Methodology for design of a vibration operated valve for abrasive viscous fluids

In this paper a new ultrasonic operated valve is presented. The ultrasonic valve design was analyzed and the valve was prototyped and tested for flow control of abrasive viscous fluid. This innovative valve concept is based on controlling the friction of material by employing several friction elements along the flow direction. Abrasive particles in the viscous fluid are stopped by the force of friction when coming into contact with the friction elements. Friction is neutralized by use of vibration to break away the abrasive particles from the friction element surfaces. Several factors were considered in designing the piezoelectric valve. Factor identification was done by conducting experiments and analyzing the resulting data. Some important factors that affect the valve design were recognized to be pumping pressure, size of friction blades along the direction of flow, density of material, viscosity, amplitude of vibration, frequency of vibration, and proportion of abrasive particles in the mix. First, a method was designed for measuring the friction coefficient of the given viscous materials. A design of experiment approach was pursued in order to identify the significant parameters. A piezoelectric transducer was used, which vibrated at the resonance frequency of 20 kHz. FEM modeling was used at that stage to ensure that the resonance frequency of the designed valve matched the resonance frequency of the transducer and booster assembly that provided vibration. In order to perform proportional flow control pulse width modulation was used to control the duty cycle of the ultrasonic power transferred to the valve. A study was performed to find the best vibration characteristics.     

用于腔量子电动力学研究的铯原子双磁光阱

建立了铯原子双磁光阱(MOT)系统用来制备腔量子电动力学(Cavity-QED)实验所需的处于超高真空(UHV)环境中的冷原子。采用一束聚焦的连续激光束将气室磁光阱从背景铯蒸气中冷却并将俘获到的冷原子有效地输运到超高真空磁光阱,实现了铯原子双磁光阱。实验中研究了输运光束的失谐量对于超高真空磁光阱中的稳态冷原子数的影响,同时对气室磁光阱和超高真空磁光阱的装载过程作了分析。气室磁光阱和超高真空磁光阱的典型气压分别约为1×10-6Pa和8×10-8Pa,典型的稳态冷原子数分别约为5×107和5×106,冷原子等效温度约72±4μK。     

Electrodynamics of anisotropic media with space and time dispersion

The average stress tensor, power-flow density, momentum density, and energy density for electromagnetic waves in a linear stationary anisotropic medium with space and time dispersion are clarified with the help of the second-order nonlinear terms in the equation of motion for polarization. The wave fields are connected with the medium-mass motion through the nonlinear terms; the net force between the fields and the medium mass plays a crucial role in interpreting the stress tensor and the wave momentum. Asymmetry in the space-space part of the energy-momentum tensor, which is quadratic in the field fluctuations, is ascribed to anisotropic restoring forces of the polarizations; asymmetry in the space-time part is attributed to nonvanishing average forces between the fields and the medium-mass motion.     

Electrodynamics boundary problem solution for sectoral coaxial ridged waveguides by integral equation technique

The electrodynamics eigenmodes boundary problem for sectoral coaxial single-ridged waveguides is solved by the integral equation technique utilizing the introduced system of orthogonal basis functions, which correctly take into account the singular field behavior at the ridge. The formulas obtained allow to compute cutoff wave numbers and electric and magnetic fields distributions of TE and TM modes in the presence of the ridge either on the outer or on the inner wall of the waveguide. The analysis of the dependence of cutoff wave numbers convergence on the type and the amount of basis functions and partial modes has been carried out. It is shown that for obtaining 0.1% residual error it is necessary to utilize in two times more unorthogonal basis functions, which correctly take into account singularity at the ridge, than introduced orthogonal basis functions, which correctly take into account singularity at the ridge, and in five times more orthogonal trigonometric basis functions, which don??t take into account singularity at the ridge. Besides the computing time increases in 4 and in 20 times, respectively.     

空心电抗器投切下的电场和电动力分析

针对频繁投切操作对干式空心电抗器绝缘产生的影响,为保障电力系统的安全稳定运行,文中采用仿真和实验分析的方法,对空心电抗器稳态和投切暂态下的电场和电动力进行分析。通过建立基于Maxwell的空心电抗器仿真模型,进一步比较两种状态下电场和电动力的分布特性及数值变化。研究结果表明,投切下的电场强度和电动力较稳态运行下均有明显增大,绝缘厚度需要达到0.032 5 mm才能约束投切过程中产生的径向电动力。投切暂态过程对电抗器绝缘厚度提出了更高的要求,为空心电抗器的工业设计提供了一定的理论依据。     

Seismic source model for moving vehicles

We develop a method for the loading of ground by moving vehicles in large finite-difference time-domain simulations of seismic wave propagation. The objective is to realistically produce two distinct types of ground loading for either wheeled or tracked vehicles in our propagation models: lower frequency loading associated with suspension dynamics and higher frequency impulsive loading associated with tire treads or wheels rolling over individual track blocks. These loading characteristics are important because field measurements show that vehicle ground forcing in both frequency bands produces seismic surface waves that networked sensors can remotely process for security applications. The method utilizes a vehicle-dynamics model to calculate a response to vehicle acceleration and ground features such as bumps; calculates forces transmitted to the ground; distributes these forces to staggered points of a finite-difference model; and simulates seismic wave propagation away from the vehicle. We demonstrate the method using bounce-and-pitch models of wheeled and tracked vehicles. We show that by carefully preprocessing force inputs, we can accurately simulate wave propagation and seismic signatures in finite-difference analyses of vehicles moving continuously over terrain.     

一种改进的运动目标跟踪算法

为了进一步增加均值平移算法用于目标跟踪的准确性和鲁棒性,提出了加入目标位置的预测、对大目标间断采样、联合颜色信息与边缘信息建立直方图、采用多个候选目标优选与验证等4种改进方法,减小算法的计算量,提高算法的匹配速度,增强算法的适应性.使用Edinburgh大学提供的Workshop 1 front图像序列进行测试,分别得到了原算法与改进算法的Bhattacharyya距离,通过比较其平均值和标准偏差,说明了改进算法中最优匹配比原算法准确.使用自拍摄的复杂背景图像测试后,说明了改进算法的适应性.实验结果表明,改进后的均值平移算法对运动目标跟踪效果良好.     

Microwave oven for improved biological solids determination.

This paper describes the evaluation of the use of microwave power to evaporate the water from biological solids in the suspended solids analysis for wastewater treatment plants. when microwave power was applied to the sample at a level of 1.8 watts per gram of water a constant weight was achieved in twelve minutes. This compares with sixty minutes drying time in the conventional test where thermal ovens are utilized. Solids results from microwaves oven drying were more precise than the results from drying with a thermal oven.     

The quasi-static approximation for moving and finite temperature plasmas

A stationary plasma in the presence of a magnetic field may be represented by an equivalent dielectric tensor. The equivalent dielectric tensor of a moving plasma, valid within the quasi-static approximation, is found by a Lorentz transformation of the dielectric tensor from a reference frame in which the plasma is at rest to one in which the laboratory is at rest. The range of validity of the dielectric tensor is investigated, and the relation between this tensor and the equivalent dielectric tensor found from Maxwell's curl equation is determined. An infinite number of moving plasma streams with a Maxwellian velocity distribution are summed to obtain the dielectric tensor of a finite temperature plasma. The dielectric tensor leads directly to the dispersion relation for waves on a bounded plasma.     

An Integral Formulation for the Electrodynamics of Metallic Carbon Nanotubes Based on a Fluid Model

An integral formulation to model, in the frequency domain, the electromagnetic response of three-dimensional (3-D) structures formed by metallic carbon nanotubes and conductors, within the framework of the classical electrodynamics, is described. The conduction electrons of the metallic nanotube are modeled as an infinitesimally thin cylindrical layer of compressible fluid, whose dynamics are described by means of the linearized hydrodynamic equations. The resulting integral equations are solved numerically by the finite element method using the facet elements and the null-pinv decomposition. The proposed formulation is applied to study carbon nanotube interconnects and dipole antennas and some related results are outlined. The solutions highlight the high-frequency effects due to the electron inertia and the fluid pressure. In particular, since the kinetic inductance matrix dominates over the magnetic one, proximity effects are negligible.     

Segmentation and tracking of moving objects for content-based videocoding

To enable content-based functionalities in video coding, a decomposition of the scene into physical objects is required. Such objects are normally not characterised by homogeneous colour, intensity, or optical flow. Therefore, conventional techniques based on these low-level features cannot perform the desired segmentation. The authors address segmentation and tracking of moving objects and present a new video object plane (VOP) segmentation algorithm that extracts semantically meaningful objects. A morphological motion filter detects physical objects by identifying areas that are moving differently from the background. A new filter criterion is introduced that measures the deviation of the estimated local motion from the synthesised global motion. A two-dimensional binary model is derived for the object of interest and tracked throughout the sequence by a Hausdorff object tracker. To accommodate for rotations and changes in shape, the model is updated every frame by a two-stage method that accounts for rigid and non-rigid moving parts of the object. The binary model then guides the actual VOP extraction, whereby a novel boundary post-processor ensures high boundary accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm     

Effective bandwidths for multiclass Markov fluids and other ATMsources

The authors show the existence of effective bandwidths for multiclass Markov fluids and other types of sources that are used to model ATM traffic. More precisely, it is shown that when such sources share a buffer with deterministic service rate, a constraint on the tail of the buffer occupancy distribution is a linear constraint on the number of sources. That is, for a small loss probability one can assume that each source transmits at a fixed rate called its effective bandwidth. When traffic parameters are known, effective bandwidths can be calculated and may be used to obtain a circuit-switched style call acceptance and routing algorithm for ATM networks. The important feature of the effective bandwidth of a source is that it is a characteristic of that source and the acceptable loss probability only. Thus, the effective bandwidth of a source does not depend on the number of sources sharing the buffer or the model parameters of other types of sources sharing the buffer     

Quartz resonator as sensor for viscous/conductive liquids

A theoretical and experimental study of an AT-cut quartz crystal resonator as a sensor for viscous conductive liquids has been performed. A novel continuous-flow cell system and an 11 MHz quartz crystal were used for the experiments. Results are presented for aqueous dilute solutions of potassium chloride (KCl) and potassium nitrate (KNO/sub 3/).<>     

Equilibrium bandwidth and buffer allocations for elastic traffics

Consider a set of users sharing a network node under an allocation scheme that provides each user with a fixed minimum and a random extra amount of bandwidth and buffer. Allocations and prices are adjusted to adapt to resource availability and user demands. Equilibrium is achieved when all users optimize their utility and demand equals supply for nonfree resources. We analyze two models of user behavior. We show that at equilibrium expected return on purchasing variable resources can be higher than that on fixed resources. Thus users must balance the marginal increase in utility due to higher return on variable resources and the marginal decrease in utility due to their variability. For the first user model we further show that at equilibrium where such tradeoff is optimized all users hold strictly positive amounts of variable bandwidth and buffer. For the second model we show that if both variable bandwidth and buffer are scarce then at equilibrium every user either holds both variable resources or none     

Bandwidth sharing and admission control for elastic traffic

We consider the performance of a network like the Internet handling so‐called elastic traffic where the rate of flows adjusts to fill available bandwidth. Realized throughput depends both on the way bandwidth is shared and on the random nature of traffic. We assume traffic consists of point to point transfers of individual documents of finite size arriving according to a Poisson process. Notable results are that weighted sharing has limited impact on perceived quality of service and that discrimination in favour of short documents leads to considerably better performance than fair sharing. In a linear network, max–min fairness is preferable to proportional fairness under random traffic while the converse is true under the assumption of a static configuration of persistent flows. Admission control is advocated as a necessary means to maintain goodput in case of traffic overload. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

New algorithms for fixed and elastic geometric transformationmodels

This paper describes a new approach that leads to the discovery of substitutions or approximations for physical transformation by fixed and elastic geometric transformation models. These substitutions and approximations can simplify the solution of normalization and generation of shapes in signal processing, image processing, computer vision, computer graphics, and pattern recognition. In this paper, several new algorithms for fixed geometric transformation models such as bilinear, quadratic, bi-quadratic, cubic, and bi-cubic are presented based on the finite element theory. To tackle more general and more complicated problems, elastic geometric transformation models including Coons, harmonic, and general elastic models are discussed. Several useful algorithms are also presented in this paper. The performance of the proposed approach has been evaluated by a series of experiments with interesting results.     

Probabilistic Kalman filter for moving object tracking

Kalman filter has been successfully applied to tracking moving objects in real-time situations. However, the filter cannot take into account the existing prior knowledge to improve its predictions. In the moving object tracking, the trajectories of multiple targets in the same environment could be available, which can be viewed as the prior knowledge for the tracking procedure. This paper presents the probabilistic Kalman filter (PKF) that is able to take into account the stored trajectories to improve tracking estimation. The PKF has an extra stage after two steps of the Kalman filter to refine the estimated position of the targets. The refinement is obtained by applying the Viterbi algorithm to a probabilistic graph, that is constructed based on the observed trajectories. The graph is built in the offline situation and could be adapted in the online tracking. The proposed tracker has higher accuracy compared to the standard Kalman filter and could handle widespread problems such as occlusion. Another significant achievement of the proposed tracker is to track an object with anomalous behaviors by drawing an inference based on the constructed probabilistic graph. The PKF was applied to several manually-built videos and several other video-bases containing severe occlusions, which demonstrates a significant performance in comparison with other state-of-the-art trackers.     

运动目标PSM的时分极化测量方法研究

针对现有的时分极化测量体制雷达,通过对波形产生器进行微小的改造,在相邻脉冲内生成正负斜率线性调频信号,提出一种可以在相邻的两个脉冲周期内获得高速运动目标的极化散射矩阵(PSM)的方法.利用正负斜率线性调频脉冲对斜率相反的性质,在一个极化切换周期内估计目标多普勒频移和时延,定义极化校准矩阵,同时利用相邻两个脉冲回波的信息,通过对极化校准矩阵求逆,精确获得极化散射矩阵四个元素的值.仿真结果中与传统方法进行了对比,证明了该方法的可行性和优越性.