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Wear and T.E.M. Studies of P.E.C.V.D. Diamond-like-Carbon Films

Diamond-like-carbon (D.L.C.) films are characterized by a low friction coefficient, a high wear resistance and a high corrosion resistance. D.L.C. films can be obtained by P.V.D., C.V.D. and duplex techniques with solid or gaseous precursors. Depending on the processing, hydrogen concentration ranges between 0 and 60%

In this study, hydrogenated D.L.C. has been deposited with a radio frequency system (13.56 MHz) onto a steel substrate. Wear was studied by pin-on-disc testing at room temperature with an alumina counterpart. Interrupted tests were carried out to go into wear mechanisms. Debris were collected after various given sliding times for transmission electron microscopy (T.E.M.) in addition to scanning electron microscopy (S.E.M.) applied to the wear tracks.     

MAS n.m.r. and e.s.r. studies of MnAlPO5

²⁷Al and ³¹P magic angle spinning (MAS) n.m.r. and e.s.r. measurements have been performed on MnAlPO5 in order to obtain direct evidence for Mn⁺² incorporation into tetrahedral sites in the framework. Two samples differing in their Mn content have been studied, and their results were compared with those obtained from impregnated Mn-AlPO5 and exchanged Mn-SAPO5 where the Mn⁺² does not occupy framework sites. The MAS n.m.r. spectrum showed a large anisotropy, manifested in numerous side bands due to the paramagnetic shifts induced by dipolar interactions between the unpaired electrons of the Mn⁺² and the ³¹P and ²⁷Al nuclei in its vicinity. On dehydration, a considerable linewidth narrowing has been observed, attributed to a decrease in the electronic relaxation time induced by increase in Mn⁺² spin-exchange interaction. Calculated³¹P MAS n.m.r spectra, where the paramagnetic shift anisotropy was obtained from X-ray diffraction data of AlPO5 and taking into account the Mn content obtained from the chemical analysis, showed qualitative agreement with the experimental spectra. Comparison of the simulated and experimental spectra indicates that, indeed, part of the Mn⁺² cations occupy framework sites; it does, however, also suggest that extraframework Mn⁺² cations are present as well. These conclusions are further supported by e.s.r. measurements. The e.s.r. spectrum of MnAlPO5 shows resolved hyperfine lines with splitting characteristics of octahedral Mn⁺², supporting the existence of extraframework Mn⁺². On dehydration, the spectrum of MnAlPO5 coalesce into a single absorption line. This coalescence is attributed to increase in the spin-exchange interaction due to migration of probably extraframework Mn⁺² toward the framework.     

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr. techn. Dr. h. c. Wilhelm Schneider

Summary In order to provide a firmer foundation on which some reciprocity theorems in Eshelbian mechanics where established earlier, a nonlinear and then linearized formulation of these theorems is presented. To carry out the required operations a simple two-degrees-of-freedom system was chosen. The analysis led to mostly algebraic expressions which are also illustrated graphically. Readers will be very sad to learn of the mournful death on January 7, 2007, of Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Dr. h. c. George Herrmann. Dedicated to Professor Franz Ziegler on the occasion of his 70th birthday