纳米Li2MnSiO4正极材料的高压水热法制备及其电化学特性

采用高压水热法制备锂离子电池正极材料Li 2MnSiO 4,研究压强、反应温度和前驱体浓度对合成Li 2MnSiO 4的影响,并进一步研究碳包覆前后Li 2MnSiO 4的电化学性能。通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜、充放电测试和交流阻抗等方法对样品的结构、形貌和电化学性能进行表征分析。结果表明:采用水热法在高压高温条件下可以合成高纯度的Li 2MnSiO 4材料,提高前驱体浓度有助于形成粒径较小的Li 2MnSiO 4纳米颗粒。电化学性能测试显示碳包覆后的 Li 2MnSiO 4/C比Li 2MnSiO 4具有更高的比容量,在0.1C (电流密度为33.3mA·g -1 )下首次放电比容量可达178.6mAh·g -1 ,循环50次后放电比容量为97.1mAh·g -1 ,容量保持率为54.4%。同时,Li 2MnSiO 4/C还具有比Li 2MnSiO 4更小的电荷转移阻抗和更高的锂离子扩散系数。     

锂离子电池正极材料Li3V2-2x/3Mnx（PO4）3的溶胶凝胶法合成和电化学性能

以CH3COOLi·2H2O、V2O5、Mn(CH3COO)2·4H2O、(NH4)2HPO4和蔗糖为原料,采用溶胶–凝胶法合成了掺锰磷酸钒锂/碳(Li3V2-2x/3Mnx(PO4)3/C)复合正极材料,用XRD、XPS、SEM、电化学性能对样品进行了表征.测试结果表明,少量锰的掺杂并未改变Li3V2(PO4)3/C的单斜结构,Li3V1.94Mn0.09(PO4)3中的Mn和V分别以+2和+3价存在,其颗粒类似球形,直径比较均匀且小于200 nm,并表现出良好的电化学性能.在0.1C倍率和3.0～4.8 V电压内,该样品的首次充、放电容量分别为182.1和168.8 mAh/g,放电效率高达92.69%,而且100次循环后,其放电比容量仍是首次放电容量的77.4%.     

锂离子电池负极材料多孔Li4Ti5O12/C的制备与表征

将钛源、锂源和碳源三种化合物一起球磨湿混成均匀浆料,再依次经过喷雾干燥和高温煅烧制得晶粒表面包覆纳米碳层的多孔球形钛酸锂(Li4Ti5O12)材料.通过XRD、SEM、TEM、BET和电化学性能测试等分析手段表明,合成出的Li4Ti5O12/C材料为纳米一次粒子(晶粒)组成的球形二次粒子(颗粒),具有较大的比表面积,达到39.5 m2/g;在0.1C、1.0C和5.0C倍率下的首次放电比容量分别达到172.2、168.2和153.6 mAh/g,并表现出优良的循环性能.晶粒表面包覆碳的多孔Li4Ti5O12材料具有明显的高倍率性能和循环稳定性优势.     

纳米LiMnPO4/C复合材料的制备及其电化学性能研究

以LiOH·H2O、MnSO4?H2O和(NH4)3PO4为反应物,PVP为表面活性剂,采用水热法制备了LiMnPO4正极材料。通过化学气相沉积法,以甲苯为碳源,对材料进行表面碳包覆。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)对材料晶体结构和微观形貌进行表征。结果表明,合成的LiMnPO4粒径小(约100nm)且分布均匀,颗粒表面包覆了一层厚度约10nm的均匀、完整的导电碳层。在50℃0.1C倍率下LiMnPO4/C的放电容量达到124mAh/g,循环100次容量保持率达到96%,2C倍率下的放电容量保持了0.1C时的75%,表现出优异的循环稳定性和倍率性能。     

锂离子电池富锂正极材料Li[Li0.2Ni0.16Mn0.56Co0.06Al0.02]O2的合成和电化学性能

用溶胶-凝胶法首次合成了富锂正极材料Li[Li0.2Ni0.16Mn0.56Co0.06Al0.02]O2,它可以看成是Li[Li1/3Mn2/3]O2和LiNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.15Al0.05O2形成的固溶体。XRD测试表明该材料具有ɑ-NaFeO2层状结构,用SEM观察材料粒径为100nm左右。充放电测试得到,材料在2～4.8V范围内,0.1C的电流下,20℃时,首次放电比容量达221.8mAh/g,库伦效率为85.3%;55℃时,首次放电比容量达281.7mAh/g,库伦效率为93.0%;且该材料具有很好的循环稳定性及优良的倍率性能。通过循环伏安测试分析了该材料的充放电机理。     

新型喷雾干燥法制备LiFePO_4/C复合材料及其性能研究

通过新型喷雾干燥技术及热处理制备出具有球形二次形貌结构的纳米LiFePO4/C复合材料。首先合成了纳米FePO4颗粒(约20nm),并与Li2CO3和一定量的蔗糖均匀混合,对材料前驱体进行碳包覆,通过喷雾干燥获得了前驱体二次颗粒;经过热处理获得了由一次颗粒组成的二次颗粒。详细研究了碳含量对一次颗粒粒径及复合材料性能及形貌的影响,发现当LiFePO4/C复合材料中碳含量为5.3%(质量分数),样品拥有良好的形貌结构和最佳的性能,0.1,1和5C下的比容量分别为162,145和116mAh/g。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备LiMnPO4/C正极材料及其电化学性能

以月桂酸为碳源,磷酸三丁酯为反应物和络合剂,采用溶胶–凝胶法合成了LiMnPO4/C锂离子电池复合正极材料。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)对其晶体结构和微观形貌进行表征。结果表明,在700℃下焙烧制备的材料为结晶良好的纯相橄榄石结构;具有类球形微米级大颗粒形貌,由粒径50-100 nm的小颗粒堆积而成,小颗粒表面包覆一层较均匀的碳层。循环伏安曲线和充放电测试表明,LiMnPO4/C复合材料具有优良的电化学性能。在室温0.05C和0.5C倍率下,首次放电容量分别为141和113 mAh/g,并具有良好的循环稳定性和高低温充放电性能。     

草酸盐共沉淀法制备Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2-xFx正极材料及电化学性能

采用草酸盐共沉淀法合成了锂离子电池用Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2-xFx(x=0,0.03,0.05,0.1)粉末材料,考察了掺杂氟对Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2结构与性能的影响。采用XRD、SEM和电池充放电循环测试方法等表征了Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2-xFx材料的结构与性能。结构表明,950℃焙烧10h制备的Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O1.97F0.03材料具有较好的层状结构与综合电化学性能,阳离子混合度小、六角晶格有序性高,颗粒的平均粒径为2～3μm。I003/I104为1.29,R值为0.42,首次放电容量为141.7mA·h/g(2.8～4.2V,0.2C倍率),首次充放电容量效率为82.4%,0.2C倍率循环30次后的放电容量为首次放电容量的95.6%。     

纳米LiFePO4/C复合材料的制备和性能

以Fe(NO3)3·9H2O、H3PO4和稀氨水为原料,用控制结晶法制备FePO4·x H2O,研究了表面活性剂CTAB和PEG对FePO4·x H2O材料的影响。再以Li2CO3、蔗糖和高温烧结后的FePO4为原料用碳热还原法制备了纳米LiFePO4/C复合材料。用SEM、XRD、充放电测试、循环伏安测试等手段对该复合材料进行表征,研究其电化学性能。结果表明:添加表面活性剂制备的LiFePO4/C复合材料纳米颗粒呈球形且团聚减少,提高了材料的倍率性能和循环性能,其中添加CTAB制备的LiFePO4/C材料的颗粒最小、分散性较好,0.1C时的首次放电比容量为159.8 m Ah·g-1,10C倍率下比容量仍达到132.4 m Ah·g-1。     

锂离子电池正极材料Li1.12Ni0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2的制备及电化学性能研究

采用高温固相法制备样品Li1.12Ni0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2,采用XRD(X-ray diffraction)、SEM(Scanning electron microscope)、CV(Cycle voltammograms)和充放电循环等测试分析了材料的物理化学性质及电化学性能。XRD分析表明在合成温度为800℃时,所合成的产物为α-NaFeO2型的层状结构;SEM分析表明在合成温度为800℃时,产物为微小晶粒团聚成的球形颗粒。在40mA/g和2.5~4.3V的电压范围内,其首次放电比容量为184.1mAh/g,首次放电效率为85.9%。随着充放电次数的增多,材料的不可逆放电容量逐步减小,循环稳定性增强。循环20周后放电比容量仍能达到171.7mAh/g,容量保持率为93.26%。测试结果表明,800℃合成的正极材料Li1.12Ni0.8-Mn0.1Co0.1O2具有较高的放电比容量和优异的电化学稳定性。     

Flame-made single phase Zn2TiO4 nanoparticles

Using zinc naphthenate and titanium tetra isopropoxide (1:1 mol.%) dissolved in ethanol as precursors, single phase Zn₂TiO₄ nanoparticles were synthesized by the flame spray pyrolysis technique. The Zn₂TiO₄ nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The BET surface area (SSA_BET) of the nanoparticles was measured by nitrogen adsorption. The average diameter of Zn₂TiO₄ spherical particles was in the range of 5 to 10 nm under 5/5 (precursor/oxygen) flame conditions. All peaks can be confirmed to correspond to the cubic structure of Zn₂TiO₄ (JCPDS No. 25-1164). The SEM result showed the presence of agglomerated nanospheres with an average diameter of 10-20 nm. The crystallite sizes of spherical particles were found to be in the range of 5-18 nm from the TEM image. An average BET equivalent particle diameter (d_BET) was calculated using the density of Zn₂TiO₄.     

Preparation and characterization of porous Nb2O5 nanoparticles

Porous niobium oxide (Nb₂O₅) nanoparticles have been successfully prepared without any surfactant assisting. They were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen sorption, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the porous Nb₂O₅ nanoparticles are polycrystalline, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area is 12.09 m²/g and the average pore size is 3.4 nm. In addition, spherical and flake-like Nb₂O₅ samples were obtained and characterized. Possible explanations for the formation of Nb₂O₅ nanocrystals with different morphologies are discussed.     

Influence of Nb5+ Doping on Structure and Electrochemical Properties of Spinel Li1.02Mn2O4

The Li1.02NbxMn2-xO4 (x=0,0.005,0.01,0.02,0.04 and 0.1) materials were prepared by solid-state reaction method in which Li2CO3 , electrolytic MnO2 and Nb2O5 were used as reactants. The influences of the Nb5+ doping on structure, morphology and electrochemical performance were systemically investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and AC impedance. XRD test showed that the prepared samples had single spinel structure although there was impurity phase of LiNbO3 existing in Li1.02NbxMn2-xO4 phase after Nb5+ doping. The doped materials with Nb5+ had smaller lattice parameters and crystal volume compared with pristine Li1.02Mn2O4. The endurance of overcharge was largely improved. In addition, the small amount of Nb5+ doping could increase the material conductivity.     

Synthesis of sphere-like Co3O4 nanocrystals via a simple polyol route

A simple polyol method was developed to synthesize uniform sphere-like Co₃O₄ nanocrystals in ethylene glycol. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron diffraction (ED) showed that the as-prepared sample was indexed as the cubic spinel structure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that the Co₃O₄ nanocrystals were spherical with the crystallite size in the range of 90-110 nm. Infrared spectra and Raman spectra confirmed the formation of the Co₃O₄ nanocrystals. The magnetic properties of the Co₃O₄ nanocrystals were measured by using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer, which showed that the as-prepared sample exhibited a tiny hysteresis loop with the magnetization value of 2.4 emu/g and the coercivity of 110 Oe.     

The effect of copper addition on the structure and strength of an Al–Li alloy

In this study the effect of copper addition on the structure, precipitation kinetics and hardness in the Al–Li and Al–Li–Cu alloys aged at 200°C was investigated. The structures of precipitates were studied using X-ray-small-angle-scattering (XSAS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods. The changes in the structure parameter (Rg) of both alloys was calculated using two methods, the Guinier approximation and correlation function γ(r). By use of a plot of r γ(r) the distribution law of the T₁ disc thickness was obtained and the coexisting spherical particles of δ′ were estimated. Two types of δ′ precipitates of approximately 2 nm size and above 8 nm and the T₁ precipitates of thickness between 3 and 4 nm were observed.     

Enhanced electrochemical properties of nano-Li3PO4 coated on the LiMn2O4 cathode material for lithium ion battery at 55 °C

The electrochemical performance of LiMn₂O₄ is improved by the surface coating of nano-Li₃PO₄ via ball milling and high-temperature heating. The Li₃PO₄-coated LiMn₂O₄ powders are characterized by X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). At 55 °C, capacity retention of 85% after 100 cycles was obtained for Li/Li₃PO₄-coated LiMn₂O₄ electrode at 1C rate, while that of pristine sample was only 65.6%. The Li/Li₃PO₄-coated LiMn₂O₄ electrode also showed improved rate capability especially at high C rates. At 5C-rates, the delivered capacities of pristine and Li₃PO₄-coated LiMn₂O₄ electrodes were 80.7 mAh/g and 112.4 mAh/g, respectively. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) indicates that the charge transfer resistance for Li/Li₃PO₄-coated LiMn₂O₄ cell was reduced compared to Li/LiMn₂O₄ cell.     

Growth of nanocrystalline diamond films in CCl4/H2 ambient

We investigated the growth characteristics of the nanocrystalline diamond films using CCl₄/H₂ as gas sources in a hot-filament chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor. Successful growth of nanocrystalline diamond at typical growth condition of 1.5-2.5% CCl₄ and 550-730 °C substrate temperature has been demonstrated. Glancing angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) clearly indicated the formation of diamond in the films. Typical root-mean-square surface roughness of 10-15 nm and an optimal root-mean-square surface roughness of 6 nm have been achieved. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses indicated that nanocrystalline diamond film with an average grain size in the range of 10-20 nm was deposited from 2.5% CCl₄/H₂ at 610 °C. Effects of different source gas composition and substrate temperature on the grain nucleation and grain growth processes, whereby the grain size of the nanocrystalline film could be controlled, were discussed.     

Ionic liquid assisted hydrothermal synthesis of hollow vesicle-like MoS2 microspheres

The preparation of MoS₂ microspheres with hollow vesicle-like structure was successfully achieved, which used hydrazine solution with (NH₄)₂MoS₄ as the precursor. The reaction process was assisted by a convenient ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride) with the hydrothermal method at 200 °C for 24 h. X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) techniques were used to characterize the samples. It was shown that the MoS₂ microspheres had uniform spherical morphology with the diameter of 1-2 μm. It was also indicated that the hollow vesicle monomers on the surface of microspheres were structured with multi-layer of MoS₂, whose d spacing was 1.0 nm. A tentative formation mechanism was proposed for the growth process of the MoS₂ microspheres with hollow vesicle-like structure.