去合金化制备纳米多孔金属材料的研究进展

用去合金化制备的孔隙尺寸小于100nm的纳米多孔金属材料,开拓了多孔金属材料一个新的应用领域.目前的研究主要集中于通过不同的合金体系制备出不同的纳米多孔金属,分别介绍了纳米多孔金、铂、铜、钯、钛的制备工艺,并对孔洞形成的溶解-再沉积机制、体扩散机制、表面扩散机制、渗流机制及相分离模型进行了简述.对纳米多孔金的现有研究表明,纳米多孔金具有良好的化学稳定性、高的比表面积以及高的屈服强度,目前应用研究包括作为热交换器、传感器及催化材料等方面.     

炭负极材料储钠机理的研究进展

随着新能源产业的快速发展,储能市场正在逐步崛起,钠离子电池(SIB)作为一种新兴的低成本储能体系受到了广泛的关注。低成本和稳定的电化学特性是炭材料成为推动钠离子电池产业化的关键负极材料。综述了各类炭材料的结构特征和储钠特性及它们的改性措施,并对炭材料的储钠机理进行了讨论和总结,展望了炭基储钠负极材料的未来发展。     

机械合金化制备形状记忆合金的研究

机械合金化技术(MA)是一种制备材料的新工艺,用它可以制备性能优越的形状记忆合金.综述了机械合金化技术在TiNi、Cu-Al-Ni、Cu-Zn-Al、Cu-Al-Nb等形状记忆合金制备上的研究状况.     

去合金化制备纳米多孔铜及铜合金的最新研究进展

纳米多孔铜及铜合金能够通过去合金化法进行高效可控的制备,由于其展现出优异的物理和化学性能,并且价格低廉,有望取代纳米多孔贵金属(如多孔金等),在催化、生物传感器、能源等领域展现巨大的应用潜力。系统地总结了近5年来纳米多孔铜及铜合金在去合金化孔洞形成机理、制备工艺探索、性能表征及应用方面的一些最新研究进展。在此基础上提出纳米多孔铜及铜合金3个最有可能的研究方向。     

钠离子电池TiO_2/还原氧化石墨烯负极材料的制备及储钠性能

由于钠离子半径比锂离子半径大70%,使得钠离子在石墨电极材料中脱嵌较困难,需要对石墨负极材料进行改性。以天然石墨为原料,采用Hummers法制备氧化石墨烯;在此基础上以钛酸丁酯为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO_2前驱体/氧化石墨烯(TiO_2/GO)复合材料,通过热处理获得锐钛矿型TiO_2/还原氧化石墨烯(TiO_2/RGO)复合材料。电化学测试结果表明:TiO_2含量为15wt%的TiO_2/RGO复合材料在电流密度为20mA·g~(-1)下的首次放电比容量为74.08mAh·g~(-1),随着循环次数的增加,放电比容量逐渐增大,循环50次后达109.10mAh·g~(-1);充放电效率也呈现出逐渐增大的趋势,循环50次后达65.59%。而纯还原氧化石墨烯首次放电比容量为41.43mAh·g~(-1),循环50次后仅为20.47mAh·g~(-1)。     

机械合金化法制备Ni-Nb纳米级非晶合金

本文采用机械合金化法（MA）,以元素粉末为原料,对成分为Ni60 Nb40 的混合粉末进行球磨,采取湿磨和逐步提高球磨速度的方法,制备纳米级非晶合金。利用X射线衍射技术对球磨产物进行物相分析。结果表明,采取湿磨和分步提高球磨速度手段会促进纳米级非晶态组织的形成。此非晶合金的形成是晶粒细化、球磨过程中粒子的表面能增大、缺陷和应力增强等多种作用的结果。     

钠离子电池中空结构CoSe2/C负极材料的制备及储钠性能研究

过渡金属硒化物具有较高的理论比容量和良好的导电能力, 是钠离子电池潜在的负极材料, 但其在电化学过程中会发生较大体积变化, 循环寿命不佳, 发展受到了限制。为缓解上述问题, 本研究以金属有机框架材料ZIF-67为前驱体, 用单宁酸(Tannic acid, TA)将ZIF-67刻蚀为空心结构, 再通过碳化、硒化制备出以碳为骨架的纳米中空CoSe₂材料(H-CoSe₂/C), 相较于未经刻蚀处理的CoSe₂材料(CoSe₂/C), H-CoSe₂/C表现出更好的储钠性能, 特别是循环稳定性得到显著提高。50 mA·g^-1电流密度下, 经过350次循环, 可逆比容量保持在383.4 mAh·g^-1, 容量保持率为83.6%; 在500 mA·g^-1电流密度下, 经过350次循环后容量保持率仍能达到72.2%。本研究表明, 中空结构能够提供足够的空间以缓解材料在电化学过程中的体积变化, 进而提高电极材料的循环性能。     

机械合金化制备PLZT(5/54/46)陶瓷

研究了机械合金化制备PLZT陶瓷.实验结果表明,采用纳米TiO₂原料,球磨5h就能得到PLZT粉体,而采用微米TiO₂原料,球磨30h也只有少量的PLZT出现.可见纳米粉体在机械合金化制备PLZT粉体过程中起了重要的作用.机械合金化制备的PLZT粉体具有很好的烧结性能,在1000℃的烧结条件下可以得到致密度达97％的PLZT陶瓷,并且所得PLZT陶瓷的压电性能和铁电性能与其它文献报道的相当.这为实现铁电陶瓷与电极低温共烧打下了基础.     

机械合金化制备SbSn金属间化合物的研究

用机械合金化法制备SbSn金属间化合物.使用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、透射电镜和DSC差热分析方法对Sb、Sn混合粉末经不同工艺条件合成的产物进行了分析.结果表明:机械合金化法可合成Sb-Sn金属间化合物;随着机械合金化持续进行,合金化的粉末和晶粒不断细化,晶粒内部产生很大的晶格畸变,并且球磨产生的密度和缺陷使原子扩散加快.     

锂离子电池 Si-Mn/C负极材料的电化学性能

利用机械球磨法得到Si和Mn原子比为3:5的复合材料,将此材料与20 wt％的石墨混合球磨得到Si3Mn5／C复合材料．利用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析材料的物相和电极的微观结构．结果表明:所得材料中没有Si-Mn二元新相的生成,材料的颗粒尺寸为0．5—2．0μm．碳的加入抑制了活性中心Si在循环过程中的较大结构变化,且Si—Mn复合物颗粒均匀地分散在碳的网格中,增加了复合材料的电接触．合成样品的电化学测试表明, 石墨的添加提高了Si-Mn复合材料的可逆容量和循环性能． Si-Mn／C复合物的首次可逆容量为347mAh·g-1,充放电效率为70％．进而经200℃热处理的Si-Mn／C电极的首次可逆容量为 463mAh·g-1,充放电效率为70％．在30个循环后复合材料仍保持426mAh·g-1的可逆容量, 充放电效率稳定在97％以上．     

Uniform Distribution of Alloying/Dealloying Stress for High Structural Stability of an Al Anode in High‐Areal‐Density Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Aluminum (Al) is one of the most attractive anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high theoretical specific capacity, excellent conductivity, abundance, and especially low cost. However, the large volume expansion, originating from the uneven alloying/dealloying reactions in the charge/discharge process, causes structural stress and electrode pulverization, which has long hindered its practical application, especially when assembled with a high‐areal‐density cathode. Here, an inactive (Cu) and active (Al) co‐deposition strategy is reported to homogeneously distribute the alloying sites and disperse the stress of volume expansion, which is beneficial to obtain the structural stability of the Al anode. Owing to the homogeneous reaction and uniform distribution of stress during the charge/discharge process, the assembled full battery (LiFePO₄ cathode with a high areal density of ≈7.4 mg cm^?2) with the Cu–Al@Al anode, achieves a high capacity retention of ≈88% over 200 cycles, suggesting the feasibility of the interfacial design to optimize the structural stability of alloying metal anodes for high‐performance LIBs.     

苯甲酸钠改性石墨作为锂离子电池负极材料的性能

将不同浓度的苯甲酸钠改性的石墨电极作为锂离子电池的负极备用材料,并使用恒流充放电、循环伏安和交流阻抗等电化学方法表征电池的性能.结果表明,与初始的石墨电极相比,被改性后的石墨电极表现出更好的循环效率和稳定性,且在0.5C条件下,首次的充放电比容量分别为293.9mAh/g和326.4 mAh/g.主要原因是改性后的石墨电极的表面形成的SEI膜能有效抑制石墨材料的膨胀,并且更有利于锂离子的迁移.同时,采用量子化学方法计算了溶剂分子和苯甲酸钠的最低空轨道和最高占据轨道能量值.结合电化学表征和量子计算结果,苯甲酸钠改性石墨电极的最佳浓度为1.0％.此外,还研究了最佳浓度改性石墨电极的高温性能.     

A Phase‐Separation Route to Synthesize Porous CNTs with Excellent Stability for Na+ Storage

Porous carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are obtained by removing MoO₂ nanoparticles from MoO₂@C core@shell nanofibers which are synthesized by phase‐segregation via a single‐needle electrospinning method. The specific surface area of porous CNTs is 502.9 m² g^?1, and many oxygen‐containing functional groups (C? OH, C?O) are present. As anodes for sodium‐ion batteries, the porous CNT electrode displays excellent rate performance and cycling stability (110 mA h g^?1 after 1200 cycles at 5 A g^?1). Those high properties can be attributed to the porous structure and surface modification to steadily store Na⁺ with high capacity. The work provides a facile and broadly applicable way to fabricate the porous CNTs and their composites for batteries, catalysts, and fuel cells.     

Enhancing the Sequential Conversion‐Alloying Reaction of Mixed Sn–S Hybrid Anode for Efficient Sodium Storage by a Carbon Healed Graphene Oxide

To date, the possible depletion of lithium resources has become relevant, giving rise to the interest in Na‐ion batteries (NIBs) as promising alternatives to Li‐ion batteries. While extensive investigations have examined various transition metal oxides and chalcogenides as anode materials for NIBs, few of these have been able to utilize their high specific capacity in sodium‐based systems because of their irreversibility in a charge/discharge process. Here, the mixed Sn–S nanocomposites uniformly distributed on reduced graphene oxide are prepared via a facile hydrothermal synthesis and a unique carbothermal reduction process, producing ultrafine nanoparticle with the size of 2 nm. These nanocomposites are experimentally confirmed to overcome the intrinsic drawbacks of tin sulfides such as large volume change and sluggish diffusion kinetics, demonstrating an outstanding electrochemical performance: an excellent specific capacity of 1230 mAh g^?1, and an impressive rate capability (445 mAh g^?1 at 5000 mA g^?1). The electrochemical behavior of a sequential conversion‐alloying reaction for the anode materials is investigated, revealing both the structural transition and the chemical state in the discharge/charge process. Comprehension of the reaction mechanism for the mixed Sn–S/rGO hybrid nanocomposites makes it a promising electrode material and provides a new approach for the Na‐ion battery anodes.     

Exploring Sodium‐Ion Storage Mechanism in Hard Carbons with Different Microstructure Prepared by Ball‐Milling Method

Hard carbon is considered as one of the most promising anodes in sodium‐ion batteries due to its high capacity, low cost, and abundant resources. However, the available capacity and low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) limits the practical application of hard carbon anode. This issue results from the unclear understanding of the Na⁺ storage mechanism in hard carbon. In this work, a series of hard carbons with different microstructures are synthesized through an “up to down” approach by using a simple ball‐milling method to illustrate the sodium‐ion storage mechanism. The results demonstrate that ball‐milled hard carbon with more defects and smaller microcrystalline size shows less low‐potential‐plateau capacity and lower ICE, which provides further evidence to the “adsorption–insertion” mechanism. This work might give a new perspective to design hard carbon material with a proper structure for efficient sodium‐ion storage to develop high‐performance sodium‐ion batteries.     

A Novel Ion-exchange Method for the Synthesis of Nano-SnO/micro-C Hybrid Structure as High Capacity Anode Material in Lithium Ion Batteries

A novel and simple ion-exchange method was developed for the synthesis of nano-SnO/micro-C hybrid structure. The structure of the as prepared nano-SnO/micro-C was directly revealed by scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and transmission electron microscopy（TEM）.SnO particles with the size about 25 nm were well confined in amorphous carbon microparticles.Carbon matrix in micrometer scale not only acts as a protective buffer for the SnO nanoparticles during the battery cycling processes,but also avoids the shortcomings of nanostructures, such as low tap density and potential safety threats.Electrochemical behaviors of the nano-SnO/micro-C were tested as anode material in lithium ion batteries.The initial reversible capacity is 508 mA h g^-1,and the reversible capacity after 60 cycles is 511 mA h g^-1,indicating good capacity retention ability.     

高能球磨制备SiC／Al复合材料的研究

采用高能球磨法制备了SiC／Al复合粉体,研究了制备SiC／Al复合粉体的成型工艺、SiC粒度和质量分数的变化对材料机械性能的影响,SiC／Al复合材料性能研究表明,SiC／Al复合材料的硬度及抗拉强度随SiC的粒度降低和质量分数的增加而增加,当16％SiC／Al时,复合材料的硬度和抗拉强度都达到最佳值,分别为95HB和248MPa。