Effect of multi-ions doping on the properties of carbonated hydroxyapatite bioceramic

The effect of multi-ions (Mg²⁺, SiO₄^4-, Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺) doping on the properties of carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) prepared by a wet chemical method has been investigated. Different combinations of ions were doped into the CHA and the as-synthesized compacts were sintered at 900?°C prior to body characterization. It was found that regardless of ions doping, the lattice structure of the CHA was not disrupted. In addition, secondary phases were not detected for all the multi-ions doped samples. The XRD and FTIR results further confirmed the presences of a B-Type CHA in the sintered samples. The XRD analysis revealed that the lattice parameters (c/a ratio) increased with dopant addition and resulted in a smaller crystallite size. The FESEM examination also showed the presences of smaller grain size for the multi-ions doped CHA samples thus indicating that the doping was beneficial in suppressing grain coarsening in carbonated hydroxyapatite.     

Effect of sintering temperature on the morphology,crystallinity and mechanical properties of carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA)

Effect of sintering temperature on the physical and mechanical properties of synthesized B-type carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) over a range of temperature in CO₂ atmosphere has been investigated. The B-type CHA in nano size was synthesized at room temperature by using a direct pouring wet chemical precipitation method. The synthesized CHA powders were subsequently consolidated by sintering treatment from 800 to 1100 °C. The sintered CHA samples were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen-sulfur-oxygen (CHNS/O) elemental analyzer, Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and Vicker's indentation technique. The results obtained from XRD and FESEM indicated that the synthesized B-type CHA powders were nanometer in size. The crystallinity and crystallite size of the sintered CHA samples were increased due to increasing sintering temperature. The heat treatment between 800 °C and 1000 °C has resulted in coarsening and increased hardness of the sintered CHA samples. However, these properties began to deteriorate when sintering beyond 1100 °C due the formation of calcium oxide.     

Influence of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and Fe3+on filterability and settleability of drilling sludge

Solid–liquid separation is a vital step in drilling sludge disposal, and the filterability and settleability of drilling sludge are the main evaluating indicators for the separation process. The influence of Na~+,K~+,Mg~(2+),Ca~(2+),and Fe~(3+) on drilling sludge filterability and settleability was investigated in our research. The water content,filtration rate, supernatant volume and supernatant turbidity were measured to evaluate the filterability and settleability of drilling sludge. Meanwhile, the zeta potential, specific surface area of sludge flocs, particle size distribution and Fourier-transformed infrared spectra were employed to clarify the influencing mechanism.The experimental results showed that the filterability and settleability of drilling sludge were related to concentration and types of cations. Mg~(2+),Ca~(2+),and Fe~(3+) performed better than Na~+, K~+, and the cations with smaller hydrated radius got superior solid–liquid separation behavior at same valence. Finally, the spectra indicated that no chemical adsorption occurred between inorganic cations and drilling sludge flocs. The variation of surface charge and flocs growth after adding different inorganic cations were the reasons for the changes of the filterability and settleability.     

碳羟基磷灰石/钾长石复合材料对镍的吸附性能研究

以钾长石为原料,用液相合成法制备碳羟基磷灰石/钾长石吸附剂（CHAK）去除水中的重金属镍,用静态吸附实验考察了CHAK添加量、溶液初始pH、吸附时间、镍初始浓度等因素对镍去除效果的影响,并结合动力学及热力学拟合探究吸附机理。结果表明：随着CHAK量的增加,对Ni ²⁺的去除率增加,但吸附量会降低;溶液pH=6时吸附效果达到最佳;吸附时间为10 h时吸附达到平衡;Ni ²⁺溶液的初始质量浓度为50~4 000 mg/L时,CHAK对Ni ²⁺的吸附量呈先增长后平稳趋势,饱和吸附量与原材料相比增大7.1倍。动力学及热力学拟合结果显示：准二级模型更符合描述该吸附行为。ΔH>0,表明该吸附过程为吸热反应,升温有利于吸附。ΔG<0,表明该反应能自发进行。     

累托石对模拟核素Sr~(2+)、Cs~+、Co~(2+)的吸附性能研究

分析湖北钟祥杨榨累托石矿床的累托石土样的基本物化特性的基础上,进行了累托石对模拟核素Sr2+、Cs+、Co2+的静态吸附性能的研究。实验表明,累托石的阳离子交换容量(CEC)为36.04 mmol/100 g,胀缩度为23.89%,渗透系数为6.94×10-8cm/s。在中性条件下,累托石对模拟核素Sr2+、Cs+、Co2+的平衡吸附量分别为70,48,20 mg/g。累托石对核素的吸附量会随着吸附时间的增加而逐渐趋于稳定。弱碱性条件下累托石的吸附效果更好。     

Effect of divalent cation addition on structure,conductivity and grain boundary properties in La doped ceria oxygen ion conductors

The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of divalent cations on the structure and electrical properties of Ce_0.85La_0.1D_0.05O_2-δ (D = Ca, Sr and Ba) oxygen ion conductors. The X-Ray structural analysis confirms the presence of CeDO₃ minor phase in addition to cubic fluorite phase of ceria in Sr²⁺ and Ba²⁺ added compositions. The lattice parameter of the compositions significantly depends on the ionic radius of dopants and the presence of D²⁺ ions in ceria lattice. The Ca²⁺ added composition shows the highest free oxygen vacancy concentration due to its lowest association energy and complete dissolution of Ca²⁺ ions into ceria lattice. The dopant-vacancy association energy and grain interior conductivity changes with the ionic radii of the divalent dopants. The grain boundary capacitance depends on dielectric constant, grain size and grain boundary thickness. The grain boundary conductivity shows 46% over total conductivity for Sr²⁺ added composition. The presence of CeDO₃ phase and space charge layer promotes the grain boundary resistances and affects the ion dynamics. Schematic models are proposed to understand the ion migration in grain boundaries. The scavenging effect is found to be highest in Sr²⁺ ions added composition. The defect structures, the presence of CeDO3 phase and electrical properties are correlated with each other.     

Comprehensive study of the structural and electronic properties of complexes formed by Mz+ (Li+, Na+, K+, Be2+, Mg2+, Ca2+) cation and thiophene and its derivatives

The interactions of metal cations (Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Be²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺) with thiophene and its derivatives have been investigated using MP2/6-311++G** and B3LYP/6-311++G** methods in the gas phase and the water solution. The following substituents are taken into considerations: F, Cl, Br, CH₃, OH and C₂H₃, which cover electron-withdrawing and electron-donating effects. The substituent, the metal cations and the solvent effects on the cation–π interactions are investigated. The physical properties such as dipole moment, chemical potential and chemical hardness of studied complexes have been systematically explored. Natural population analysis data, the electron density and Laplacian properties have been used to evaluate the cation–π interaction. The electron density (ρ) and Laplacian (?²ρ) properties, estimated by atoms-in-molecules calculations, indicate that the cation–π interactions possess low ρ and positive ?²ρ, which are in agreement with electrostatic character of the cation–π interactions. Charge transfer values are calculated using Mulliken charges and reveal that the electron charge transfer takes place from thiophene and its derivatives to the metal cation in the complexes under the study. To evaluate the aromaticity of the rings upon complexation, several well-established indices of aromaticity such as the nucleus-independent chemical shift and the harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity and the aromatic fluctuation index have been used. The molecular electrostatic potential is given the visual representation of the chemically active sites and comparative reactivity of atoms. Furthermore, the effects of interactions on NMR data have been used for more investigation of the analyzed complexes.     

Kinetics of Exchange of Cs+, Co2+ and Sr2+ on Synthetic Hydrous Titanium Oxides

Abstract

In the present work, a study of the kinetics of adsorption of Cs⁺, Co²⁺, and Sr²⁺ on four hydrous titanium oxides, prepared in different media, and designated as Ti‐I, Ti‐II, Ti‐III, and Ti‐IV, was carried out. In the aqueous medium, the internal diffusion coefficients, D_i for Cs⁺ were found to be equal to 3.7×10^?9, 3.7×10^?9, 2.3×10^?9, and 1.5?10^?9 cm²/s, in Ti‐I, Ti‐II, Ti‐III, and Ti‐IV, respectively. For Co²⁺ and Sr²⁺, these values are equal to 0.96×10^?9 and 0.64×10^?9 cm²/s, respectively for Ti‐IV. In Ti‐IV, D_i for all ions generally increases on adding methanol or propanol. This is probably due to greater dehydration, leading to faster ion diffusion, and, hence, to a decrease of ion mobility due to stronger interaction with the surface. In all media in Ti‐IV, the order: D_i(Cs⁺)>D_i(Co²⁺)≥D_i(Sr²⁺) was found which is due to a stronger interaction of the bivalent ions with the exchange sites.     

Investigations of the divalent metal ions Zn2+, Co2+, Ni2+ doped ultra-wide temperature stable BBNN system

Multi-component BaTiO₃–Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃–Nb₂O₅ (BBNN) system doped with divalent metal ions (Zn²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺) was prepared by the conventional solid–state method.The X-ray diffraction patterns revealed all samples exhibited perovskite (P4mm) single phase. The dielectric properties and micro-mechanisms were discussed and validated. Novel theories, based on the characteristics of the different kinds of dielectric polarization, are proposed to explain the dielectric anomalies in the dielectric system. The relationships between microstructure and the dielectric properties were investigated systematically for the first time. The samples doped with 15 mol% Zn²⁺/Co²⁺presented good dielectric properties of an ultra-broad temperature stable range (from −50 and >300), high dielectric constant (ε~1925 for Zn²⁺/ ε~1341 for Co²⁺) and low dielectric loss (tan δ<0.02) were obtained. These features made the ceramics system have high practical values for miniaturization and harsh environments applications.     

Effect of Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, or Zn2+ on properties of polyaniline nanoparticles

Uniform polyaniline (PANI) nanoparticles with typical sizes of about 50 nm were electropolymerized on indium tin oxide surfaces in the presence of Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, or Zn²⁺. According to shaping theory, we first suggest the reason forming PANI spherical particles. Their conductivity, UV‐vis spectra, FTIR spectra, X‐ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis were investigated. The conductivities and crystallinity of PANI doped with these ions are higher than those of PANI doped with HCl (PANI/HCl). Both UV‐vis absorption spectra and FTIR spectra indicate the interactions between Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, or Zn²⁺ and PANI chains. TG analysis also shows that the thermal stability of PANI doped by Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, or Zn²⁺ is lower than that of PANI/HCl. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007     

Adsorption of Radioactive Ions 137Cs+, 85Sr2+, and 60Co2+ on Natural Magnetite and Hematite

Abstract

Natural magnetite and hematite have been used as granular sorbents for ¹³⁷Cs⁺, ⁸⁵Sr²⁺, and ⁶⁰Co²⁺ at tracer concentration levels in aqueous solutions of constant pH (range 2–10) at 25°C. The kinetics of adsorption, up to the first 60 to 90 min, followed a first-order equation. At pH 6–8 about 50% Cs, 30% Co, and 18% Sr is removed from the solution with magnetite and 78% Co with hematite. The difference in the sorption capabilities of magnetite and hematite is discussed in terms of crystal structures of these oxides.     

锶-钐配合物的合成及光学性能表征

以丙烯酸甲酯、水杨酸、邻菲罗啉作为配体,锶-钐作为中心离子,合成了锶-钐配合物。采用相同的配体,以纯钐作为中心离子,制备配合物进行对比研究。差热分析显示,Sm-Sr配合物比Sm配合物具有更好的热稳定性。配合物的荧光测试发现,Sm-Sr配合物的特征发射峰位于640 nm附近,而Sm特征发射峰位于610 nm。Sm-Sr配合物的特征发射峰位与植物叶绿素光合作用吸收红光的吻合性更好。锶的掺入,导致Sm-Sr配合物的荧光峰位发生了红移,显示配合物中锶离子对钐离子的发光具有敏化作用。     

Removal of Cs1+, Sr2+ and Co2+ from aqueous solutions by adsorption on natural clinoptilolite

The adsorption properties of local clinoptilolite (Serbia) towards Cs⁺, Co²⁺, and Sr²⁺ were investigated by batch equilibration technique. The influence of equilibration time, initial metal cation concentration, solution pH and presence of EDTA on these properties was studied and discussed. Kinetic data were found to be well fitted with pseudo-second order kinetic model. Cs⁺ is preferably adsorbed by the natural clinoptilolite, followed by Sr²⁺ and Co²⁺. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm was used to determine the adsorption capacities from both single and mixed metal solutions. At pH range of 3–12 the adsorption of Cs⁺ remains almost constant, while at low pH (2–3) the adsorption is lesser. At initial pH range of 2–10 adsorption of Sr²⁺ remains approximately stable, whereas at initial pH > 10 adsorption increases significantly. The adsorption of Co²⁺ is low at low pH but increased remarkably with increasing pH and precipitated at pH > 8. Cs⁺ adsorption on the clinoptilolite was not affected by the presence of EDTA, while the presence of EDTA hinders the adsorption of Co²⁺ and Sr²⁺ on clinoptilolite.     

Multi-ion migration of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+ in the CREDI process

In this paper, the migration of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺ in cation-bed electrodeionisation was studied. The results showed that it was longer for divalent cations to be balanced compared with monovalent cations. At relatively low current densities, the membrane fluxes of monovalent cations were higher than that of divalent cations, whereas the results were reversed at relatively high current densities. In the resin phase, it was observed that the ionic transport was in relation to various hydration ionic radii. The reaction orders for Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺ were 2, 2, 1 and 1.5, respectively.     

Effects of Eu3+ doping on the luminescence properties of novel Sr2CaLa(VO4)3 from partial substitution of Sr2+ by Ca2+ in Sr3La(VO4)3

Eu³⁺-activated Sr_3−xCa_xLa(VO₄)₃ phosphors were fabricated via citric-acid-assisted sol combustion. Characterization of the Sr_3−xCa_xLa(VO₄)₃:Eu³⁺ samples with different concentrations of Ca²⁺ revealed a hexagonal crystal structure belonging to the R-3m space group. The amount of Ca²⁺ added (x) was controlled within 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 to yield high-purity phosphors. Scanning electron microscopy results showed that an increase in Ca²⁺ concentration resulted in a decrease in the particle size of Sr_3−xCa_xLa(VO₄)₃:Eu³⁺, with the shape gradually changing from nearly equiaxed to lath-shaped. The Sr₂CaLa(VO₄)₃:Eu³⁺ phosphor (denoted as SCLVO:Eu³⁺) exhibited the strongest photoluminescence (PL) intensity at 618 nm among the samples under excitation of 394-nm near-UV (NUV) light. The study of Eu³⁺ doping concentration confirmed that Eu³⁺ could enter the lattice of the SCLVO matrix without altering its crystal structure. SCLVO:Eu³⁺ was found to strongly absorb 394 nm NUV light and 464 nm blue light. The optimal concentration of the Eu³⁺ dopant in the SCLVO host was 0.11, which resulted in the phosphor achieving an excellent PL intensity and a color purity of 98.68%. Tunable luminescence from the orange area (0.5280, 0.4522) of Commission Internationale de l'éclairage (CIE) to the red area (0.6313, 0.3650) was achieved by adjusting the concentration of Eu³⁺. Under 394 nm excitation, SCLVO:0.11Eu³⁺ phosphor has a quantum yield (QY) of 28.2% and excellent thermal stability with 0.383 eV activation energy. Consequently, White-light-emitting diode (WLED) based on SCLVO:0.11Eu³⁺ phosphor yielded a high color rendering index (CRI), low correlated color temperature (CCT), and CIE coordinates of 91.8, 5196 K, and (0.3407, 0.3612), respectively, under the 20 mA driven current. These results indicated the tremendous potential of SCLVO:0.11Eu³⁺ phosphors for application in WLEDs excited by NUV or blue light.     

Sintering and densification behavior of pure and alkaline earth (Ba2+, Sr2+ and Ca2+) substituted La2Mo2O9

The present work studies densification and grain growth of fast oxide ion conductor, lanthanum molybdenum oxide (La₂Mo₂O₉). Sintering variables are experimentally analyzed using sintering laws. This paper investigates sintering of pure as well as Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺ and Ba²⁺ doped compositions by linear shrinkage measurement using dilatometer, relative theoretical density calculation and microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscope. In this work fine powder prepared by citrate–nitrate auto-combustion synthesis is used as source of powders for different compositions. The investigations indicate that sintering is enhanced in compare to the powders prepared by the other synthesis routes reported earlier. The evaluation of activation enthalpy of pure La₂Mo₂O₉ and its dependence with dopant addition are also studied with the help of sintering models and equations. The sintering mechanism is found to be dominated by grain boundary diffusion. The sintering inhibition is observed for the substituted compositions.     

The effect of transition metal ions (M2+=Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Cu2+) on the chemical synthesis polyaniline as counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells

The effect of transition metal ions(M~(2+)=Mn~(2+),Ni~(2+),Co~(2+),Cu~(2+)) on the chemical synthesis of polyaniline(PANI) used as a platinum-free counter electrode(CE) in dye-sensitized solar cells(DSSCs) was investigated.PANI was synthesized by co-polymerization of aniline in the presence of different transition metal ions by using potassium dichromate in acidic medium. It was found that the ion doping of PANI showed a certain catalytic activity for the regeneration of traditional iodide/triiodide(I~-/I_3~-) redox couples. The power conversion efficiency(η) of PANI CEs doped with Mn~(2+),Ni~(2+),Co~(2+) (4.41%, 2.36% and 2.10%, respectively) were higher than 1.94%, the value measured for PANI CE without doping. Doping with Cu~(2+)decreased the power conversion efficiency of PANI CE(PANI-Cu~(2+) η = 1.41%). The electrical properties of the PANI, PANI-Ni~(2+), PANI-Co~(2+),PANI-Mn~(2+) and PANI-Cu~(2+) were studied by cyclic voltammetry(CV), impedance(EIS), and Tafel polarization curve. The experimental results confirmed that PANI was affected by the doping of different transition metal ions(M~(2+)=Mn~(2+),Ni~(2+),Co~(2+),Cu~(2+)). These results indicate a potential application of ion doped PANI as counter electrode in cost-effective DSSCs.