中碳贝氏体钢的室温单轴循环变形行为研究

为了了解中碳贝氏体钢支承辊的接触疲劳失效机制,对中碳贝氏体钢材料在室温单轴循环加载下的应变循环特性和棘轮行为进行了实验研究。讨论了材料的循环软/硬化特性及其对单轴棘轮行为的影响,同时揭示了该材料棘轮行为的平均应力、应力幅值及其加载历史的依赖性。实验研究表明:材料的循环软/硬化特性具有明显的应变幅值依赖性,进而导致材料在不同的应力水平下出现不同的棘轮行为。研究得到了一些有助于该类材料循环变形行为本构描述的结论。     

镍基单晶合金多轴非比例加载低周疲劳单胞模型

在680和850℃下对DD3镍基单晶合金进行多轴非比例加载低周疲劳试验,结果表明等效应变范围△ε_e、试验温度、等效应力范围△σ_e对单晶合金的低周疲劳寿命有显著影响。基于能量耗散理论,引入参量k表征多轴非比例加载对疲劳寿命的影响,构造循环塑性应变能作为损伤参量,建立镍基单晶合金低周疲劳寿命预测模型。参量k与循环寿命之...     

退火42CrMo钢的棘轮-疲劳交互作用及其失效模型

在室温下,对退火42CrMo钢的单轴棘轮行为以及棘轮-疲劳交互作用进行了系统的实验研究。结果表明:非对称应力循环下产生的棘轮变形会缩短材料的疲劳寿命,材料在非对称应力循环下的低周疲劳寿命受到平均应力、应力幅值、最大应力和应力比等多种因素的影响。在对实验结果分析与讨论基础上,针对棘轮-疲劳交互作用,提出了一个基于最大应力和应力比的、简单而合理的疲劳失效寿命估算公式。该模型考虑了棘轮变形对疲劳寿命的影响。与实验结果的对比表明:该公式能较好的估算各种非对称应力循环下的低周疲劳寿命,所有计算结果均在2倍分散带内。     

用乘积法计算含小裂纹材料在对称循环加载下的疲劳损伤

提出建立双向双对数坐标系与双向曲线,并就对称循环加载下提出了描述金属材料弹塑性材料行为的小裂纹扩展速率方程式以及各个历程与不同小裂纹尺寸aoi相对应的寿命Noi的估算式.其方法是采用以塑性应变范围和弹性应变范围之乘积作为载荷引起的应力应变参量,以常用的材料常数作为材料参数.计算结果与能量法计算损伤方程式一致.     

汽轮机转子10%Cr钢的高温低周疲劳特性

在分别控制应变和温度的条件下进行超超临界汽轮机转子10%Cr钢的高温低周疲劳实验,用SEM和TEM分析了10%Cr钢实验前后的表面形貌和亚晶粒结构。根据实验数据拟合应力-应变曲线、应力-寿命曲线和应变-寿命曲线,得到了反映材料高温低周疲劳特性的Ramberg-Osgood参数和Manson-Coffin参数。对比分析了低周疲劳实验初始和结束两个阶段的滞回曲线和应力-寿命曲线,并讨论了不同温度和不同应变幅控制的塑性应变。结果表明,在高温工况下10%Cr钢的塑性应变较为明显,随着应变幅的增大钢的疲劳寿命降低,随着循环周期的变化塑性应变速率经历了下降-过渡-上升三个阶段,曲线出现拐点。最大裂纹长度随循环周期呈非线性扩展,高温低周疲劳载荷使钢中的亚晶粒尺寸增大。     

LZ50钢真应力控制下单轴棘轮行为的实验研究

室温下对LZ50钢进行了系统的单轴应变控制和应力控制循环实验,揭示了材料的应变循环特性,讨论了平均应力、应力幅值、应力比及加载波形对材料棘轮行为的影响,重点比较和分析了传统的名义应力控制与改进的真应力控制模式下材料棘轮演变的异同点。结果表明:LZ50钢的变形行为没有明显的率相关性,并可视为循环稳定材料;真应力控制下产生的棘轮应变和棘轮应变率均小于名义应力控制下的结果,且两种控制方式对棘轮变形的影响与总的变形程度有关;棘轮应变随着平均应力和应力幅值的增大表现出单调上升的趋势,但不随应力比单调变化。     

玻璃长纤维增强树脂基复合材料的单轴时间相关棘轮行为实验研究

对玻璃长纤维增强树脂基复合材料(玻璃纤维体积分数为40%、50%)的室温单轴时间相关棘轮行为进行了较系统的单轴应力循环实验研究,讨论了该类复合材料在不同循环加载条件下的棘轮变形特征。结果表明：该类复合材料在非对称应力循环下将产生一定的棘轮变形,棘轮应变值随外加的应力幅值和平均应力的增加而增加;玻璃长纤维的引入使复合材料抵抗棘轮变形的能力明显强于未增强树脂基体材料,复合材料的棘轮变形量随玻璃长纤维含量的升高而下降;在室温下,复合材料的棘轮行为也具有明显的时间相关特性,棘轮应变值依赖于应力加载速率和峰值保持时间,随应力加载速率的下降和峰值保持时间的增加明显增加。     

1Cr18Ni9不锈钢高温单轴时相关棘轮行为研究

在室温、250℃、500℃和650℃四种温度下对1Cr18Ni9不锈钢材料的单轴应变循环特性及其时相关棘轮行为进行了实验研究,以讨论不同加载速率、加载波形和峰值应力保持时间对材料棘轮行为的影响。实验结果表明:在室温下,材料呈现出弱的循环软化特性和渐进型棘轮变形行为,并对加载速率和峰值应力保持时间具有强烈依赖性;在250℃、650℃下,因材料的循环硬化加快而使其棘轮行为较快趋于安定,但棘轮变形大小仍一定程度依赖于加载速率和保持时间;在500℃温度下则由于动态应变时效的影响没有明显的棘轮行为发生。研究得到一些有助于后续建立时相关本构模型的结论。     

McDowell模型改进及1070钢棘轮效应的预测

利用McDowell 模型对1070 钢比例和非比例循环加载条件下的棘轮效应进行了预测,通过对McDowell模型的修正,为McDowell 模型中的单轴参数Ai引入了与塑性应变累积相关的演化方程,改进后的McDowell 模型能精确的预测具有拉压平均应力的单轴棘轮效应,具有平均应力的拉扭比例加载,常轴向应力的扭转循环,非比例循环载荷以及多重步骤加载条件下单轴平均应力变化的棘轮效应,改进的模型对较大循环数的棘轮效应也能给予较好的描述。     

一种基于混合硬化本构模型的汽轮机轮盘榫槽疲劳寿命预测方法

针对汽轮机转子轮盘的受力特点,以非对称载荷下材料的瞬态应力应变响应为基础,在内变量理论框架下,建立起某型汽轮机轮盘材料的率无关循环塑性本构模型;并结合局部应力应变法,进一步建立了基于混合硬化本构模型(N-5L1)描述平均应力松弛行为的汽轮机轮盘榫槽疲劳寿命预测方法。通过与实验结果相比较,表明混合硬化本构模型能够较好地模拟脉动加载下转子轮盘材料的循环应力应变响应及平均应力松弛行为,由此建立的寿命预测方法可对轮盘榫槽进行较为准确的疲劳寿命预测(与试验寿命误差总体落在1.5倍分散带以内),明显优于基于平均应力松弛经验公式的疲劳寿命预测值。     

True stress-controlled ratcheting behavior of 304LN stainless steel

Cyclic plastic deformation response of materials under asymmetric stress cycling is known as ratcheting. Combined effect of fatigue and permanent tensile strain accumulation results in early failure of materials during ratcheting. For this reason, ratcheting should be emphasized in the safety assessment and life estimation of engineering structures. Engineering and true stress-controlled ratcheting behavior of 304LN stainless steel has been carried out at room temperature. Effects of stress amplitude, mean stress, and their histories (i.e., step loading) on the ratcheting behavior are analyzed in this investigation. It is noticed that under true stress-controlled ratcheting experiments, ratcheting life increases in presence of mean stress, and hysteresis loop area and plastic strain energy decreases with the increasing mean stress. A comparison has also been drawn in between the true and engineering stress-controlled tests, and massive differences in ratcheting life and strain accumulation were found. Ratcheting strain accumulation ceases in descending step loading, is noticed in this work.     

Zur thermischen Ermüdung der Magnesium‐Basislegierung AZ91

Thermal fatigue of magnesium‐base alloy AZ91 Thermal fatigue tests of the magnesium‐base alloy AZ91 were carried out under total strain control and out‐of‐phase‐loading conditions in a temperature range between ‐50°C and +190°C. Specimens produced by a vacuum die casting process were loaded under constant total strain and uniaxial homogeneous stress. To simulate the influence of different mean stresses, experiments were started at different temperature levels, e.g. the lower, mean or upper temperature of the thermal cycle. The thermal fatigue behavior is described by the resulting stress amplitudes, plastic strain amplitudes and mean stresses as a function of the number of thermal loading cycles. Depending on the maximum temperature and the number of loading cycles, cyclic softening as well as cyclic hardening behavior is observed. Due to the complex interaction of deformation, recovery and recrystallization processes and as a consequence of the individual temperature and deformation history, thermal fatigue processes of the material investigated cannot be assessed using results of isothermal experiments alone. The upper temperatures or the resp. temperature amplitudes determine the total fatigue lifetime.     

Ratcheting and fatigue behavior of a copper alloy under uniaxial cyclic loading with mean stress

Stress-control fatigue tests have been conducted on a copper alloy at room temperature with and without mean stress. Ratcheting strain was measured to failure under four sets of stress amplitude and mean stress. The ratcheting strain versus cycle curve is similar to the conventional creep curve under static load consisting of primary, steady-state and tertiary stages. The steady-state rate and ratcheting strain at failure increase with mean stress for a given stress amplitude and with stress amplitude for a given mean stress. Ratcheting strain increases as the stress rate decreases. The S–N curve approach and mean stress models of Smith–Watson–Topper and Walker yielded good correlation of fatigue lives in the life range of 10²–10⁵ cycles.     

Cyclic plastic deformation behavior in SA333 Gr. 6 C-Mn steel

Low cycle fatigue, ratcheting and dependence of their deformation response on previous deformation histories are investigated at room temperature laboratory environment for SA333 C-Mn steel. It is noticed that cyclic hardening/softening response of low cycle fatigue is considerably influenced by applied strain amplitude, monotonic pre-straining and high to low step loading sequences. Results indicate that ratcheting under high to low step loading has significant effect on its subsequent ratcheting response. However, ratcheting under low to high step loading has very little effect on successive ratcheting responses.     

An investigation of the fatigue of CK45 steel in the as‐received state and after pre‐fatigue deformation

Fatigue failure, ratcheting behaviour and influence of pre‐fatigue on fatigue behaviour were investigated under uniaxial cyclic loading for CK45 steel at room temperature. The fatigue life was recorded for various stress ratios, and then, three mean stress models were considered. The Walker model showed an acceptable accuracy in comparison with Smith–Watson–Topper and Park et al. models. The ratcheting strains were measured for various loading conditions in order to evaluate the impact of mean stress, stress amplitude and stress ratio on ratcheting behaviour. The experimental results showed that the ratcheting strain increased with increasing mean stress, stress amplitude and stress ratio. In addition, the results of the post‐ratcheting‐fatigue tests showed that although the fatigue life decreased with increasing pre‐ratcheting strain (the ratcheting strain that is accumulated in pre‐fatigue), the loading condition that pre‐fatigue experiments were conducted has a significant effect on subsequent fatigue behaviour.     

Steady ratcheting strains accumulation in varying temperature fatigue tests of PMMA

The evolutions of ratcheting strains of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) at different temperatures and stress levels were experimentally investigated. A steady ratcheting strain growth region with a constant rate was observed in all specimens, which occupied significant part of total fatigue failure life. Experimental results also showed that the steady ratcheting growth rate varied with applied temperatures and loading. In this paper, theory of thermally activated process for glassy polymers was used to describe the plastic deformations during the cycle. Based on the correlations between ratcheting strains per cycle and hysteresis loop energy, a new ratcheting strains accumulative model for polymer materials was developed, which quantificationally elucidated the effects of temperature, loading frequency, mean stress and stress amplitude on the accumulative rate of ratcheting strains. Comparing the predications from the proposed model with experimental ratcheting strain data of PMMA, it was found that the model could describe the steady ratcheting strain accumulative behaviors under arbitrary temperatures and loading conditions exactly.     

Effects of extrusion ratio on the ratcheting behavior of extruded AZ31B magnesium alloy under asymmetrical uniaxial cyclic loading

Magnesium alloys are increasingly used in the automotive and aerospace industries for weight reduction and fuel savings. The ratcheting behavior of these alloys is therefore an important consideration. The objective of this investigation was to study the effects of extrusion ratio on the ratcheting behavior of extruded AZ31B magnesium alloy. The experiments have shown that the extruded AZ31B Mg alloy presented the following characteristic behavior with increasing number of loading cycles: first an apparent cyclic softening was observed, then a cyclic hardening occurred, and finally a stable state was reached. This generic behavior can be explained by the fact that the variation trend of the maximum strain with the number of cycles differs from that of the minimum strain. The extrusion ratio did not influence the cyclic softening/hardening behavior or the final ratcheting strain variation trend of the extruded AZ31B Mg alloy with the mean stress and the peak stress. However, the extrusion ratio influenced the final ratcheting strain variation trend of the extruded AZ31B Mg alloy with the stress amplitude. Increasing the extrusion ratio also reduced the ratcheting strain and the effects of the load history on the ratcheting behavior of the extruded AZ31B Mg alloy.     

Effect of axial ratcheting deformation on torsional low cycle fatigue life of lead-free solder Sn–3.5Ag

Multiaxial fatigue tests were conducted on Sn–3.5Ag solder specimens under axial/torsional loading at room temperature. It was found that the ratcheting strain increased while the fatigue life decreased with the increase of axial stress and shear strain amplitude. A power relationship of ratcheting strain rate versus fatigue life was observed. Equivalent strain approach and critical plane approaches were evaluated with fatigue life data obtained in the tests. Since those approaches excluded the consideration of the ratcheting strain and mean stress, the methods for fatigue life prediction were improper for multiaxial fatigue with ratcheting strain. Coffin model, considered the effect of ratcheting on fatigue life depending on the ratio of ratcheting strain to material ductility, brought the fatigue life predictions on non-conservative side if the ratcheting deformation was large. For this reason, a model with the maximum shear strain range and axial ratcheting strain rate was proposed as a new damage parameter. The new model could not only describe the fatigue life in torsion test, but also predicted torsional fatigue life of the lead-free solder with axial ratcheting.     

A plastic shakedown constitutive curve based on uniaxial ratcheting behavior of 304 stainless steel at room temperature

On the basis of the Bauschinger effect, a relationship between the elastic space defined in this study and the accumulated plastic strain is measured in uniaxial ratcheting tests of 304 stainless steel at room temperature. According to this relationship, a new model of uniaxial ratcheting is established and used to simulate uniaxial ratcheting behavior. The results of simulation agree well with the experimental results. These results demonstrate that the relationship between the elastic space and the accumulated plastic strain plays an important role in uniaxial ratcheting simulation. Furthermore, by taking into account the interaction of ratcheting and viscoplasticity, the relationships among elastic space, accumulated plastic strain and loading cases are discussed. It can be seen that, when the stress ratio R of valley stress versus peak stress is not less than zero, the accumulated plastic strain is a function of the peak stress. So, a constitutive curve is obtained to describe the stable states of plastic shakedown for 304 stainless steel material under the stress ratio R ≥ 0. It can be used to determine the accumulated plastic strain of engineering structures under cyclic loading only by an elastic–plastic analysis.     

聚碳酸酯的单轴棘轮行为研究

在常温常湿下,对聚碳酸酯(PC)材料进行了一系列单轴应变循环和非对称应力循环实验。讨论了PC材料在不同加载水平、加载历史、应力率和峰值保持时间下的循环变形特征。结果表明:PC材料在应变循环过程中体现出了一定程度的循环软化特性,其响应应力幅值在应变循环中随着循环周次的增加而下降,但不是很明显;PC材料在非对称应力循环加载过程中产生明显的棘轮行为,棘轮应变随着平均应力和应力幅值的增加而增加,并且平均应力的影响大于应力幅值的影响;加载历史对于棘轮变形行为的影响较为明显,但对应变循环特性影响不大;PC材料的棘轮变形随着应力率的减小和峰值保持时间的增加而增加,体现明显的时相关性。