TiNi形状记忆合金与不锈钢激光焊接头裂纹分析及防止措施

采用激光焊对TiNi形状记忆合金与不锈钢异种材料进行焊接,用扫描电镜和激光共聚焦显微镜研究了TiNi合金/不锈钢接头裂纹及断口特征,分析了焊缝裂纹的形成机理,并提出了防止裂纹的措施.结果表明,裂纹多以微裂纹的形式出现于焊缝中心和TiNi合金侧熔合区.焊缝中存在大量的脆性化合物是产生裂纹的内在原因,接头受到拉伸应力是产生裂纹的必要条件,焊缝裂纹是二者共同作用的结果.通过焊接区加镍和钴中间层材料、改变激光光斑位置、焊接区施加轴向力及优化激光焊接参数的方法均能在一定程度上改善焊缝金属的裂纹敏感性,其中加金属中间层效果更为明显,加镍和钴中间层后,接头抗拉强度分别达到372和347 MPa,比未加中间层的接头的抗拉强度分别提高98.9%和85.6%.     

基于Ti中间层的AZ31镁合金/6061铝合金电阻点焊研究

通过添加钛箔中间层,研究了镁/铝合金异种金属电阻搭接接头的微观组织与力学性能。研究结果表明,添加0.2mm厚度钛箔中间层可以大幅提高镁/铝异种金属电阻点焊接头的结合强度,接头的最大拉剪力随焊接电流的增大先增大后减小;当焊接电流为14kA时,最大拉剪力达到最大为2.2kN。铝钛界面处有TiAl₃生成,接头断裂在镁侧热影响区上,经过换算接头的剪切强度能够达到156MPa。通过SEM和EDS分析,添加钛中间层阻断了镁合金和铝合金的相互扩散,钛中间层阻碍了Mg-Al金属间化合物的生成,从而大大提高接头的结合强度。     

镁合金与铝合金的夹层扩散焊连接

采用锌夹层在356℃温度下对镁铝异种金属进行扩散焊连接,并对接头的微观组织和力学性能进行分析.结果表明,利用镁与锌原子互扩散形成低熔点共晶液相区,能够实现镁铝材料的可靠连接.镁铝焊接接头界面区由铝锌反应层、未充分扩散锌层、锌镁反应扩散层组成.铝基体侧铝锌反应层是固溶体层,镁基体一侧锌镁反应扩散层主要是过饱和的固溶体基体及弥散析出的中间相,该区的中间相成分为Mg2Zn11及MgZn2.锌夹层的加入可有效阻止镁铝之间的互扩散.锌夹层镁铝扩散焊接头抗剪强度远超过镁铝直接真空扩散焊接头的抗剪强度.断口观察及相分析表明,接头失效发生在锌镁反应扩散层.     

Improvement of joint strength in dissimilar friction welding of Ti-6Al-4V alloy to type-718 nickel-based alloy using the Au–Ni interlayer

ABSTRACT

An Au–Ni interlayer was used to improve the joint strength between the Ti-6Al-4V alloy friction welded to the 718 Ni-based alloy. The interlayer was melted and ejected at the interface of the joint during friction welding, showing that frictional heat played a role in brazing of the interlayer. The melted interlayer suppressed the formation of intermetallic compounds between titanium and nickel at the interface. The tensile strength of the joint significantly increased from 460?MPa for direct friction-welded joints, to 698?MPa when the interlayer was added. The mechanism underlying the strength improvement of the friction-welded joint was the unique phenomenon of a combination of brazing of the interlayer and diffusion of solutes in the base metal to the interlayer.     

镁/钢填镍夹层激光-电弧复合对接熔化焊特性

利用激光-电弧(TIG)复合热源的能量密度梯度分布特征,通过添加镍箔夹层,开展了AZ31B镁合金与Q235钢对接熔化焊研究.采用电子万能拉伸试验机、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪等手段分析了焊接接头的组织特征以及力学性能.结果表明,采用该方法能够实现镁/钢异质金属对接焊接成形,界面结合良好,接头钢侧形成了由Fe,Ni,Al元素构成的明显过渡区,焊缝主要由α-Mg和大量弥散分布的白色AlNi相颗粒组成.焊接接头断裂在钢侧界面附近,断口形貌呈现准解理断裂特征,接头平均抗拉强度为232 MPa,可达镁合金母材的90%.     

镍作中间层脉冲加压扩散连接钛合金与不锈钢

采用纳米Ni粉、纳米Ni镀层、Ni箔作中间过渡层,对TA17近。型钛合金与0Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢进行了脉冲加压扩散连接,接头抗拉强度分别达到了175,212,334MPa。在金相显微镜下,对拉伸断口形貌进行了观察和分析;利用扫描电镜（SEM）、能谱仪（EDS）、X射线衍射分析（XRD）测定了连接接头各区域内的微区成分和物相。结果表明,纳米Ni粉致密度不够高,纳米Ni镀层质量不够高,在很大程度上限制了接头强度的提高;Ni箔中间层的存在成功地阻止了Fe与Ti之间的互扩散,避免了形成脆而硬的Fe—Ti系金属间化合物。     

镍箔中间层对不锈钢/铝合金激光深熔焊的影响

以不锈钢201和铝合金5052作为试验材料,添加镍箔作为中间层,配合钢上铝下的搭接接头形式,采用激光深熔焊方法进行了焊接试验,分析了热输入对焊缝成形的影响以及添加镍箔后接头力学性能与不锈钢／铝合金焊接性的变化,并提出了焊缝下凹深宽比r以表征焊缝对应力集中的敏感程度．结果表明,热输入升高会导致焊接过程中飞溅增加,焊缝宽度与下凹程度增大,熔穿深度升高;不锈钢焊缝金属嵌入到铝合金内的熔穿深度对焊缝的力学性能有着重要的影响;镍中间层的添加有效地改善了接头力学性能,扩大了可用的工艺参数范围．     

Effect of nickel coating on the shear strength of FSW lap joint between Ni–Cu alloy and steel

Cu–Ni alloy and low-carbon steel were joined by friction stir lap welding (FSLW) with the help of a nickel coating. The appropriate welding parameters were investigated and the lap joints were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and shear strength testing. The shear strength of joints with a nickel coating was about 2.9 times as high as that of the joints without Ni coating. According to the EDS analysis of the fractured surfaces under the shear strength test, the micro-voids occurred in the Cu–Ni/steel interface without Ni coating, thus reducing the shear strength. These micro-voids were reduced in size using a nickel coating due to the self-diffusion in the Ni/Ni interface at high interface temperature and high contact pressure. The strong bonding mechanism using a nickel coating could be explained by the iron and copper atoms diffusing into the coating through the interface at high interface temperature and holding time.     

镀锌钢一6016铝合金异种金属加入中间夹层铅的激光焊接

对1．2mm厚镀锌钢板和1．15mm厚6016铝合金平板试件进行了加入中间夹层铅的激光搭接焊试验,通过调整焊接工艺参数获得最佳焊接成形,利用卧式金相显微镜、扫描电镜、x射线衍射、微机控制电子万能试验机等手段研究了焊接接头各区域的金相组织、断口形貌、主要物相与接头力学性能．结果表明,在钢／铝激光焊中添加中间夹层铅,焊接接...     

Diffusion bonding of copper alloy to stainless steel with Ni and Cu interlayer

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含镍中间层铍青铜微电阻点焊接头形成机理

采用微电阻点焊对0.1 mm厚铍青铜薄片加入0.05 mm的镍中间层进行了搭接点焊,通过拉剪试验、光学显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱分析,研究了镍中间层对超薄铍青铜微电阻点焊接头形成过程和接头强度的影响. 结果表明,含镍中间层的超薄铍青铜微电阻点焊接头主要包括钎焊连接和熔化-钎焊混合连接机制. 其形成过程会经历铜合金润湿铺展、元素扩散、镍铜界面反应和金属凝固四个过程. 在这两种接头中,钎焊连接接头断裂方式为沿结合面断裂,熔化-钎焊连接接头断裂方式为纽扣断裂,断口都呈现韧性断裂与脆性断裂混合特征.     

基于镍合金中间层的镁/钢异质金属激光-电弧复合胶焊技术

采用激光-TIG电弧复合胶焊技术实现了AZ61镁合金与Q235钢之间的良好连接.重点讨论了激光-TIG复合胶焊的焊缝表面形貌、焊缝区组织及元素分布特征.结果表明,在胶粘剂厚度一定时,焊接热输入是影响焊缝成形的关键因素.胶粘剂在复合热源作用下分解气化并逸出熔池,在一定程度上增强熔池内部液态金属的流动性,促进熔池内部异质金属之间冶金反应和相互混合.通过镍合金层与胶粘剂的综合作用使镁/钢异质材料之间以冶金反应形式连接,提高了镁/钢异质金属连接结构的线载荷,增强了镁/钢异质金属的整体性能.     

添加铜箔中间层的NiTi形状记忆合金超声波焊接

采用超声波焊接方法对添加铜箔中间层的NiTi形状记忆合金进行搭接焊,研究接头的表面形貌、界面形貌、相变行为、抗拉性能和断裂特点. 结果表明,超声波焊接能实现添加铜箔中间层的薄片状NiTi形状记忆合金的有效连接. NiTi焊缝表面存在明显压痕,界面处结合良好,无金属间化合物生成. NiTi形状记忆合金超声波焊缝呈可逆单相转变过程,接头强度达到母材的65%,断裂位置在母材区,断口形貌呈现韧性断裂特征. 超声波焊接方法将有效解决NiTi形状记忆合金采用传统熔焊方法时产生脆性金属间化合物的这一问题,为NiTi记忆合金的连接提供了新的解决途径.     

镍中间层对铝/镁异种金属搅拌摩擦焊接头微观组织的影响

采用搅拌摩擦焊(friction stir welding, FSW),引入厚度为0.05 mm镍箔作为中间层,在焊接速度不变条件下,采用不同转速对厚度为4 mm的6061铝合金和AZ31镁合金进行平板对接,对接头进行系列微观组织表征及力学性能测试,探讨转速对接头中镍颗粒分布状态,金属间化合物(intermetallic compounds, IMCs)种类与分布及接头强度的影响规律. 研究结果表明:与未引入中间层接头相比,引入镍改变了铝/镁异种金属FSW接头焊核区(weld nugget zone, WNZ)中IMCs种类及分布,WNZ存在明显的镁合金与铝合金相间的带状组织,其上分布着絮状Al₁₂Mg₁₇、颗粒状Mg₂Ni、层状Al₃Mg₂及大小不一的镍箔颗粒;随着转速增加,镍箔颗粒分布愈加均匀,Al₃Mg₂数量相对减少,且脆性Al₃Mg₂由连续分布逐渐演变为断续分布;当转速为750 r/min时,接头抗拉强度达到最大值,与未引入中间层接头相比,引入镍中间层接头抗拉强度提高了56 MPa,达到镁合金的56.9%.     

钛合金与不锈钢的纳米扩散焊接工艺探索

采用纳米镍粉为中间层对TA17钛合金与1Cr18Ni9Ti进行了扩散焊接试验。通过金相分析、能谱分析、X射线衍射等手段对焊接接头进行了较详细的分析。结果表明,纳米镍粉成功地阻止了钛合金与不锈钢的互扩散,抑制了TiFe,TiFe2等脆性相的形成,在接头形成了具有一定塑性的Ni-Ti型金属间化合物,但由于纳米镍粉中间层不致密,从而导致接头强度较低。     

表面状态对AZ31B镁合金薄带超声波焊接性的影响

研究和讨论了焊接材料厚度、表面状态、中间层材料等因素对AZ31B镁合金超声焊接性的影响.结果表明,成功焊接的镁金属薄带(不大于0.3 mm)被强制分离将导致与焊点交界处的未被焊接的材料撕裂开,界面接合强度可达到3～10 MPa;表面状态对镁合金薄带焊接的界面接合强度影响较小,焊接自身包含对焊接件表面破碎及清理作用;焊接区域的温度升高与焊接材料厚度成反比,无需外加温度;中间层材料的选择对Mg/Mg界面超声波焊接有一定作用,有待于进一步研究及探讨;可采用多触头或滚焊方式实现大面积超声波镁合金薄带焊接.     

Role of nickel as an interlayer in dissimilar metal friction welding of maraging steel to low alloy steel

Continuous drive friction welding of dissimilar metals, maraging steel and low alloy steel was carried out. It was observed that the hardness, ductility and impact toughness of maraging steel are low due to the diffusion of elements such as carbon, manganese, silicon and phosphorus from low alloy steel to maraging steel. An attempt was made in this study to improve the properties by friction welding of maraging steel and low alloy steel with nickel as an interlayer. The hardness, tensile strength and impact toughness are observed to be improved, as nickel acted as diffusion barrier. The effect of post-weld heat treatments on microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar metal friction welds with and without interlayer was also studied. Maraging steel responded to solutionizing & aging and low alloy steel responded to quenching and tempering. The notch tensile strength and impact toughness in case of dissimilar metal weld with interlayer are observed to be more than that of the dissimilar metal weld without interlayer.     

Friction welding of TiNi alloy to stainless steel using Ni interlayer

Abstract

Friction welding was carried out between TiNi alloy and austenitic stainless steel with and without a Ni interlayer. When TiNi alloy was welded to stainless steel without the Ni interlayer, a large amount of brittle Fe₂Ti intermetallic compound was formed at the weld interface. The formation of this brittle compound led to degradation of the joint strength. The Ni interlayer changed the microstructures at the weld interface and improved the joint strength. A fracture occurred at the interface between Ni and TiNi. The interface between Ni and TiNi was free from Fe₂Ti and consisted of mainly TiNi₃ and TiNi. After TiNi₃ was formed as the reaction layer, a eutectic reaction occurred between the TiNi₃ and TiNi base alloy. A reaction layer with a eutectic structure tends to form at the periphery, where the temperature would be higher than that of the central region.     

Characterization of diffusion-bonded joint between Al and Mg using a Ni interlayer

Aluminum and magnesium were joined through diffusion bonding using Ni interlayer. The microstructure and mechanical performance of the Al/Ni/Mg joints at different temperatures was investigated by means of scanning electron microscope(SEM), electro-probe microanalyzer(EPMA), X-ray diffraction(XRD), Vickers hardness testing, and shear testing. The results show that the addition of Ni interlayer eliminates the formation of Mg–Al intermetallic compounds and improves the bonding strength of the Al/Mg joints. The Al/Ni/Mg joints are formed by the diffusion of Al, Ni and Mg, Ni. The microstructure at the joint interface from Al side to Mg side is Al substrate/Al–Ni reaction layer/Ni interlayer/Mg–Ni reaction layer/Mg substrate multilayer structure. The microhardness of the Mg–Ni reaction layer has the largest value of HV 255.0 owing to the existence of Mg_2Ni phase.With the increase of bonding temperature, the shear strength of the joints increases firstly and then decreases.The Al/Ni/Mg joint bonds at 713 K for 90 min, exhibiting the maximum shear strength of 20.5 MPa, which is greater than that of bonding joint bonded directly or with Ag interlayer. The fracture of the joints takes place at the Mg–Ni interface rather than the Al–Ni interface, and the fracture way of the joints is brittle fracture.     

Ta1与0Cr18Ni9薄板的储能焊试验

采用电容储能焊方法对Ta1与0Cr18Ni9薄板进行点焊连接,分析了直接点焊与添加高熵中间层的钽/钢接头组织与性能. 结果表明,溶质截流效应可有效抑制快速凝固熔核中脆性金属间化合物产生,实现钽/钢的储能焊接. Ta1/0Cr18Ni9的直接点焊接头中熔化区集中于钢板一侧,呈双曲回转形,熔核中心出现一直径约0.2 mm近圆形气孔,在钽与钢的结合界面处有少量Fe₅Ta₃与Cr₂Ta金属间化合物产生;添加高熵合金中间层的点焊接头,由比较规则的近半扁球状熔核及熔核向基体过渡的熔合区组成,熔核具有简单固溶体结构,组织均匀致密,主要由柱状晶组成. 在相同的参数条件下,钽/钢直接焊接头接头抗剪强度为239 MPa,添加高熵合金中间层的钽/钢接头抗剪强度可达374 MPa.