辛辣食物中农药残留检测方法研究- 第1部分: 研究进展

辛辣类食物作为显著味道特色的食物和调味品,普遍为世界各国人们所喜爱。这类作物在种植过程中难免使用农药,其特殊的化学成分会对农药残留检测产生严重干扰。本文对国内外辛辣食物中农药残留检测的净化方法和检测手段进行综述,提取与净化方法主要有固相萃取法、分散固相萃取法、分子印迹固相萃取法、凝胶净化法、微波热处理法、顶空固相微萃取法、搅拌棒萃取法等,分析方法有气相色谱法、气相色谱-质谱法、液相色谱法、液相色谱-质谱法、激光拉曼光谱法等。本文为今后辛辣食物中农药残留分析研究提供参考。     

Folate-binding protein in milk: a review of biochemistry, physiology, and analytical methods

Folate-binding protein (FBP) was discovered in cow's milk around 40 years ago. Bovine FBP belongs to a family of several folate-binding proteins. In milk, it is a soluble whey protein with the ability to sequester folate from blood plasma. Bovine FBP is a well-characterized protein in terms of amino acid sequence and binding characteristics. Affinity and binding kinetics towards various folate forms have been intensively studied because they are crucial in using bovine FBP as an analytical tool. Shortly after the identification of bovine FBP, a competitive protein-binding assay for measuring serum and blood folate concentrations was introduced. Another analytical application of bovine FBP is in affinity chromatography, as a clean-up/concentration step for analysis of folates in foods and biological samples by liquid chromatographic methods. Concentrations of FBP in milk and dairy products have been determined by ELISA and Surface Plasmon Resonance-biosensor techniques. Since the initial reports of FBP in cow's milk, its physiological role has been discussed, especially regarding its effects on folate absorption from milk and dairy products. This review summarizes recent biochemical, analytical, food science, and nutritional advances regarding folate-binding protein in milk.     

酶联免疫吸附法和DNA检测法在肉类鉴别中的应用

肉类食品是我国人民食品消费的主要组成部分,企业和经营单位为了追逐利润,时有将价格便宜的肉品掺入或替代高价格的肉品中进行加工和销售。为保护消费者对食品消费的知情权和规范肉类市场的秩序,食品生产、流通等监管部门应对肉类识别技术进行系统的分析和研究,进而建立相应的规范识别方法。目前用于肉类掺假鉴别的方法有组织学、化学、免疫学和基于DNA序列的检测方法等。本文主要针对ELISA检测方法和DNA检测方法在肉类识别中的应用进行阐述分析,并对我国肉类识别标准方法的缺陷进行分析。     

Applicability of different analytical methods for the identification of γ-irradiated fresh mushrooms during storage

Photostimulated luminescence (PSL), thermoluminescence (TL), and electron spin resonance (ESR) analyses were performed to identify γ-irradiated (0, 1,2, and 3 kGy) fresh mushrooms (oyster, king oyster, and shiitake mushrooms) during storage at 5°C. PSL analysis gave negative results [<700 photon counts (PCs)] for the nonirradiated and intermediate (700–5,000 PCs) or positive results (>5,000 PCs) for the irradiated samples. The shape, intensity, and occurrence of TL glow curve in a typical temperature range (150–250°C) along with TL ratio (TL₁/TL₂) provided sufficient information to confirm the irradiation history of samples. Storage resulted in a negligible fading effect on PSL and TL characteristics. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the abundance of feldspar and quartz minerals in the separated dust from mushrooms. In detailed ESR analysis employing different sample pre-treatments, all samples were silent for radiation-specific ESR signals giving only a central signal (g=2.005) that showed an increase in intensity upon irradiation.     

烟草特有亚硝胺分析研究进展

综述了近年来烟草及卷烟烟气中亚硝胺的分析方法:气相色谱-热能检测器法、气相色谱-质谱联用法、液相色谱质-质谱联用法、液相色谱质-质谱-质谱联用法等.指出,建立分析速度快、定量准确、重现性好、分析成本低的烟草特有亚硝胺分析法将是今后该领域研究的方向.     

Dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in fish and fishery products on the German market

Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, dibenzofurans and dioxin-like PCBs in the edible part of fish and in fishery products were studied to gain an overview on actual contaminant levels on the German market. The investigation focused mainly on fish species with higher fat content and was orientated to cover all important fishing grounds for the supply of the German market. Pooled samples of 32 different fish species, 5 crustacean and mussel species and some typical products were analysed. Fish with low and moderate fat content kept on average below 1 ng Sum WHO-PCDD/FPCB-TEQ ng kg⁻¹ wet weight and fish with high fat content (>10%) ranged between 1 to 3 ng kg⁻¹ w.w.. A dependence of the WHO-TEQ concentrations in the muscle meat to the fishing ground was observed for several species. Ocean perch and Greenland halibut from the northern North Sea and fatty fish species from the Baltic Sea and the English Channel south of Great Britain had higher contaminant concentrations compared to corresponding fishes from other fishing grounds. The temporal trends of dioxin concentrations in mackerel and ocean perch are discussed. Received: September 5, 2007     

Practical and predictive bioinformatics methods for the identification of potentially cross-reactive protein matches

A bioinformatics comparison of proteins introduced into food crops through genetic engineering provides a mechanism to identify those proteins that may present an increased risk of allergic reactions for individuals with existing allergies. The goal is to identify proteins that are known to be allergens or are so similar to an allergen that they may induce allergic cross-reactions. Three comparative approaches have traditionally been used, or considered for safety evaluations. One identifies any short (6-8) amino acid segment of the protein that exactly matches a known allergen sequence. The second is an overall primary sequence comparison using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) or FASTA to find matches of greater than 35% identity over 80 amino acids. The third is based on 3-D prediction programs to identify 3-D similarities that might predict potential cross-reactivity. The utility of each of these approaches was debated in the bioinformatics workshop. The consensus agreement from the expert workshop participants was that the short-segment match (e. g., 6-8 amino acids) provides an unacceptably high rate of false positive matches and an uncertain rate of true positive matches, and was not particularly useful for an allergenicity evaluation performed in the context of comprehensive safety evaluation. There was no consensus regarding the most appropriate bioinformatics method, an acceptable scoring criteria for triggering closer examination subsequent to a positive match, or an acceptable scoring mechanism for ranking the utility of the various 3-D approaches that were discussed during the workshop. However, the general consensus was that the most practical approach at this time is to evaluate primary sequence identities to known allergens using either FASTA or BLAST. While there was good agreement that identities of greater than 35% over 80 or more amino acids (recommended by Codex in 2003) is quite conservative, the conclusion was that additional data or studies would be needed to justify changing this criterion as there is some evidence that some individuals sensitized to proteins in evolutionarily conserved protein families may experience cross-reactions to proteins sharing approximately 40% identity.     

万古霉素和去甲万古霉素检测方法研究进展

万古霉素和去甲万古霉素化学结构、药理性质和抗菌作用相似,均属于糖肽类抗生素,被广泛应用于细菌感染的治疗,尤其是一些超级细菌。临床上,药物治疗方案是依据血液中药物含量而确立的。另外药物的不合理使用会造成其在农产品中的残留,对人们的食用安全具有危害性,因此需要对农产品中药物残留进行监测,并建立高效的检测方法刻不容缓。本文对万古霉素和去甲万古霉素的检测方法进行综述,分别介绍了万古霉素在医疗卫生领域和动物源食品中不同的检测方法,包括高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)、液相色谱-串联质谱法(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)、酶放大免疫法(enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique,EMIT)、酶联免疫法(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)、荧光偏振免疫法(fluorescence polarization immunoassay,FPIA)等,详细介绍了上述方法的检测原理、研究现现状及实际应用情况,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

Application of immunochemical determination methods in foreign protein analysis. 1. Determination and identification of faba bean protein isolate by means of the rocket technic on cellulose acetate film and countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis

The present work deals with the applicability of the Rocket technique on cellulose acetate film and of the countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis for identification or determination of faba bean protein in model foods. It was found that both the methods are suitable for a rapid and uncomplicated determination or identification of faba bean protein in not heat-denaturized food. Cross reactivities occur with other leguminous proteins existing in the samples, effects of which add with those of the faba bean protein additive if the Rocket technique is used. With determination of faba protein by means of the Rocket-technique on cellulose acetate film coefficients of variation of about 20% are obtained.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in chocolate on the German market

Benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), chrysene (CHR), cyclopenta[c,d]pyrene (CPP), 5-methylchrysene (5MC), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), benzo[j]fluGoranthene (BjF), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DhA), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IcP), benzo[g,h,i]perylene (BgP), dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DlP), dibenzo[a,e]pyrene (DeP), dibenzo[a,i]pyrene (DiP) and dibenzo[a,h]pyrene (DhP), the 15 SCFPAH, assessed to be relevant as well as benzo[c]fluorene (BcL) recommended by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), were analysed in different types of chocolate. The sample preparation included accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and solid phase chromatography using small silica gel columns. The individual PAH were separated by gas chromatography using a VF-17ms GC column and detected by high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The investigation of 40 samples of various types of chocolate with different cocoa contents resulted in a median benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) content of 0.22 μg/kg. Furthermore, the results showed a linear correlation between the content of BaP and the sum content of the 16 priority PAH. Therefore, the analysis of BaP as a leading substance seems to be suitable to estimate the PAH contamination in chocolate.

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Zusammenfassung:  Für Bestimmung der 15+1 von der EU als priorit?r eingestuften PAK in verschiedenen Schokoladen wurde eine Analysenmethode bestehend aus beschleunigter L?sungsmittelextraktion (ASE), Gelpermeationschromatographie (GPC) und Nachreinigung an einer Minikieselgels?ule verwendet. Die Identifizierung und Quantifizierung der einzelnen Verbindungen erfolgte nach gaschromatographischer Trennung mit dem hochaufl?senden Massenspektrometer unter Verwendung einer VF-17ms GC-S?ule. Die Untersuchung von 40 Schokoladenproben mit verschiedenen Kakaogehalten erbrachte im Median einen Gehalt an Benzo[a]pyren (BaP) von 0,22 μg/kg. Es zeigte sich weiterhin eine enge Korrelation des BaP-Gehalts vom Gesamtgehalt der 15+1 EU-PAK. über die Leitsubstanz BAP l?sst sich somit der Gesamtgehalt der 15+1 EU-PAK durch die alleinige Bestimmung von BaP in Schokolade absch?tzen.

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Received: February 10, 2009; accepted: February 25, 2009.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in chocolate on the German market

Benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), chrysene (CHR), cyclopenta[c,d]pyrene (CPP), 5-methylchrysene (5MC), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), benzo[j]fluGoranthene (BjF), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DhA), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IcP), benzo[g,h,i]perylene (BgP), dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DlP), dibenzo[a,e]pyrene (DeP), dibenzo[a,i]pyrene (DiP) and dibenzo[a,h]pyrene (DhP), the 15 SCFPAH, assessed to be relevant as well as benzo[c]fluorene (BcL) recommended by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), were analysed in different types of chocolate. The sample preparation included accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and solid phase chromatography using small silica gel columns. The individual PAH were separated by gas chromatography using a VF-17ms GC column and detected by high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The investigation of 40 samples of various types of chocolate with different cocoa contents resulted in a median benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) content of 0.22 μg/kg. Furthermore, the results showed a linear correlation between the content of BaP and the sum content of the 16 priority PAH. Therefore, the analysis of BaP as a leading substance seems to be suitable to estimate the PAH contamination in chocolate.     

Modern analytical methods for the detection of food fraud and adulteration by food category

This review provides current information on the analytical methods used to identify food adulteration in the six most adulterated food categories: animal origin and seafood, oils and fats, beverages, spices and sweet foods (e.g. honey), grain‐based food, and others (organic food and dietary supplements). The analytical techniques (both conventional and emerging) used to identify adulteration in these six food categories involve sensory, physicochemical, DNA‐based, chromatographic and spectroscopic methods, and have been combined with chemometrics, making these techniques more convenient and effective for the analysis of a broad variety of food products. Despite recent advances, the need remains for suitably sensitive and widely applicable methodologies that encompass all the various aspects of food adulteration. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

邻苯二甲酸酯危害和检测方法的研究进展

邻苯二甲酸酯作为增塑剂广泛应用于塑料工业中,很容易溶出迁移到食品和环境中来,国家质检部门也一直在抽检市场样品进行监测.通过介绍食品中邻苯二甲酸酯产生的来源和对人体的危害以及法规限制,并对检测方法的研究进展进行概述和分析,以期对后续研究做铺垫.     

Survey of methylmercury in fish and seafood from the southwestern German market

Mercury is an environmental contaminant and may occur as methylmercury in marine organisms. Methylmercury is considered as having higher toxicity than the inorganic form; therefore, it is important to differentiate the mercury species in order to evaluate the potential risk for seafood consumers. In the largest study of the German market to date, 536 marine foods from the state of Baden-Württemberg (southwestern Germany) were analyzed using gas chromatography with atomic emission detection. Methylmercury was found at levels ranging from non-detectable (below 6 μg/kg) up to 567 μg/kg. The average, median, 90th, 95th, and 99th percentile contents were 38, 22, 78, 117, and 316 μg/kg, respectively. The average methylmercury proportion of total mercury was 70%. Based on a daily total fish and seafood consumption of 30 g according to the German National Nutrition Survey II, the methylmercury exposure was estimated to range between 5 μg/week (median) and 67 μg/week (99th percentile), which was below the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. The risk of methylmercury for the German fish consumer was judged to be rather low, being restricted to the unlikely worst-case scenario of daily consumption of highly contaminated fish, which could exceed the PTWI. In conclusion, the previous opinions that the benefits of the moderate fish consumption appear to outweigh the risks associated with methylmercury exposure were confirmed by our survey.     

地沟油鉴别方法研究进展

该文介绍了地沟油鉴别方法及准确性。地沟油原料来源复杂,在可控成本的精炼过程中,许多有害成分或外源成分难以除去,必然残留在地沟油中,使地沟油的感官性状、物理性状,组成成分与合格原料生产油脂有很大的区别。采用合格原料性油脂与地沟油的组分比较和油脂中基因检测是鉴别地沟油的重要方法。     

金黄色葡萄球菌鉴定方法研究

目的 为了筛选出能够快速准确鉴定金黄色葡萄球菌的方法。方法 利用国标法、VITEK 2 Compact生化鉴定、16s rDNA序列分析和PCR鉴定等4种方法对酱卤肉制品中分离出的典型菌落进行鉴定。结果 国标法检测结果显示菌株为革兰氏阳性菌,血平板上有明显的透明溶血圈且血浆凝固酶试验结果为阳性,符合金黄色葡萄球菌判定标准。VITEK 2 Compact生化鉴定结果中不吻合的典型生化谱仅有1项（dMAL）,判定菌株为金黄色葡萄球菌（98%概率）,为极好的鉴定。16s rDNA序列比对分析及以邻接法构建的进化树均显示典型菌落为金黄色葡萄球菌。以耐热核酸酶基因（nuc）设计的引物能扩增出单一的清晰条带,能快速准确的识别出金黄色葡萄球菌。结论 4种方法均能准确鉴定出金黄色葡萄球菌,但耗时都比较长,通过改进实验方法,缩短DNA提取时间,PCR鉴定将表现出较大优势。     

3种方法鉴定鸡肉粉中沙门氏菌的比对研究

目的采用3种方法对鸡肉粉中沙门氏菌进行检测。方法3份样品的前处理依据组织方提供的《作业指导书》进行,每瓶样品直接加入4.5 mL灭菌去离子水复溶,作为初始样本,后续实验依据GB4789.4-2016《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验沙门氏菌检验》操作。鉴定分离出疑似菌后,加入了实时荧光定量PCR法、基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱法2种方法作为辅助检测,并用全自动微生物鉴定系统进行生化鉴定,再结合生化鉴定与血清学实验综合评判检测结果。结果使用3种鉴定方法在JS015、JS110、JS140样本中均检出沙门氏菌。结论本研究采用的实时荧光定量PCR法、基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱法2种方法均能快速准确鉴定出沙门菌,特别是基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱法和血清学分型配合使用,对沙门菌的快速鉴定有重要意义。     

沙门氏菌检验及鉴定方法研究进展

沙门氏菌在一个多世纪以来被认为是引起人类和动物疾病的主要食源性病原体,因此也导致了高昂的医疗和经济成本。努力开发有效和可靠的沙门氏菌检测方法至关重要。本文主要对目前用于沙门氏菌检测的技术和方法进行了综述,根据检测原理的不同分为常规培养方法、基于免疫学测定的方法、基于核酸测定的方法和生物传感器。传统常规培养法虽然在沙门的鉴定方面的准确性和特异性有不可否认的优势,但是也具有一定的缺陷,比如耗时长等。新兴的分子生物学快速检测及鉴定等方法能够快速、准确的对沙门氏菌进行鉴定,但可能对设备、技术人员、环境要求较高。随着生物学、化学、物理等学科的快速发展,应寻求多学科结合、取长补短,使准确、快速、灵敏检测食品中沙门氏菌成为现实。