Fuzzy rule-based faulty node classification and management scheme for large scale wireless sensor networks

In a wireless sensor network (WSNs), probability of node failure rises with increase in number of sensor nodes within the network. The, quality of service (QoS) of WSNs is highly affected by the faulty sensor nodes. If faulty sensor nodes can be detected and reused for network operation, QoS of WSNs can be improved and will be sustainable throughout the monitoring period. The faulty nodes in the deployed WSN are crucial to detect due to its improvisational nature and invisibility of internal running status. Furthermore, most of the traditional fault detection methods in WSNs do not consider the uncertainties that are inherited in the WSN environment during the fault diagnosis period. Resulting traditional fault detection methods suffer from low detection accuracy and poor performance. To address these issues, we propose a fuzzy rule-based faulty node classification and management scheme for WSNs that can detect and reuse faulty sensor nodes according to their fault status. In order to overcome uncertainties that are inherited in the WSN environment, a fuzzy logic based method is utilized. Fuzzy interface engine categorizes different nodes according to the chosen membership function and the defuzzifier generates a non-fuzzy control to retrieve the various types of nodes. In addition, we employed a routing scheme that reuses the retrieved faulty nodes during the data routing process. We performed extensive experiments on the proposed scheme using various network scenarios. The experimental results are compared with the existing algorithms to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in terms of various important performance metrics.     

HDEEC：面向异构网络的一种基于簇路由协议

有效地使用传感节点的能量进而延长网络寿命成为设计无线传感网路由协议的一项挑战性的工作.为了延长网络,现存的多数簇方案是面向同构网络.为此,面向异构网络,提出基于簇的分布式能量有效路由HDEEC(heterogeneous WSN distributed energy-efficient clustering)协议.HDEEC协议首先提出异构网络模型,考虑了普通节点、特优节点和超特优节点三级能量节点;然后,提出能量消耗模型;最后依据这两个模型,提出了簇头选择方案.HDEEC协议以平衡、有效方式动态改变节点被选为簇头的概率.仿真结果表明,提出的HDEEC协议能够有效延长网络寿命,比DEEC、DDEEC的网络寿命分别提高了72％、68％.     

Dynamic cluster head for lifetime efficiency in WSN

Saving energy and increasing network lifetime are significant challenges in wireless sensor networks （WSNs）. In this paper, we propose a mechanism to distribute the responsibility of cluster-heads among the wireless sensor nodes in the same cluster based on the ZigBee standard, which is the latest WSN standard. ZigBee supports ad hoc on-demand vector （AODV） and cluster-tree routing protocols in its routing layer. However, none of these protocols considers the energy level of the nodes in the network establishing process or in the data routing process. The cluster-tree routing protocol supports single or multi-cluster networks. However, each single cluster in the multi-cluster network has only one node acting as a cluster head. These cluster-heads are fixed in each cluster during the network lifetime. Consequently, using these cluster-heads will cause them to die quickly, and the entire linked nodes to these cluster-heads will be disconnected from the main network. Therefore, the proposed technique to distribute the role of the cluster head among the wireless sensor nodes in the same cluster is vital to increase the lifetime of the network. Our proposed technique is better in terms of performance than the original structure of these protocols. It has increased the lifetime of the wireless sensor nodes, and increased the lifetime of the WSN by around 50% of the original network lifetime.     

节能感知的无线传感网接入控制与路由优化策略

为降低能耗,延长输电线路监测网络传感器寿命,提出一种新的媒体接入控制与路由联合优化策略。构建无线传感网通信框架,并基于该框架给出一种自适应的簇内调度策略,旨在减少传感器节点的空闲监听,从而降低节点能耗。给出一种按需路由协议,在确保能量等级和信道质量的同时在簇间进行最佳路由选择,基于簇头剩余能量及其到基站的距离,利用非均匀簇技术平衡节点能量分布,延长网络寿命,并构建能耗和延迟模型进行性能评估。实验结果表明,该方案在节能的同时能够显著降低数据传输时延。     

一种基于虚拟网格位置的分簇算法

为了延长无线传感器网络生命周期, 提出一种基于虚拟网格的分簇路由算法RPLG. 该算法将监测区域划分为若干虚拟网格, 同一网格内节点自组织成簇. 根据节点所在网格位置和剩余能量启动计时器选取本地簇首, 且簇内成员可以根据局部的信息调整簇的大小, 达到节省能量的目的. 仿真实验和分析表明: 该协议能均衡网络能量, 延长网络的生存时间.     

传感器网络分簇时间跨度优化聚类算法

针对无线传感器网络（WSN）簇头节点能效低、网络能量负载不均衡问题,提出一种传感器网络分簇时间跨度优化（CTSO）聚类算法。该算法首先在簇头选举方式上关注了簇内成员数量和簇头间距的约束问题,尽可能地避免各个簇之间发生覆盖重叠,优化簇内节点能量;接着对簇头的选举周期进行优化,以任务执行周期大小作为一个时间跨度并分为多个轮,通过最小化簇头选举的轮数来减少用于选择簇头而花费在广播消息上的能量,提升簇头节点的能量利用率。实验仿真结果表明,对比基于多Agent的同质态数据汇聚路由方案以及自适应数据汇聚路由策略,CTSO算法的平均能量效率分别提高了62.0%和138.4%,节点寿命则分别提高了17%和9%。CTSO算法在提升无线传感器网络簇头能效及均衡节点能量上具有较好的效果。     

A chain-cluster based routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are an emerging technology for monitoring physical world. Different from the traditional wireless networks and ad hoc networks, the energy constraint of WSNs makes energy saving become the most important goal of various routing algorithms. For this purpose, a cluster based routing algorithm LEACH (low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy) has been proposed to organize a sensor network into a set of clusters so that the energy consumption can be evenly distributed among all the sensor nodes. Periodical cluster head voting in LEACH, however, consumes non-negligible energy and other resources. While another chain-based algorithm PEGASIS (power- efficient gathering in sensor information systems) can reduce such energy consumption, it causes a longer delay for data transmission. In this paper, we propose a routing algorithm called CCM (Chain-Cluster based Mixed routing), which makes full use of the advantages of LEACH and PEGASIS, and provide improved performance. It divides a WSN into a few chains and runs in two stages. In the first stage, sensor nodes in each chain transmit data to their own chain head node in parallel, using an improved chain routing protocol. In the second stage, all chain head nodes group as a cluster in a self- organized manner, where they transmit fused data to a voted cluster head using the cluster based routing. Experimental results demonstrate that our CCM algorithm outperforms both LEACH and PEGASIS in terms of the product of consumed energy and delay, weighting the overall performance of both energy consumption and transmission delay.     

无线传感器网络路由算法改进及仿真研究

由于无线传感器能量消耗影响网络的寿命,传感器节点的能量无法更新且种能量受限,传统路由算法忽略簇头剩余能量情况,使剩余能量低的节点成为簇头而过早死亡,导致整个网络能量不均衡,网络生存时间过短。为了有效延长网络生存时间,提出一种改进的LEACH路由算法。在簇头选择阶段,采用剩余能量的簇头节点优先选择机制,避免剩余能量低的节点成为簇头,然后在数据传输阶段,用单跳和多跳的混合传输模式,使整个网络能量尽量均衡。仿真结果表明,相对于传统LEACH路由算法,改进算法更加均衡了网络中各节点的能量消耗,有效地防止剩余能量低的节点成为簇头,可延长整个网络的生存寿命。     

基于改进ACO的WSN感知数据传输策略研究

无线传感器网络(WSN)能够利用传感器节点快速准确地获取物理世界的信息从而作为物联网的感知层在监控领域得到了广泛的应用,而能量利用率是能量受限无线传感器网络的一个关键属性,直接影响网络的生命周期.经典的分层路由LEACH(及其变种)算法是无线传感器网络中最常见的节能路由协议.该文提出了一种改进的LEACH算法,由sin...     

WSN-UAV基于FPGA的异步带优先级数据转发轮询控制系统

在林、农作物监测作业中,可通过散布无线传感器节点形成的自组织WSN收集作物环境信息。将UAV应用于分簇式WSN作为移动的数据收集节点sink时,UAV不仅需要转发各簇首节点的信息,还需转发自带传感器检测到的重要信息。为了保证UAV传感器检测信息及时转发,并进一步降低簇首节点能耗,延长WSN网络寿命,提出异步带优先级的数据转发轮询控制系统方案,应用马尔可夫链和概率母函数进行建模以分析系统性能。用自带异步读写FIFO功能的FPGA作为主控器件,基于FPGA设计该轮询系统硬件电路结构,验证了该轮询控制系统的可行性和高效性。实验结果表明,该方案能保证UAV及时转发重要数据,缩短服务延迟,提高WSN能耗效率,优化系统性能。     

面向配电网故障检测的WSN可信路由算法

为了提高配电网故障检测数据传输的可信性,提出一种面向配电网故障检测的WSN可信路由算法。算法提出一种防范针对信任模型攻击的轻量级信任值计算方法,并在簇头选举与簇间多跳路由中引入信任值,避免恶意节点降低网络安全;簇间多跳阶段中,对邻居节点的位置因子、距离因子、信任值及剩余能量等参数进行融合判决,构建最优数据传输路径。仿真结果表明,提出的算法能够自适应剔除网络恶意节点,防范恶意攻击,最大化网络生存时间。     

无线传感器网络分簇路由节能研究

在大规模传感和环境监测中,节约能源延长传感器节点生命已成为无线传感器网络最重要的研究课题之一。提供合理的能源消耗和改善无线网络生命周期的传感器网络系统,必须设计一种新的有效的节能方案和节能路由体系。方案采用一种聚类算法减少无线传感器网络的能量消耗,创建一种cluster-tree分簇路由结构的传感器网络。该方案主要目标是做一个理想的分簇分配,减少传感器节点之间的数据传输距离,降低传感器节点能源消耗,延长寿命。实验结果表明,该方案有效地降低了能源消耗从而延长无线传感器网络生命。     

基于PSO的非均匀分簇双簇头路由算法

针对无线传感器网络中分簇路由算法簇头负载过重,同时为了提高无线传感器网络的能量利用效率,提出了一种基于PSO的非均匀分簇双簇头路由算法。该算法首先通过候选簇头节点与基站距离的远近构造出几何规模不等的簇,然后根据簇的规模引进PSO优化算法最终选择出主簇头与副簇头。主簇头主要负责簇内节点数据的采集跟数据融合,副簇头主要完成簇内及簇间数据转发任务,实现数据的单跳与多跳传输。仿真结果表明,该算法有效的减少了簇头节点的能耗,在很大程度上均衡了整个网络的能耗,实现了网络生存周期的延长。     

一种能量高效的无线传感网分簇路由算法

针对无线传感网节点能耗不均造成的生命周期短的问题,提出一种能量高效的无线传感网分簇路由算法（NUC&GDF）。该算法从三个方面对无线传感网的路由进行优化;a）改进簇首选举机制,选择合适的簇首;b）改进簇首节点成簇半径规则,形成合理的簇规模大小;c）在簇首与基站的稳定数据传输过程中,引入改进的梯度下降法强化学习来计算权值最小的自适应无线簇间路由。实验结果分析表明,提出的算法性能比LEACH算法、LEACH-C算法以及DEBUC算法更优;在网络规模为100 m×100 m时,网络生命周期分别提高约50.3%、21.5%、16.4%,能更有效地延长网络生命周期。     

一种新的无线传感器网络非均匀分簇双簇头算法 ——PUDCH算法

能量利用效率问题一直是限制WSN广泛应用的瓶颈,能源容量对各个网络节点产生至关重要的影响.针对WSN中"能量空洞问题"以及由于簇头任务过重所导致的能量消耗过快,同时也为了提高WSN的能量利用效率,提出了一种无线传感器网络非均匀分簇双簇头算法——PUDCH.该算法先综合考虑节点综合信息(如节点剩余能量、节点到基站的距离),根据节点综合信息通过不同的时间竞争机制来选举簇头,将整个网络划分为不均匀的分簇;在规模大些的簇内,为了减轻簇头的负担再选取副簇头.最后簇头再构造基于最小生成树的最优传输路径.一系列的仿真表明PUDCH路由算法在WSN节约平衡节点能量消耗方面表现优良.     

An energy-saving routing architecture with a uniform clustering algorithm for wireless body sensor networks

Wireless body sensor networks are expected to extend human-centered applications in large-scale sensing and detecting environments. Energy savings has become one of the most important features of the sensor nodes to prolong their lifetime in such networks. To provide reasonable energy consumption and to improve the network lifetime of wireless body sensor network systems, new and efficient energy-saving schemes must be developed. An energy-saving routing architecture with a uniform clustering algorithm is proposed in this paper to reduce the energy consumption in wireless body sensor networks. We adopted centralized and cluster-based techniques to create a cluster-tree routing structure for the sensor nodes. The main goal of this scheme is to reduce the data transmission distances of the sensor nodes by using the uniform cluster structure concepts. To make an ideal cluster distribution, the distances between the sensor nodes are calculated, and the residual energy of each sensor node is accounted for when selecting the appropriate cluster head nodes. On the basis of the uniform cluster location, the data transmission distances between the sensor nodes can be reduced by employing an adaptive multi-hop approach. The energy consumption is reduced, and the lifetime is extended for the sensor nodes by balancing the network load among the clusters. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the previously known schemes in terms of the energy consumption and the network lifetime for the wireless body sensor networks.     

无线传感器网络在滑坡监测中的应用研究

分析了滑坡形成机理和主要影响因子,在分析、归纳和总结已提出的滑坡监测方法的基础上,提出基于无线传感器网络的滑坡监测方法,给出了无线传感器网络总体构建方案和传感器节点、网关的设计方法,应用射频模块CC2520完成了温湿度感知数据的点对点无线通信实验,并对节能路由协议进行了仿真。仿真和物理实验显示所给出无线传感网架构能满足长期观测和数据传输的要求。无线传感器网络在滑坡监测中有着良好的前景。     

Energy Efficient Gravitational Search Algorithm and Fuzzy Based Clustering With Hop Count Based Routing For Wireless Sensor Network

In Wireless sensor networks, energy efficiency is the significant attribute to be improved. Clustering is the major technique to enhance energy efficiency. Using this technique, sensor nodes in the network region are grouped as several clusters and cluster head (CH) is chosen for each and every cluster. This CH gathers data packet from the non-CH members inside the cluster and forwards the collected data packet to the base station. However, the CH may drain its energy after a number of transmissions. So, we present the Energy efficient Gravitational search algorithm (GSA) and Fuzzy based clustering with Hop count based routing for WSN in this paper. Initially, CH is selected using Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA), based on its weight sensor nodes are joined to the CH and thus cluster is formed. Among the selected CHs in the network, supercluster head (SCH) is selected using a fuzzy inference system (FIS). This selected SCH gathers the data packet from all CHs and forwards it to the sink or base station. For transmission, the efficient route is established based on the hop count of the sensor nodes. Simulation results show that the performance of our proposed approach is superior to the existing work in terms of delivery ratio and energy efficiency.

     

可及时确定受攻击节点的无线传感器网络数据聚合方案

无线传感器网络（WSN）中,当传感器节点受到攻击导致网络数据和传输受到干扰,及时确定受攻击的传感器节点并采取相应措施以保障整个网络的安全性尤为重要。因此,提出一种可及时确定受攻击节点的无线传感器网络数据聚合方案。首先使用状态公钥加密和对称公钥加密结合伪随机函数和消息认证码对数据进行两次加密;其次,在簇头节点进行认证,将假数据过滤后,解密,并将假数据节点编号发送给基站;最后在基站进行解密认证,恢复明文数据。该方案的提出解决了由于受攻击节点导致的错误聚合值问题,而且还实现了及时过滤假数据并确认受攻击的传感器节点。理论分析表明,提出的基于安全的单向函数、消息认证码和椭圆曲线上的离散对数难问题的方案是安全的,并大大降低了网络的通信成本和计算成本。仿真实验表明,该方案的计算成本、通信成本和确认受攻击节点时间比使用状态公钥加密的无线传感器网络安全聚合方案分别降低了至少19.96% 、36.81%和28.10%。     

基于能耗量化传导的WSN路由探测算法

为了降低无线传感器网络(WSN)路由节点的能量损耗,提高网络的寿命周期,需要进行路由节点的优化分布设计。传统方法采用CSMA/CA有限竞争的信道分配模型进行WSN的路由探测算法设计,实现能量均衡,在节点规模较大和干扰较强时,节能的能耗开销较大。提出一种基于能耗量化传导的WSN路由探测算法,首先建立WSN的分簇能耗调度模型,以能量控制开销、丢包率、传输时延等为约束参量指标进行路由探测的控制目标函数的构建,然后采用路由冲突协调机制进行能耗量化分配,结合WSN传输信道的能量传导均衡模型实现WSN路由的优化探测和WSN节点的优化部署。仿真结果表明,采用该方法进行WSN路由探测设计时网络的能效较高,传输时延和误码率等参量指标的表现优于传统方法。