Effects of dry-ageing on pork quality characteristics in different genotypes

Presumably, dry-ageing enhances flavour attributes of meat by surface desiccation to increase and modify fatty acid content and other organoleptic molecules. However information regarding dry-ageing of fresh pork is limited. To examine the effects of dry-ageing on pork quality, Large White (LW, n = 24) and Large White × Duroc (Duroc, n = 24) barrows were slaughtered and three longissimus thoracis et lumborum sections from each side of the carcass were wet or dry-aged for 2, 7 or 14 d. Dry-aged meat had lower (P < 0.001) moisture and higher (P < 0.001) protein content due to higher purge losses (P < 0.001) when compared with wet aged meat. However no dry-ageing effect (P > 0.05) was observed on sensory characteristics. The increase in the duration of ageing decreased moisture content and drip loss and increased (P < 0.001) protein content, purge loss and L*, chroma and hue values. These changes were more accentuated in dry-aged meat (P < 0.01). Days of ageing dependent increases (P < 0.001) were observed for instrumental and sensory tenderness and juiciness in both ageing types. Moreover, meat from Duroc barrows had lower (P < 0.001) moisture and protein content, and higher (P < 0.01) fat content, L* and hue values. Instrumental and sensory tenderness, juiciness and flavour were higher (P < 0.01) in meat from Duroc than LW barrows. Increases (P < 0.01) in flavour intensity and decreases in off-flavour of meat from LW barrows were greater (P < 0.05) in d 7 than in d 14. Therefore the duration of ageing affected most quality and sensory characteristics, while the changes to quality attributes of dry versus wet-aged pork were attributable to the differences in shrink losses in the present study.     

Effect of ageing and μ-calpain markers on meat quality from Brangus steers finished on pasture

Brangus steers (n = 247) finished on pasture were used to evaluate the effects of post-mortem ageing and polymorphism CAPN1 316 and CAPN1 4751 markers on meat tenderness and objective colour measurements (CIEL*a*b*) of m. Longissimus dorsi. Ageing meat for 7 days decreased shear force (SF) by 13.7% and improved a* (8.4%) and b* (10%) compared to ageing for 1 day. No difference between 7 and 14 days of ageing was found for SF, a* and b*. However, L* increased markedly with ageing. Fitting both markers simultaneously, CAPN1 316 showed association with SF and L* and CAPN1 4751 with a* and b*. Fitting the markers individually, CAPN1 4751 affected all traits and CAPN1 316 showed association with SF and L*. Post-mortem ageing and the use of markers represent two independent and alternative tools that could be used for improving quality of meat from Brangus cattle.     

The effect of genotype, sex and management strategy on the eating quality of pork

Two hundred and sixteen (Large White×Landrace×Duroc) crossbred pigs were used to determine the influence of genotype, sex, and management strategies on pork quality. The experiment was a 2×3×3 factorial design with the main treatments being genotype (A?- 50% and B?- <25% Duroc bloodline), sex (females, surgical barrows and immunological barrows) and management strategy (control?- C, dietary conjugated linoleic acid supplementation?- CLA, and porcine somatotropin administration?- pST). Genotype A pigs had less backfat (P2 site), higher intramuscular fat percentage, higher muscle ultimate pH (pH(u)) and surface exudate, and the pork was tougher and less acceptable compared with Genotype B pigs. Female pigs had lower muscle pH(u), higher surface exudate and tougher pork compared with both surgical and immunological barrows. Pigs fed the control diet had lower muscle pH(u) and higher surface exudate compared with pigs fed the CLA supplemented diet or administered pST. Pigs fed the control diet had higher consumer likeness scores for flavour, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability compared with pigs fed the CLA supplemented diet or administered pST. The results from this experiment indicate that pork eating quality is reliant on a complex interaction between genotype and sex. The results also indicate that management strategies such as pST administration and CLA supplementation, while being effective in reducing backfat, have the potential to have a negative impact on pork quality.     

蒸制过程中大菱鲆肌肉理化特性、组织结构及蛋白特性变化

本研究以大菱鲆上背部肌肉为原料,考察其蒸制过程中脂肪含量、失水率、质量损失率、肌原纤维蛋白相 对提取率、组织结构、剪切力、硬度、咀嚼性、色度的变化,并对其肌原纤维蛋白和流失液蛋白相对分子质量变 化、鱼块Ca2＋Mg2＋-ATPase活力和总巯基含量的变化进行了检测。结果表明：随着蒸制时间的延长,大菱鲆鱼块的 失水率、质量损失率均不断增加,脂肪含量降低;肌原纤维蛋白相对提取率在蒸制开始2 min过程中下降明显,至 4 min时降至10%以下;Ca2＋Mg2＋-ATPase活力在蒸制2 min时降至最低;总巯基含量随蒸制时间延长呈先上升后下 降趋势,至1 min后基本不变。在蒸制过程中大菱鲆鱼块的微观组织结构由完整逐渐开始破裂;剪切力、硬度和咀 嚼性显著下降;亮度L*值显著升高（P＜0.05）,并在蒸制4 min后达到稳定状态;鱼块中蛋白的降解和流失使得流 失液中不同分子质量的蛋白逐渐增加。综上所述,限定规格（1.5 cm×1.5 cm×1.0 cm）大菱鲆鱼块在蒸制4 min时 可达到熟化且品质良好。     

PORCINE LONGISSIMUS GLYCOLYTIC POTENTIAL LEVEL EFFECTS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, CARCASS, AND MEAT QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS

Animals (n = 72) with longissimus glycolytic potential (GP) values ranging from 113.8 to 301.1 μmol/g of tissue, were classified as having low (n = 24), moderate (n = 24), and high (n = 24) GP levels. Meat quality measurements such as longissimus ultimate pH and subjective color score decreased, while Hunter L* values, percentage drip loss and purge loss increased for animals classified as having either high or moderate GP levels compared to those with low GP values. Animals with higher GP had decreased longissimus protein content and improved taste panel tenderness scores and lower shear force indicating superior eating quality. Increasing aging time from 2 to 21 days decreased shear force and improved taste panel tenderness scores. These data indicate that both glycolytic potential level within the muscle and aging time can have significant effects on pork quality characteristics.     

PROCESSING CHARACTERISTICS AND YIELD OF PORK FRANKFURTERS MANUFACTURED FROM GILTS ADMINISTERED EXOGENOUS PORCINE SOMATOTROPIN

Eighteen gilts (75 kg) were injected daily with 0, 2.5, or 5 mg of porcine somatotropin (pST) for either 30 or 31 days prior to slaughter to examine the effects of dose of pST administration to swine on processing characteristics of frankfurters manufactured from pork. Frankfurters were manufactured from New York shoulders (NAMP #404) and formulated with fat from the same carcass to a final product target of 22% fat and 10% added water. Frankfurters from pST- treated gilts had lower smokehouse yields (0.9% decrease; P <.005) and greater shear force peak height (35.4% increase; P < 0.05) compared with the controls. The increased shear force required for skin failure of frankfurters manufactured from pork from pST-treated pigs was not readily explained by other differences due to treatment (e.g., cooking stability, batter proximate composition or salt soluble protein content; all P > 0.05)     

不同温度贮藏热鲜猪肉品质变化比较

比较研究25、20、15、10℃和4℃五种贮藏温度下的热鲜猪肉在食用品质(蒸煮损失率、剪切力、肉色)、pH值、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)和微生物上的差异。结果表明:25、20℃和15℃热鲜肉无最佳消费时段,10℃和4℃最佳消费时段分别在36h和48～72h左右;25、20、15、10℃和4℃的热鲜肉一级鲜消费时段分别在12、18、36、48h和96h内。在48h内,10℃贮藏的热鲜肉与4℃贮藏相比,在蒸煮损失率、肉色(L值和a值)和TVB-N值方面无显著差异,且剪切力变化优于4℃贮藏的热鲜肉。     

不同冻融次数对猪肉品质的影响

研究不同冻融次数（0、1、3、5、7 次）对猪背最长肌肉品质特性的影响,分析猪肉冻融过程中食用品质特性、全质构特性、脂肪氧化（硫代巴比妥酸值）以及肌浆蛋白和全蛋白含量的变化。结果表明：随着反复冻融次数的增加,解冻汁液流失率、加压失水率和蒸煮损失率随之显著增加,到冻融7 次时解冻汁液流失率已达到13.24%,加压损失率达到36.77%,蒸煮损失率达到31.77%;亮度（L*）、黄度（b*）增加,红度（a*）减少,到冻融7 次时L*值达到58.46,b*值达到13.25,a*值降低到11.68;pH值和剪切力值先增大后减少。硫代巴比妥酸值随冻融次数的增加显著增加。猪肉肌浆蛋白和肌肉全蛋白含量在反复解冻-冻融过程中降低。反复冻融严重降低了猪肉的品质,且随着冻融次数的增加,对猪肉品质的影响越严重。     

自加热茄汁酥肉加工工艺的研究

采用猪后腿肉为原料,以水分含量、剪切力、质构和感官评分为考察指标,研究挂糊组分、初炸温度、初炸时间、复炸温度和复炸时间等因素对自加热茄汁酥肉品质的影响规律.在单因素试验的基础上,采用L9(34)正交试验对自加热茄汁酥肉的工艺进行优化.结果 表明,挂糊组分对剪切力、硬度、咀嚼性影响显著(P＜0.05),初炸温度对硬度、内...     

低温慢煮对红烧肉食用品质及其蛋白消化率的影响

红烧肉是我国的传统美食,但制作过程中存在蛋白质氧化严重等问题,本研究通过对红烧肉的食用品质和消化性分析,评估了低温慢煮代替传统方式制作红烧肉的可行性.结果表明,相比于传统工艺,低温慢煮技术显著提升了红烧肉的水分含量,并显著降低了其剪切力和烹饪损失率(P＜0.05).低场核磁共振结果显示,加工方式主要影响不易流动水含量的...     

碳酸氢钠对水煮牛肉片加工和冷藏性能的影响

研究碳酸氢钠对水煮牛肉片加工和冷藏性能的影响。添加碳酸氢钠(0.2%～0.8%)对牛肉片进行腌制,熟制后在4℃条件下分别冷藏0、2、4、6、8 d,测定水煮牛肉片在加工和冷藏期间蒸煮得率、色泽、pH值、剪切力、水分含量和硫代巴比妥酸反应物值的变化。结果表明：碳酸氢钠显著提高水煮牛肉片的蒸煮得率、pH值和水分含量(P<0.05),显著降低剪切力和红度值(a^*)(P<0.05);在冷藏期间,所有样品的水分含量均降低,亮度值和a^*减小,黄度值升高;但碳酸氢钠能抑制脂肪氧化,且随着添加量的增加,抑制效果显著提升,同时,碳酸氢钠对抑制水煮牛肉片a^*的下降有显著作用,添加碳酸氢钠水煮牛肉片的a*均大于对照组。因此,碳酸氢钠能提高水煮牛肉片的保水性、嫩度和抗氧化性。     

Prediction of pork quality attributes from near infrared reflectance spectra

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is one of the most promising techniques for large-scale meat quality evaluation. We investigated the potential of NIRS-based models to predict drip loss and shear force of pork samples. Near infrared reflectance spectra (1000-2500 nm), water-holding capacity, shear force, ultimate pH, and colour (L(?), a(?), b(?)-value) of 96 pork longissimus muscles were recorded at 2 days post mortem. Stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) analyses were used to formulate models for drip loss and shear force. Prediction models for drip loss correlated moderately strong with measured drip loss (R=0.71-0.74), which is similar to the correlation obtained using a combination of ultimate pH, filter paper test, and L(?)-value (R=0.74). The current results indicate that NIRS enables the classification of pork longissimus muscles with a superior or inferior water-holding capacity as having a drip loss lower than 5% or higher than 7%. No useful models could be constructed for shear force.     

Dietary lecithin improves dressing percentage and decreases chewiness in the longissimus muscle in finisher gilts

The influence of dietary lecithin at doses of 0, 4, 20 or 80 g/kg fed to finisher gilts for six weeks prior to slaughter on growth performance, carcass quality and pork quality was investigated. M. longissimus lumborum (loin) was removed from 36 pig carcasses at 24 h post-mortem for Warner–Bratzler shear force, compression, collagen content and colour analyses. Dietary lecithin increased dressing percentage (P = 0.009). Pork chewiness and collagen content were decreased by dietary lecithin (P < 0.05, respectively), suggesting that improved chewiness may be due to decreased collagen content. However, dietary lecithin had no effect on shear force, cohesiveness or hardness (P > 0.05, respectively). Dietary lecithin reduced loin muscle L* values and increased a* values (P < 0.05, respectively) but no changes on b* values (P = 0.56). The data showed that dietary lecithin improved dressing percentage and resulted in less chewy and less pale pork.     

A RESEARCH NOTE CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF COLOR MODIFIED PORK RESTRUCTURED CHOPS

Restructured pork chops were manufactured from the lean tissue of dressed sows that were color modified(CM) with a potassium buffer rinse to attain lighter appearance. This product was compared with counterpart samples that were not color modified(C). Measurements included CIE L*, a*, b* values, visual traits, sensory traits, shear force, pH, and percentage of moisture, fat, protein, protein solubility, and cooking loss. The CM samples were lighter colored (P<0.05), exhibited less (P<0.05) flavor intensity, had a higher (P<0.05) pH, and sustained less (P<0.05) cooking loss. No differences (P>0.05) between the CM and C samples were found in juiciness, tenderness, Warner-Bratzler shear force, and soluble protein. The CM samples exhibited less protein content and lower Lee-Kramer shear force values. Results confirm that sow meat can be lightened without adversely affecting functional properties and taste attributes of restructured pork chops.     

A second mutant allele (V199I) at the PRKAG3 (RN) locus- I. Effect on technological meat quality of pork loin

The effect of three alleles (RN(-), rn(+) and a second mutant allele V199I, denoted rn*) at the PRKAG3 (RN) locus on such meat quality traits as pH, internal reflectance (FOP), Warner-Bratzler shear force, water-holding capacity and cooking loss were studied. M. longissimus dorsi (LD) from a total of 334 crossbreed pigs, entire males and females, Hampshire (H) and Finnish Landrace (L) of three combinations H × LH, LH × H and LH × LH, were used. The PRKAG3 alleles were identified with a DNA test and all possible RN genotypes, RN(-)/RN(-) (23%), RN(-)/rn(+) (24%), RN(-)/rn* (33%), rn(+)/rn(+) (8%), rn(+)/rn* (9%) and rn*/rn* (2%), were found. Water, intramuscular fat, protein and glycogen contents were determined. All the three alleles at the RN locus affected the studied technological meat quality traits of pork loin, except for the internal reflectance 24 h post mortem and the shear force. The RN(-) allele was dominant over the other two alleles, rn(+) and rn*, in LD with regard to ultimate pH, water-holding capacity and cooking loss, giving lower ultimate pH and water-holding capacity and higher cooking loss. The rn* allele affected ultimate pH in LD of non-carriers of the RN(-) allele, giving higher ultimate pH. The RN(-) allele was also dominant over the other two alleles in residual glycogen content in entire male pigs, but not in female pigs, where the rn* allele had a glycogen-lowering effect. The water content was higher and the protein content lower in LD of all RN(-)/- animals compared with the other genotypes, while no significant differences were found with regard to IMF content. Water-holding capacity, cooking loss and shear force were higher in LD of entire males compared with females.     

Effect of Hydrodynamic Pressure Processing on the Processing and Quality Characteristics of Moisture-Enhanced Pork Loins

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to determine the influence of hydrodynamic pressure processing (HDP) and aging on the processing characteristics and final meat quality of moisture-enhanced pork loins. Boneless pork loins (n = 24) were split into 3 portions and assigned treatments: control (non-HDP treated, brine-injected), HDP treated before brine-injection, or HDP treated after brine-injection. Pork loins were injected with a salt/phosphate/water solution to 110% of original weight on day 0, intermittently tumbled 3 h, and then held overnight. Meat quality and protein characteristics were measured on days 1 and 8. HDP-treated loins had greater (P < 0.05) brine retention after overnight equilibration and a higher (P < 0.05) processing yield than controls. Warner–Bratzler shear force and expressible moisture decreased (P < 0.0001) with aging from days 1 to 8, but were not significantly affected by either HDP treatment. When the drip loss data from HDP treatments were pooled, HDP samples had lower drip loss values than controls. L* and b* measurements exhibited significant HDP by aging interaction effects, but a* was not influenced by either HDP or aging. Myofibrillar protein solubility and gel electrophoresis measurements of protein degradation were influenced by aging treatments. Data from this study suggest that HDP may have beneficial effects on the processing and final product quality of moisture-enhanced pork loins. Practical Application: This study demonstrates that hydrodynamic pressure processing (HDP) is an effective postharvest technology for improving the processing and meat quality characteristics of moisture-enhanced pork loin products, benefiting both meat processors and consumers.     

冷藏时间对冷却猪背最长肌品质的影响

以宰后24 h的猪背最长肌为研究对象,研究4 ℃条件下冷藏0、12、24、36、48 h对猪背最长肌pH值、色 差、冷藏损失、蒸煮损失、剪切力和水分迁移状态的影响。结果表明：随着冷藏时间的增加,猪背最长肌的pH 值、黄度值（b*）、冷藏损失率和蒸煮损失率均显著提高（P＜0.05）;亮度值（L*）和红度值（a*）在冷藏24 h 内差异不显著（P＞0.05）;冷藏48 h时,猪背最长肌的pH值、L*、b*、冷藏损失和蒸煮损失最大,剪切力最小; 低场核磁共振结果表明,随着冷藏时间的增加,T2b、T21和T22起始弛豫时间显著延长（P＜0.05）,T21的峰面积比例 降低,T22的峰面积比例增加。综上所述,4 ℃条件下冷藏24 h以内有利于保持猪背最长肌的品质。     

不同注水量对猪肉食用品质的影响

通过研究不同注水量(0、10%、20%、30%、40%)对猪肉色泽、pH、剪切力、滴水损失、蒸煮损失、压榨损失、离心损失、贮藏损失、拿破率的影响,比较分析正常猪肉与不同比例注水猪肉食用品质的差异。结果表明:随着注水量的增加,L*、b*、滴水损失、蒸煮损失、压榨损失、离心损失、贮藏损失显著增大(p<0.05),a*、剪切力随着注水量的增加显著减小(p<0.05);当注水量小于20%时,注水猪肉的L*、压榨损失、贮藏损失、离心损失与正常猪肉差异显著(p<0.05),而当注水量大于等于20%时,注水猪肉的L*、a*、压榨损失、贮藏损失、离心损失、剪切力值、蒸煮损失、滴水损失均与正常猪肉存在显著性差异(p<0.05)。与正常猪肉相比,注水后的猪肉亮度增加,保水性变差,嫩度有所增加。相关性分析表明,注水后肉块保水性的变化影响色泽的改变,同时也会影响嫩度的变化。     

Impact of pulsed electric fields and post‐mortem vacuum ageing on beef longissimus thoracis muscles

The impact of pulsed electric field (PEF) processing (0.2–0.6 kV cm^?1, 1–50 Hz, 20 μs) followed by vacuum ageing (1 and 3 days) on the quality traits of beef longissimus thoracis (LT) was assessed. The results show that pH, colour stability (L*, a* and R630/580 values) and cooking loss were unaffected by PEF treatments, whilst moisture content significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by 0.7–3.6%. No significant (P > 0.05) difference was found in shear force between PEF treated and untreated samples. However, the shear force values significantly reduced in response to ageing times regardless of the PEF treatments. After 3 days post‐treatment ageing, the shear force decreased by 20–22% compared to 1 day ageing for all samples. Furthermore, Cryo‐SEM results suggest that PEF treatments have led to more porous tissue structure leading to more water loss. Protein profile was unchanged by PEF treatments applied.     

Acidified sodium chlorite solution as an antimicrobial treatment for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets

Minimizing microbial growth and maintaining overall quality are priorities for intervention strategies that extend the shelf life of fresh, aquatic foods. Four treatments included a control (fresh fillets), water, 50 ppm of acidified sodium chlorite (ASC), and 1,000 ppm of ASC. Fillets were stored at 1 to 2 degrees C for 0, 8, and 15 days. A significant (P < 0.05) interaction between treatment and storage time was observed for psychrotrophic counts. The increase in psychrotrophic counts with storage time was less for fillets treated with ASC, regardless of ASC concentration. Aerobic plate counts were not affected (P > 0.05) by intervention; however, a significant increase in counts was observed during storage (P < 0.05). Fillet pH, moisture, fat, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, fatty acid composition, color, cook yield, and shear force were not affected (P > 0.05) by intervention. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances decreased (P < 0.05) during storage. Percentages of individual fatty acids were constant, with the exception of C15 and C20:2; they decreased with storage to 15 days. Percent fat, L* (lightness) and b* (yellowness) values, and cook yield increased (P < 0.05) during storage. Fillet pH, moisture, a* (redness) value, and shear force did not change (P > 0.05) with storage to 15 days. Based on these data, 50 ppm of ASC performed equally as well as 1,000 ppm of ASC. The value of ASC is as a decontaminant; however, fillets in this study had low psychrotrophic counts pretreatment (2.3 log CFU/cm2) and posttreatment (2.03 log CFU/cm2), which did not demonstrate ASC's effectiveness as a decontaminant.