准化和主元分析的故障检测方法（DLNS-PCA）。首先寻找样本的双层局部近邻集;其次使用双层局部近邻集的信息标准化样本,得到标准样本;最后在标准样本集上使用主元分析方法进行故障检测。双局部近邻标准化能够将各阶段数据的中心平移到同一点,并且调整各阶段数据的离散程度,使之近似相等,从而将多阶段过程数据融合为服从单一多元高斯分布的数据。进行了青霉素发酵过程故障检测实验,实验结果表明DLNS-PCA方法相对于PCA、KPCA、FDkNN等方法对多阶段过程故障具有更高的检测率。DLNS-PCA方法提高了多阶段过程故障检测能力。