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1.
This paper explores the mapping of the environmental assessment process onto design and construction processes. A comparative case study method is used to identify and account for variations in the ‘fit’ between these two processes. The analysis compares eight BREEAM projects (although relevant to LEED, GreenStar, etc.) and distinguishes project-level characteristics and dynamics. Drawing on insights from literature on sustainable construction and assessment methods, an analytic framework is developed to examine the effect of clusters of project and assessment-level elements on different types of fit (tight, punctual and bolt-on). Key elements distinguishing between types include: prior working experience with project team members, individual commitment to sustainable construction, experience with sustainable construction, project continuity, project-level ownership of the assessment process, and the nature and continuity of assessor involvement. Professionals with ‘sustainable’ experience used BREEAM judiciously to support their designs (along with other frameworks), but less committed professionals tended to treat it purely as an assessment method. More attention needs to be paid to individual levels of engagement with, and understanding of, sustainability in general (rather than knowledge of technical solutions to individual credits), to ownership of the assessment process and to the potential effect of discontinuities at the project level on sustainable design. 相似文献
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ABSTRACTA need exists for robust environmental and health-related information to support decisions about construction products and the design of new construction and refurbishment projects. This need arises in order to protect resources and the natural environment. The relevant information can be provided from, for example, a life cycle assessment in the form of impact indicators. However, the large, complex data can overburden individual actors in construction and property (real estate). Hence, the question arises as to whether and how the complexity of communicating environmental information for construction products can be simplified. This paper explores various approaches to grouping the different impact indicators and to determining proxy indicators and impact indices as single scores within these indicator groups. No appropriate single proxy indicator is appropriate for all impact indicators. However, a cluster of indicators can be formed and proxy indicators or impact indices can be determined within these groups. An application of the approaches to the impact indicators according to the currently discussed product environmental footprint approach is presented. With a series of single scores, an existing multi-criteria decision problem can be reduced and a basis for business-to-consumer communication can be formed. 相似文献
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Jeremy Gibberd 《Building Research & Information》2015,43(1):49-61
An alternative approach to conceptualizing and measuring the built environment is developed which forms the basis of a new assessment tool. The role of buildings is reframed to consider what capabilities for sustainability a building can provide to the inhabitants and local community. This capability to support sustainability is defined as the ability to improve the local quality of life (Human Development Index) whilst remaining below the environmental carrying capacity (environmental footprint). This approach has clear implications about the role of buildings in enabling residents and users to achieve these targets and outcomes. This shifts the focus of net-positive development toward configurations and characteristics of the built environment that are appropriate for a particular context. A Built Environment Sustainability Tool (BEST) is presented that defines and assesses these configurations and characteristics. Assessments can be conducted by measuring the extent to which required configurations and characteristics exist (i.e. ‘the capability of the built environment to support sustainability’). BEST is compared with other green building rating tool approaches in order to review the methodology critically and to evaluate this as a means of improving built environment sustainability performance. 相似文献
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Raymond J. Cole 《Building Research & Information》2005,33(5):455-467
The initial intentions and current emphasis of building environmental performance assessment methods are compared and contrasted with their emerging roles. This analysis provides a starting point for anticipating future developments in environmental assessment methods for buildings, how they are likely to evolve and how they will be used. The current varying expectations of assessment methods are examined, including the extent to which they can address complex issues while remaining simple and practical, their role as 'market transformation tools', and their ability to enhance dialogue among a range of stakeholders broader than a design team. More importantly, the increasing framing of environmental issues within the wider context of 'sustainability' raises the question about whether existing methods are capable of being easily reconfigured to fulfil this new agenda. 相似文献
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Tove Malmqvist 《Building Research & Information》2013,41(5):466-485
It is often unclear whether environmental rating methods for buildings assess the most significant environmental aspects or if other considerations lie behind the choice of assessment aspects in specific methods. In the development of a comprehensive Swedish environmental rating method for buildings, a number of approaches for selecting environmental aspects in a method were tested. These include basing the selection on the severity and extent of problems, on official objectives, on mandatory rules, and on current practice. Once aspects, or rather building-related health problems, are selected, possible indicators for monitoring these problems can be tested with regard to theoretical and practical criteria in order to understand better the strengths and limitations of different indicators. The analyses in the paper are limited to indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and thus cover extensive reviews of current IEQ methods, Swedish objectives, and legislation as well as the severity and extent of IEQ problems. The results show that depending on the chosen approach, different numbers of aspects turn out to be significant. The approaches for prioritizing aspects suggested here can be used, preferably in combination. An aspect can be seen as motivated for inclusion in a method if many of the approaches suggest its significance. Il est souvent difficile de savoir si les méthodes de classement de l'environnement utilisées dans le bâtiment évaluent les aspects environnementaux les plus significatifs ou si d'autres considérations restent derrière le choix des aspects d'évaluation dans des méthodes spécifiques. Dans le cadre de l'élaboration d'une méthode complète de classement de l'environnement en Suède appliquée aux bâtiments, on a testé un certain nombre d'approches pour sélectionner les aspects environnementaux dans une méthode. Cela implique de baser la sélection sur la gravité et l'étendue des problèmes, sur des objectifs officiels, sur des règles obligatoires et sur la pratique actuelle. Après avoir sélectionné les aspects ou plutôt les problèmes de santé liés aux bâtiments, on peut tester des indicateurs possibles pour surveiller ces problèmes par rapport à des critères théoriques et pratiques afin de mieux comprendre la force et les limitations des différents indicateurs. Les analyses exposées dans cet article sont limitées à la qualité de l'environnement intérieur (IEQ) et couvrent donc des revues complètes des méthodes IEQ actuelles, les objectifs de la Suède, la législation ainsi que la gravité et l'étendue des problèmes d'IEQ. Les résultats montrent qu'en fonction de l'approche choisie, un certain nombre d'aspects différents apparaissent comme significatifs. Les méthodes concernant les aspects de fixation des priorités suggérées ici peuvent être utilisées, de préférence en combinaison. Un aspect peut être considéré comme motivé pour inclusion dans une méthode si de nombreuses approches suggèrent sa signification. Mots cle´s: evaluation des bâtiments, caractéristique des bâtiments, evaluation de l'environnement, indicateurs environnementaux, performances environnementales, classement de l'environnement, santé, qualité de l'environnement intérieur, bruit 相似文献
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While most life-cycle assessments of buildings have focused on construction and use phases, the location of a building can significantly affect the transportation demand of its inhabitants. The life-cycle energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of two representative buildings in Lisbon, Portugal, are compared: an apartment building in the city centre and a semidetached house in a suburban area. An integrated approach is used to conduct a life-cycle analysis that includes building construction, building use and user transportation. Sensitivity analyses are used to evaluate impacts for multiple locations. For the apartment, building use accounted for the largest share of energy and emissions (63–64%), while for the house, most (51–57%) of the energy and emissions were associated with user transportation. Energy and GHG emissions for suburban locations were significantly higher (by 55–115%) than those in the city-centre locations, largely due to individuals commuting by car. The analysis demonstrates the significance of transportation and highlights the importance of residence location in urban planning and environmental assessments. These results are likely to apply to other southern European cities that have expanded with significant growth in car ownership and use. To improve urban sustainability, development strategies should consider the transport infrastructure in addition to building efficiency. 相似文献
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The history of the application of life-cycle costing (LCC) began in the UK in the late 1950s and, until now, the state of its development as a concept is not clear. A literature review is presented that shows the changing approaches to LCC by drawing on four major academic journals and 45 peer-reviewed papers. The review verifies that there is a revival of interest in using LCC in tandem with other life-cycle methodologies for research on sustainable building. It also presents a set of methods that are applicable to model and estimate the life-cycle costs of ‘conventional’ and ‘green’ buildings with the objective of distinguishing them. Through the information gathered, it provides a centralized source of reference for the assumptions used in LCC calculations concerning some key input parameters. The finding shows an increasing trend of publications on the evaluation of economic options for green building designs and performance. The directions are clear that the concepts and methods have to evolve to a state where they will help to integrate and optimize economic, social and environmental considerations to deliver more sustainable built environments in the future. 相似文献
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Raymond J. Cole 《Building Research & Information》2006,34(4):357-371
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Thomas Lützkendorf 《Building Research & Information》2018,46(5):594-614
ABSTRACTSince the 1970s, intense discussions have occurred within the research and practitioner communities on how to assess and influence the environmental performance of buildings. Many different methods, criteria and tools were developed to raise awareness, enable goal formulation, support design and decision-making processes, and evaluate a building’s environmental performance. This development can be retraced through the example of the works of Raymond J. Cole, who made an important contribution to this scientific debate. The integration of environmental performance into a sustainability assessment, the ongoing development of life cycle assessment (LCA) methods, and clients’, financiers’ and assessors’ different demands for environmental performance assessment, raise additional questions and highlight the conflicting goals. Six topics are examined in relation to current developments: the further development of the classic ‘three pillars’ sustainability model; the suitability of assessment criteria and indicators; the handling of technological progress; the discounting of environmental impacts; the environmental assessment of existing buildings; and the further development of legal requirements. ‘Time’ is a key factor relating to LCA, weighing current versus future emissions, ecological value and recycling potential of existing buildings or ‘options’ for different ways to use the building in future. Recommended actions are provided for key stakeholders. 相似文献
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William Eisenstein Gwen Fuertes Soazig Kaam Kimberly Seigel Ed Arens Louise Mozingo 《Building Research & Information》2017,45(8):828-844
This paper quantifies the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions co-benefits associated with water, waste and transportation usage in certified green commercial office buildings in California. The study compares the measured values of water, waste and transportation usage self-reported by office buildings certified under the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design rating system for Existing Building Operations and Maintenance (LEED EBOM) to baseline values of conventional California office buildings. The green buildings in the LEED EBOM dataset produced 50% less GHGs due to water consumption than baseline buildings, 48% less due to solid waste management, and 5% less due to transportation. If applied to the entire California office building stock, performance typical of the certified green buildings would save 730,038?MgCO2e/yr (metric tonnes) from transportation, 87,601?MgCO2e/yr from water, and 45,280?MgCO2e/yr from waste, for a total potential savings of about 862,920?MgCO2e/yr relative to conventional construction. In addition, buildings earning additional credits for specified performance thresholds for water and waste in the LEED EBOM code attained performance levels even higher than required by the code provisions, suggesting that such code provisions in other contexts may help incentivize larger GHG emissions reductions than anticipated. Specific recommendations are made for building standards and certification schemes. 相似文献
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Anne Sigrid Nordby 《Building Research & Information》2013,41(6):553-565
What are the limitations of regulatory measures to decrease environmental impacts of buildings? The case of Norway's wood-fired mountain cabins is used to explore whether strict energy-efficiency requirements in building regulations are appropriate and effective. A self-service (holiday) cabin is analysed in three different scenarios. The carbon emissions from the extra material required to meet the new regulations are calculated and compared with the emissions saved by the expected decrease in operational energy demand over a 50-year life cycle. The results show that in all three scenarios the carbon emissions from the extra material use and their transport outweighs the savings from reduced heating. As expected, the frequency of use (occupancy rate) is shown to be an important variable to determine the usefulness of technical upgrading. Alternative measures for decreased environmental impacts are considered. Suggested solutions for long-term reductions in carbon emissions for wood-fired mountain cabins are area efficiency (reduced floor area), low-carbon materials and the reuse of components instead of improved U-values. Regulatory measures that create universal standards for all buildings fail to account for particular circumstances and create revenge effects. Increased flexibility in regulatory mechanisms could reduce these problems. Quelles sont les limites des mesures réglementaires visant à réduire les incidences environnementales des bâtiments? Le cas des chalets de montagne de Norvège à chauffage au bois est utilisé pour examiner si des obligations strictes d'efficacité énergétique dans la réglementation de la construction sont adaptées et efficaces. Un chalet (de vacances) en libre service est analysé selon trois scénarios différents. Les émissions de carbone provenant des matériaux supplémentaires nécessaires pour satisfaire à la nouvelle réglementation sont calculées et comparées aux émissions économisées par la réduction prévue de la demande d'énergie opérationnelle sur un cycle de vie de 50 ans. Les résultats montrent que dans chacun des trois scénarios les émissions de carbone provenant de l'utilisation de matériaux supplémentaires et de leur transport l'emportent sur les économies provenant des réductions de chauffage. Il est montré que, comme prévu, la fréquence d'utilisation (le taux d'occupation) est une variable importante pour déterminer la mise à niveau technique. Des mesures alternatives propres à réduire les incidences environnementales sont envisagées. Les solutions permettant de réduire sur le long terme les émissions de carbone des chalets de montagne à chauffage au bois sont le rendement de surface (surface au sol réduite), les matériaux bas carbone et la réutilisation des composants plutôt qu'une amélioration du coefficient K. Les mesures réglementaires qui établissent des normes universelles pour tous les bâtiments sont incapables de rendre compte de circonstances particulières et créent des effets pervers. Une plus grande souplesse des mécanismes réglementaires pourrait réduire ces problèmes. Mots clés: réglementation de la construction?énergie intrinsèque?énergie, incidences environnementales?émissions de gaz à effet de serre?analyse du cycle de vie (ACV)?bâtiments bas carbone 相似文献
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将绿色建筑理念自然融入设计 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在国内大力推广绿色建筑的过程中,建筑设计领域存在着一定问题。本文针对问题介绍了一例通过美国LEED金牌级认证的绿色建筑,指出绿色建筑并非全是高成本建筑,可以采用适宜的生态技术策略将绿色理念自然融入设计,希望对国内绿色建筑发展起到一定借鉴作用。 相似文献
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Guy R. Newsham Benjamin J. Birt Chantal Arsenault Alexandra J. L. Thompson Jennifer A. Veitch Sandra Mancini 《Building Research & Information》2013,41(4):415-434
A post-occupancy evaluation (POE) of 12 green and 12 conventional office buildings across Canada and the northern United States was conducted. Occupants (N = 2545) completed an online questionnaire related to environmental satisfaction, job satisfaction and organizational commitment, health and well-being, environmental attitudes, and commuting. In each building on-site physical measurements at a sample of workstations (N= 974) were taken, including: thermal conditions, air quality, acoustics, lighting, workstation size, ceiling height, window access and shading, and surface finishes. Green buildings exhibited superior performance compared with similar conventional buildings. Better outcomes included: environmental satisfaction, satisfaction with thermal conditions, satisfaction with the view to the outside, aesthetic appearance, less disturbance from heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) noise, workplace image, night-time sleep quality, mood, physical symptoms, and reduced number of airborne particulates. A variety of physical features led to improved occupant outcomes across all buildings, including: conditions associated with speech privacy, lower background noise levels, higher light levels, greater access to windows, conditions associated with thermal comfort, and fewer airborne particulates. Green building rating systems might benefit from further attention in several areas, including: credits related to acoustic performance, a greater focus on reducing airborne particulates, enhanced support for the interdisciplinary design process and development of POE protocols. Il a été mené une évaluation après occupation (POE) de 12 immeubles de bureaux verts et 12 immeubles de bureaux classiques répartis à travers le Canada et le nord des Etats-Unis. Les occupants (N?=?2545) ont rempli un questionnaire en ligne portant sur la satisfaction environnementale, la satisfaction au travail et l'implication organisationnelle, la santé et le bien-être, les attitudes environnementales, et les trajets réguliers. Dans chaque immeuble, des mesures physiques in situ sur un échantillon de postes de travail (N?=?974) ont été effectuées, comprenant : les conditions thermiques, la qualité de l'air, l'acoustique, l'éclairage, la taille des postes de travail, la hauteur de plafond, l'accès aux fenêtres et leur occultation, et les finitions de surface. Les bâtiments verts ont affiché des performances supérieures par rapport aux bâtiments classiques similaires. De meilleurs résultats ont été obtenus concernant la satisfaction environnementale, la satisfaction à l'égard des conditions thermiques, la satisfaction à l'égard de la vue sur l'extérieur, l'aspect esthétique, la diminution des perturbations liées aux bruits provenant du chauffage, de la ventilation et de la climatisation (CVC), l'image du lieu de travail, la qualité du sommeil nocturne, l'humeur, les symptômes physiques, et la réduction du nombre de particules en suspension dans l'air. Différentes caractéristiques physiques ont conduit à une amélioration des résultats pour les occupants dans tous les immeubles, concernant notamment les conditions liées à la confidentialité des conversations, les niveaux inférieurs de bruit de fond, les niveaux de luminosité plus élevés, l'accès accru aux fenêtres, les conditions associées au confort thermique, et le nombre moindre de particules en suspension dans l'air. Les systèmes de notation des bâtiments verts pourraient bénéficier d'une plus grande attention apportée à plusieurs domaines, s'agissant en particulier des crédits relatifs aux performances acoustiques, d'un accent accru sur la réduction des particules en suspension dans l'air, d'un soutien renforcé en faveur du processus de conception interdisciplinaire et du développement de protocoles POE. Mots clés: performances des bâtiments, bilan environnemental, bâtiments verts, environnement intérieur, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), satisfaction des occupants, évaluation après occupation 相似文献
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Building sustainability assessment tools (BSATs) aim to promote and rank the sustainability of building stock. This paper makes a deep comparative analysis on how dwellings are evaluated by five BSAT and one performance-based design tool. The comparison is based on: (i) the purpose of assessment; (ii) sustainability dimensions considered; (iii) indicators addressed; (iv) life cycle phases considered by the indicators; (v) type of indicators; (vi) measurements; (vii) aggregation processes; and (vii) life cycle phases during which the assessment was carried out. The evaluation showed that the scope of BSAT varies significantly as well as the life cycle phases addressed in the assessment. Financial issues are often excluded from the assessment. None of the schemes is totally quantitative or qualitative in their measurement system; all have different types of indicators and different ways to assess them. This research provides researchers and stakeholders with important inside knowledge on the tools that allow the development and construction of more sustainable buildings. 相似文献
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We have developed a model that allows players in the building and construction sector and the energy policy makers on energy strategies to be able to perceive the interest of investors in the kingdom of Bahrain in conducting Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) or Building integrated wind turbines (BIWT) projects, i.e. a partial sustainable or green buildings. The model allows the calculation of the Sustainable building index (SBI), which ranges from 0.1 (lowest) to 1.0 (highest); the higher figure the more chance for launching BIPV or BIWT. 相似文献