钙钛矿太阳能电池技术发展历史与现状

简要回顾了钙钛矿太阳能电池的发展历史,解释了钙钛矿太阳能电池本质上是固态染料敏化太阳能电池。介绍了钙钛矿太阳能电池的微观发电机理,结合钙钛矿太阳能电池的能级图分析讨论了钙钛矿与电子传输层和空穴传输层的能级匹配。分析总结了钙钛矿太阳能电池的光伏技术参数,包括光生电流密度、开路电压、填充因子、能量转换效率以及光伏性能的稳定性。钙钛矿太阳能电池的能量转换效率、短路电流密度和开路电压均已超过非晶硅薄膜太阳能电池,填充因子与非晶硅薄膜太阳能电池很接近。钙钛矿太阳能电池有希望实现产业化而成为下一代薄膜太阳能电池。指出了钙钛矿太阳能电池大规模市场应用在制造技术上的瓶颈即空穴传输层的造价昂贵,并综述了解决该瓶颈的最新研究工作。     

新能源材料

<正>日本东京大学:钙钛矿太阳能电池转换效率达20.7%近日,东京大学研究生院综合文化研究科教授濑川浩司(KojiSegawa)等人,共同开发出了更高效的钙钛矿太阳能电池。该款钙钛矿太阳能电池使用的是含钾的材料,可在测定条件下改变电池的迟滞现象,从而提高电池性能。据东京大学介绍,该款钙钛矿太阳能电池面积为2.76cm~2,连接3个太阳能电池片,转换效率为20.7%。"这是东京大学首次研发成功转换效率超过20%且     

富勒烯在新型太阳能电池中的应用

新型太阳能电池包括有机太阳能电池、钙钛矿太阳能电池和量子点太阳能电池等,是一类十分有前景的光伏器件,目前有机太阳能电池和钙钛矿太阳能电池的能量转换效率分别超过了19%和25.6%。富勒烯材料具有较高的电子迁移率和良好的电子特性,被广泛应用于有机太阳能电池活性层、界面层,钙钛矿太阳能电池活性层和中间层等。在有机太阳能电池中,富勒烯材料作为活性层受体,可以提高器件电子传输能力;作为界面修饰层,可以有效降低接触电阻,抑制载流子的复合。在钙钛矿太阳能电池中,富勒烯材料作为活性层添加剂能钝化钙钛矿缺陷,抑制迟滞效应;作为中间层能优化界面形貌,促进电荷的提取与输运。本文综述了富勒烯材料在各个组成部分中的研究进展,并展望了富勒烯材料在各个组成部分中的发展前景,在此基础上,提出了未来的研究方向。     

稀土掺杂上转换发光纳米材料在有机光伏器件中的应用进展

稀土掺杂上转换发光纳米材料(UCNPs)是一种在近红外光激发下发出可见光的纳米材料,将UCNPs掺入有机光伏电池中,可以扩大有机光伏电池对太阳光谱的响应范围,提高有机光伏电池的光电转换效率。综述了UCNPs在染料敏化太阳能电池、聚合物太阳能电池中的应用进展,展望了该材料未来的研究方向。     

碳材料在钙钛矿太阳能电池中的应用

钙钛矿太阳能电池具有材料成本低廉、生产工艺简单、光电转换效率高等优点,发展前景十分光明。碳材料因其价格低廉、高导电性、疏水性和化学稳定性等特点,被应用在钙钛矿太阳能电池的各个组成部分,用于提高电池性能和降低成本。本文根据应用在钙钛矿太阳能电池中的碳材料的维数进行分类,分别介绍了零维的C60、碳量子点和石墨烯量子点,一维的碳纳米管,二维的石墨烯及其衍生物、石墨炔和三维的石墨等在钙钛矿太阳能电池中的应用,对于将来实现钙钛矿太阳能电池的低成本商业化和大规模制造具有重要意义。     

新型钙钛矿太阳能电池的研究进展

太阳能光伏发电是解决目前日益严重的能源与环境问题的一种有效手段,在最近几年里,新型钙钛矿太阳能电池得到迅猛发展,其最高光电转换效率已经达到20%,已成为可再生能源领域的研究热点之一。钙钛矿太阳能电池是以具有钙钛矿结构的有机-金属卤化物等作为核心光吸收、光电转换、光生载流子输运材料的太阳能电池,具有能量转换高和成本低的优点且其核心光电转换材料具有廉价、容易制备的特点,因此获得了学术界的特别关注。首先总结了钙钛矿太阳能电池的结构与原理,然后综述了钙钛矿太阳电池在结构和材料方面的最新研究进展,特别是无铅钙钛矿太阳能电池的一些研究,最后分析了钙钛矿太阳能电池的发展趋势及发展中亟需解决的问题。     

稀土发光材料在染料敏化太阳能电池中的研究进展

染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSCs)由于工艺简单、价格便宜、转换效率高等优点而备受关注.其中起负载敏化剂以及收集和传输电子作用的光阳极是关系到电池性能的重要部件.介绍了染料敏化太阳能电池的基本结构和工作原理,综述了优化染料敏化太阳能电池结构的研究现状;重点阐述了稀土发光材料改性二氧化钛提高光电转换效率的研究进展;指出稀土发光材料改性二氧化钛光阳极是提高染料电池光电转换效率的有效途径,也是未来的主要发展方向.     

都灵理工大学/洛桑联邦理工学院/米兰理工大学国际联合团队:创新性聚合物涂层解决钙钛矿太阳能电池老化问题

正近日,由都灵理工大学、洛桑联邦理工学院、米兰理工大学和意大利技术研究院纳米科技中心组成的一个钙钛矿实验研究团队,在美国《科学》杂志上发表题为"提高钙钛矿太阳能电池的效率和稳定性"的研究论文,该项研究解决了钙钛矿太阳能电池转换中的关键问题。钙钛矿太阳能电池技术被"世界经济论坛"评为2016年十大最有前景的技术之一。瑞士洛桑联邦理工学院长期致力于钙钛矿在太阳能转换装置中的应用研究,其研究成果表明,该材料有望在2020年之前实现大规模应用。全球多所大学     

新能源材料

<正>钙钛矿电池——未来的光伏电池由都灵理工大学、洛桑联邦理工学院、米兰理工大学和意大利技术研究院纳米科技中心组成的一个钙钛矿实验研究团队,在美国《科学》杂志上发表题为"提高钙钛矿太阳能电池的效率和稳定性"的研究论文,该项研究解决了钙钛矿太阳能电池转换中的关键问题。钙钛矿太阳能电池技术被"世界经济论坛"评为2016年10大最有前景的技术之一。瑞士洛桑联邦理工学院长期致力于钙钛矿在太阳能转换装置中的应用     

聚合物太阳能电池光敏层材料及形貌的研究进展

聚合物太阳能电池由于质量轻、成本低、柔韧性好及制备工艺简便等优点而具有巨大的潜在应用价值,是太阳能电池发展的新方向.但是聚合物太阳能电池的能量转换效率较低,达不到商业化应用的要求,如何提高电池效率仍是目前研究的重点.聚合物材料和光敏层的形貌是影响太阳能电池性能的两大要素,从机理方面分析了限制太阳能电池效率的一些因素,介绍了聚合物材料的新进展,探讨了聚合物材料设计的原则及方法,着重探讨了形貌对太阳能电池性能的影响以及改进形貌的方法及其理论基础,并展望了聚合物太阳能电池未来的发展趋势.     

上转换纳米材料及其在提高太阳能电池光电效率中的应用

上转换纳米材料在提高太阳能电池光电效率方面的应用主要通过提高上转换纳米材料的发光性能来实现。利用上转换纳米材料能将2个或2个以上的低能短波光子转换成高能可见光的特性,可以拓宽太阳能电池对光的响应范围,达到提升光电转换效率的目的。主要介绍了上转换纳米材料,包括其发光机制与基质材料的选择。回顾了在近阶段主要使用的热分解法、水热法等制备方法,分析了其他一些制备方法。着重介绍了上转换纳米材料在晶体硅太阳能电池和染敏太阳能电池中的应用。从提升上转换材料发光性的角度来讨论对太阳能电池的研究,并指出了未来上转换纳米材料在太阳能电池中应用的研究重点是利用异质离子掺杂、表面等离子体耦合与量子点敏化等手段提升上转换效率,而染料耦联上转换纳米材料、上转换纳米材料壳包覆等方法也具有很大发展潜力。     

Hybrid PbS Quantum‐Dot‐in‐Perovskite for High‐Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cell

In this study, a facile and effective approach to synthesize high‐quality perovskite‐quantum dots (QDs) hybrid film is demonstrated, which dramatically improves the photovoltaic performance of a perovskite solar cell (PSC). Adding PbS QDs into CH₃NH₃PbI₃ (MAPbI₃) precursor to form a QD‐in‐perovskite structure is found to be beneficial for the crystallization of perovskite, revealed by enlarged grain size, reduced fragmentized grains, enhanced characteristic peak intensity, and large percentage of (220) plane in X‐ray diffraction patterns. The hybrid film also shows higher carrier mobility, as evidenced by Hall Effect measurement. By taking all these advantages, the PSC based on MAPbI₃‐PbS hybrid film leads to an improvement in power conversion efficiency by 14% compared to that based on pure perovskite, primarily ascribed to higher current density and fill factor (FF). Ultimately, an efficiency reaching up to 18.6% and a FF of over ≈0.77 are achieved based on the PSC with hybrid film. Such a simple hybridizing technique opens up a promising method to improve the performance of PSCs, and has strong potential to be applied to prepare other hybrid composite materials.     

Towards Efficient Spectral Converters through Materials Design for Luminescent Solar Devices

Single‐junction photovoltaic devices exhibit a bottleneck in their efficiency due to incomplete or inefficient harvesting of photons in the low‐ or high‐energy regions of the solar spectrum. Spectral converters can be used to convert solar photons into energies that are more effectively captured by the photovoltaic device through a photoluminescence process. Here, recent advances in the fields of luminescent solar concentration, luminescent downshifting, and upconversion are discussed. The focus is specifically on the role that materials science has to play in overcoming barriers in the optical performance in all spectral converters and on their successful integration with both established (e.g., c‐Si, GaAs) and emerging (perovskite, organic, dye‐sensitized) cell types. Current challenges and emerging research directions, which need to be addressed for the development of next‐generation luminescent solar devices, are also discussed.     

Ideal Bandgap Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells

Extremely high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of ≈20–22% are realized through intensive research and development of 1.5–1.6 eV bandgap perovskite absorbers. However, development of ideal bandgap (1.3–1.4 eV) absorbers is pivotal to further improve PCE of single junction perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) because of a better balance between absorption loss of sub‐bandgap photons and thermalization loss of above‐bandgap photons as demonstrated by the Shockley–Queisser detailed balanced calculation. Ideal bandgap PVSCs are currently hindered by the poor optoelectronic quality of perovskite absorbers and their PCEs have stagnated at <15%. In this work, through systematic photoluminescence and photovoltaic analysis, a new ideal bandgap (1.35 eV) absorber composition (MAPb_0.5Sn_0.5(I_0.8Br_0.2)₃) is rationally designed and developed, which possesses lower nonradiative recombination states, band edge disorder, and Urbach energy coupled with a higher absorption coefficient, which yields a reduced V_oc,loss (0.45 V) and improved PCE (as high as 17.63%) for the derived PVSCs. This work provides a promising platform for unleashing the complete potential of ideal bandgap PVSCs and prospects for further improvement.     

Rare-earth ion doped up-conversion materials for photovoltaic applications

With the aim of utilizing the infrared region of solar radiation to improve solar cell performance, significant progress, including theoretical analysis and experimental achievement, has been made in the field of up-conversion for photovoltaic applications. This Research News article reviews recent progress in the development of rear-earth (RE) ion doped up-conversion materials for solar cell applications. In addition, new trends for RE-ion-doped phosphors are briefly discussed, among them trivalent RE-ion-doped up-conversion materials for organic solar cell applications.     

钙钛矿太阳能电池的研究进展

作为一种新型清洁可再生能源,钙钛矿太阳能电池(Perovskite solar cells,PSC)从发展至今已取得了重大的突破,成为研究的热点。主要介绍了钙钛矿太阳能电池的基本结构和工作原理及电子传输层、钙钛矿层、空穴传输层的制备方法,以及在发展过程中所面临的技术问题,最后展望了钙钛矿太阳能电池未来的研究重点及发展前景。     

Recent progress in efficient hybrid lead halide perovskite solar cells

The efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been improved from 9.7 to 19.3%, with the highest value of 20.1% achieved in 2014. Such a high photovoltaic performance can be attributed to optically high absorption characteristics and balanced charge transport properties with long diffusion lengths of the hybrid lead halide perovskite materials. In this review, some fundamental details of hybrid lead iodide perovskite materials, various fabrication techniques and device structures are described, aiming for a better understanding of these materials and thus highly efficient PSC devices. In addition, some advantages and open issues are discussed here to outline the prospects and challenges of using perovskites in commercial photovoltaic devices.     

长余辉(寿命)发光材料研究的最新进展

综述了近几年来长余辉发光材料研究的最新进展,包括三方面:新材料研制,新应用领域的开拓和发光机理研究的模型.材料方面,主要介绍了红光、蓝光研究的进展与获得长余辉发光的关键因素-结构缺陷形成的陷阱态,以及稀土掺杂的作用.为促进新材料的研究着重概述了对长余辉发光机理研究的新进展,除了载流子传输与隧穿效应外,还介绍了两种最新观点;双光子吸收与V_K中心模型,并对其存在的问题作了评述.应用方面,除了已有的弱光照明与显示领域外,还在向光电信息功能,特别是二维图像存储,高能粒子射线探测方面发展.     

Recent progress in efficient hybrid lead halide perovskite solar cells

Abstract

The efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been improved from 9.7 to 19.3%, with the highest value of 20.1% achieved in 2014. Such a high photovoltaic performance can be attributed to optically high absorption characteristics and balanced charge transport properties with long diffusion lengths of the hybrid lead halide perovskite materials. In this review, some fundamental details of hybrid lead iodide perovskite materials, various fabrication techniques and device structures are described, aiming for a better understanding of these materials and thus highly efficient PSC devices. In addition, some advantages and open issues are discussed here to outline the prospects and challenges of using perovskites in commercial photovoltaic devices.     

Ion‐Migration Inhibition by the Cation–π Interaction in Perovskite Materials for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

Migration of ions can lead to photoinduced phase separation, degradation, and current–voltage hysteresis in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), and has become a serious drawback for the organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite materials (OIPs). Here, the inhibition of ion migration is realized by the supramolecular cation–π interaction between aromatic rubrene and organic cations in OIPs. The energy of the cation–π interaction between rubrene and perovskite is found to be as strong as 1.5 eV, which is enough to immobilize the organic cations in OIPs; this will thus will lead to the obvious reduction of defects in perovskite films and outstanding stability in devices. By employing the cation‐immobilized OIPs to fabricate perovskite solar cells (PSCs), a champion efficiency of 20.86% and certified efficiency of 20.80% with negligible hysteresis are acquired. In addition, the long‐term stability of cation‐immobilized PSCs is improved definitely (98% of the initial efficiency after 720 h operation), which is assigned to the inhibition of ionic diffusions in cation‐immobilized OIPs. This cation–π interaction between cations and the supramolecular π system enhances the stability and the performance of PSCs efficiently and would be a potential universal approach to get the more stable perovskite devices.