搅拌摩擦焊中的扭矩分析

扭矩的测量对于理解和改进搅拌摩擦焊有很大的帮助.使用扭矩传感器测量了3.5mm厚铝合金5083-H321在不同参数下的扭矩,对扭矩曲线进行了比较,并研究了稳态平均扭矩对接头力学性能的影响.结果发现:焊接速度一定时,稳态平均扭矩随着旋转速度的增加而增加;旋转速度一定时,稳态平均扭矩随着焊接速度的增加而增加.稳态平均扭矩为12 N·m时抗拉强度和伸长率最大,分别达到母材的93.6%和67%.     

Process and joint quality of ultrasonic vibration enhanced friction stir lap welding

In order to improve the process effectiveness and joint quality, ultrasonic vibrations were integrated with friction stir lap welding. Effect of ultrasonic exertion on the process and joint quality of AA 6061-T6 were investigated. Upon ultrasonic exertion, joints owned larger effective lap width, shorter hooks and improved strength. Weld fracture mode changed from a ductile–brittle mixed mode to a more ductile mode while the fracture path shifted from lap interface to beyond the stir zone. Material flow and interface defects were characterised using lap welded dissimilar aluminium alloy joints. Ultrasonic vibration improved the material flow and reduced the interfacial defects. Variations in failure load of joints were found in accordance with the variations in material flow and interfacial defects.     

Effect of friction stir welding tool design on welding thermal efficiency

ABSTRACT

Enhancing the heat transfer to the material being welded, instead of the tool, will improve the welding thermal efficiency. Friction stir welding of 5?mm thick 6061-T6 aluminium alloy plates was carried out with the newly produced tools. It was found that the thermal efficiency increased by 4.2% using a tool with all the new design features (i.e. hollow, fluted and thermally insulated) compared to the conventional tool for aluminium welding. To assess the benefits of the new tool design on steel FSW, a finite element numerical simulation study was undertaken. In this case, the simulation results yielded a welding thermal efficiency increase of 10–15% using a thermally coated tool, thereby offering potential productivity gains.     

搅拌摩擦焊接过程流体数值模拟概述

为了对搅拌摩擦焊接机理有进一步的理解，需要对FSW过程中塑性材料的流体流动进行深入研究。搅拌摩擦焊接过程的数值模拟是研究FSW过程中塑性材料流体流动的一种重要手段。介绍了FSW过程数值模拟的一些研究进展，对资料中建立的模型和模拟结果进行了简要的描述。     

搅拌摩擦焊接热输入数值模型

根据搅拌摩擦焊接特点,建立了轴肩、柱形搅拌针和锥形搅拌针热输入数值模型,并分别讨论了搅拌针锥角对轴肩和锥形搅拌针热输入的影响。结果表明,锥角增大,轴肩热输入降低;锥形搅拌针侧面热输入增大;搅拌针端面热输入降低;搅拌针总的热输入先下降,然后迅速上升。     

搅拌摩擦焊中工艺参数对扭矩的影响

通过在6056—T6的铝合金薄板上设计不同旋转频率、不同下压量的搅拌摩擦点焊试验,测量焊接过程中的搅拌头扭矩、下压作用力和试板温度曲线来研究焊接工艺参数对扭矩的影响.结果表明,在旋转频率相同而下压量不同的试验中,搅拌头扭矩随下压作用力增大而增大,而引起扭矩增大的最主要原因是下压作用力使搅拌区材料的力学性能发生了改变;在下压量相同而旋转频率不同的焊接试验中,搅拌头扭矩随旋转频率升高而减小,但扭矩和旋转频率的乘积(即焊接热输入功率)却随旋转频率升高而增大,分析认为旋转频率通过温度和材料的应变速率两个途径对搅拌头扭矩产生了影响,而温度的影响作用更显著.     

Evaluation of friction stir welding tool using wettability

ABSTRACT

Recently, friction stir welding (FSW) has been widely used in various fields. However, the tool wear and adhesion of the workpiece on the tool surface are serious problems. In the field of cutting tools, hard thin films were coated on the tool surface to improve the life and cutting performance of the tool. To address the problem of FSW, hard thin films such as TiN, TiAlN, TiSiN, TiBON, CrN, CrSiN and AlCrSiN were coated on the welding tools. Also, the relation between the wettability of these films and the process torque during FSW and quality of the finished surface was examined.

The wettability of pure iron and hard thin films was determined using a sessile drop method by focusing on the contact angle. The process torque during FSW was measured through the joining of low carbon steels. The process torque was significantly different depending on the type of the hard thin film. A clear correlation was observed between the wettability and the process torque. The result suggested that the tool performance for FSW can be evaluated by the wettability.     

Effect of ultrasonic vibration on the friction stir weld quality of aluminium alloy

A novel variant of friction stir welding process, referred as ultrasonic vibration enhanced friction stir welding, is developed to transmit ultrasonic vibration energy directly into the localized area of the workpiece near and ahead of the rotating tool. Experiments are conducted on 6061-T4 aluminium alloy plates by this new process and the conventional friction stir welding process, respectively. The morphology and macrograph of the welds under both conditions are observed and contrasted. The experimental results show that ultrasonic vibration enhanced friction stir welding can improve the weld formation quality and increase the welding efficiency. And it just needs a smaller axial downward force. Because that the added action of ultrasonic vibration energy may enhance the localized softening extent and the plastic flow around the tool. In addition, it also improves the mechanical properties of the welded joints.     

Shear layer modelling for bobbin tool friction stir welding

Abstract

This study presents an approach to model the shear layer in bobbin tool friction stir welding. The proposed CFD model treats the material in the weld zone as a highly viscous non-Newtonian shear thinning liquid. A customised parametric solver is used to solve the highly non-linear Navier–Stokes equations. The contact state between tool and workpiece is determined by coupling the torque within the CFD model to a thermal pseudomechanical model. An existing analytic shear layer model is calibrated using artificial neural networks trained with the predictions of the CFD model. Validation experiments have been carried out using 4 mm thick sheets of AA 2024. The results show that the predicted torque and the shear layer shape are accurate. The combination of numerical and analytical modelling can reduce the computational effort significantly. It allows use of the calibrated analytic model inside an iterative process optimisation procedure.     

6061-T6铝合金双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与力学性能

针对6 mm厚6061-T6铝合金板材,在主轴转速800 r/min,焊接速度150 mm/min参数下实现双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接,并对一部分试件进行焊后热处理。对焊态试件和焊后热处理试件同时进行金相试验、拉伸试验和显微硬度试验对比分析。在焊态下,接头平均抗拉强度为203 MPa,达到母材的64%,接头在焊缝区32 mm的宽度区域内显微硬度出现不同程度的下降,显微硬度分布呈"W"型;接头经焊后热处理后,焊态下溶解消失的强化相重新析出,使接头组织重新得到强化,热处理态接头平均抗拉强度为292 MPa,达到母材的92%,整个焊缝区显微硬度均得到提高,焊态下"W"型显微硬度分布规律消除。     

基于网格重剖分的搅拌摩擦焊接数值模拟及搅拌头受力分析

采用自适应网格方法,建立搅拌摩擦焊接过程的完全热力耦合热刚粘塑性有限元模型,模拟搅拌摩擦焊接过程中工件的温度场、变形场和搅拌头的受力。计算结果表明,温度场关于搅拌头的分布为非对称,焊接在前行侧的有效应变高于其返回侧;沿焊缝区域的温度场、应变场分布是由工件的上表面至底面,呈自上而下的顺序递减。对搅拌头反力曲线的研究表明,在相同的转速下,焊接速度越快,其反力越大;在相同的焊接速度下,转速越大,其反力越小;搅拌头的受力峰值产生在预热阶段结束和搅拌头开始移动的时刻,在给定搅拌头倾角的情况下,搅拌头的最高温度产生在搅拌头的后侧。     

Comparison of 2A12 aluminium alloy joint by ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding and friction stir welding

Ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding （UAFSW） is a recent modification of conventional friction stir welding, which adds ultrasonic energy directly into the friction stir welding area by the pin. In this study, 2A12 aluminum alloy was welded by this process and conventional, respectively. The tensile tests, microstructure and fracture surface of FSW joint and UAFSW joint were analyzed. The research results show that the surface forming texture of ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding joint, compared with conventional, is finer and more uniform, showing metallic matte color. The grains are much finer in weld nugget zone, thermo-mechanically affected zone and heat-affected zone; S-phase particles size is much smaller and distribution is more homogeneous in the matrix. The tensile strength of UAFSW joint is 94. 13% of base metal, and the elongation is 11.77%. The tensile strength of FSW joint is 83.15% of base metal, and the elongation is 8.81%. The tests results reveal that ultrasonic vibration can improve the tensile strength and the elongation of welded joints.     

搅拌摩擦焊过程中搅拌头温度场分布特征

试验测定了搅拌头温度分布曲线,分析了搅拌头温度场的分布特征,对比研究了不同材质搅拌头温度分布的特点.结果表明,摩擦焊初始阶段,搅拌区域金属的软化致使摩擦针与试板之间的摩擦产热量降低,在搅拌头轴肩与试板接触之前,搅拌头温度出现滞涨,并出现一定程度的回落;稳定焊接阶段,摩擦热传递至搅拌头的热量与通过其散失的热量处于动平衡状态,其温度波动较小;高速旋转搅拌头的表面与周围空气进行强烈的热交换,搅拌头轴线上的温度高于外缘的温度;采用比热容小、热导率高材质制作的搅拌头,焊接过程中其温度变化快,整体温度高.     

2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊温度场的三维实体耦合数值模拟

为更贴近实际的模拟搅拌摩擦焊焊接过程中复杂的热力行为,试验通过建立三维搅拌摩擦焊过程数学模型,采用三维实体耦合的有限元方法来分析2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊热过程和温度场分布.结果表明,搅拌摩擦焊焊缝的温度场梯度呈现上密下疏,前密后疏的分布状态,最高温度位于后退侧的搅拌针与轴肩的过渡区,焊缝后退边的温度高于前进边,搅拌针底部温度超过2219铝合金的再结晶温度,可确保对接接头根部形成紧密焊缝,模拟结果为研究搅拌摩擦焊的机理和优化搅拌摩擦焊焊接工艺提供了支持.     

热量自适应搅拌摩擦焊热源模型

当前采用的温度场热源数值模型在准确表征焊接过程材料性能和产热机制与温度变化关系上存在困难.依据摩擦学原理,以材料屈服强度ReL为产热基本参数建立新型热源模型,产热量随温度、材料性能改变,实现搅拌摩擦焊产热自适应过程,更准确地描述了搅拌摩擦焊过程物理现象的本质.温度场试验与模拟结果的比较表明,该热量自适应热源模型具有较高的计算精度.     

超声对不同铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头性能的影响

利用自行研制的超声搅拌摩擦焊机分别对2219,7A52,LF21铝合金进行了常规搅拌摩擦焊和超声搅拌摩擦焊两种不同焊接的试验,并对常规搅拌摩擦焊与超声搅拌摩擦焊焊缝的微观组织、拉伸断口形貌进行了对比分析.结果表明,超声搅拌摩擦焊与常规搅拌摩擦焊相比热影响区几乎消失;超声搅拌摩擦焊焊缝焊核区组织比常规搅拌摩擦焊焊核区组织晶粒更加细小;断口扫描电镜图显示母材断口韧窝具有非等轴状待征,韧窝边上撕裂棱明显表明为韧性断裂;超声搅拌摩擦焊断口韧窝撕裂棱不明显;超声搅拌摩擦焊比常规搅拌摩擦焊的平均抗拉强度有所提高,但断后伸长率有所降低.     

搅拌摩擦在超塑性材料焊接及成形方面的应用

大量的研究结果表明搅拌摩擦焊接是保证超塑性材料焊接后仍能保持高强度和高塑性的有效焊接方法。尤其是在高应变速度、低温和较低流动应力情况，采用搅拌摩擦成形（Friction Stir Process:FSP）技术来生产超塑性材料是相对简单且有效的方法。对搅拌摩擦在超塑性材料焊接和成形方面的进展做了简要的总结，包括材料、工艺参数及其影响因素等方面。     

搅拌摩擦焊应用及焊接设备简介

介绍了搅拌摩擦焊的工艺过程，分析了搅拌摩擦焊焊缝及焊接过程的优缺点。对搅拌摩擦焊的应用和常用搅拌摩擦焊设备作了简要的描述。     

搅拌摩擦焊接材料流动模型及在缺陷预测中的应用

为了研究搅拌头倾角对搅拌摩擦焊接过程的影响机理,基于DEFORM-3D软件建立了带倾角的FSW三维热-力耦合模型,模拟了搅拌摩擦焊接过程中焊缝区材料的三维运动轨迹,对比分析了有无倾角时FSW过程中材料流动行为的差异. 结果表明,前进侧材料绕搅拌针旋转后大部分沉积于搅拌头后方前进侧区域,返回侧的材料大部分被搅拌头旋推至后方而沉积;采用倾角可以增强搅拌头后方材料从返回侧运动至前进侧区间的流动性,同时还有利于增强材料在厚度方向的运动能力. 根据模拟的材料流动行为对接头缺陷进行了趋势预测,预测结果与试验结果吻合良好.