Benchmarking energy use assessment of HK-BEAM,BREEAM and LEED

The Hong Kong Building Environmental Assessment Method (HK-BEAM), Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) and LEED were formally launched in the 1990's. How well the certified and rated buildings compare with each other of an interest to building designers and policy makers. This paper describes how the baseline buildings, performance criteria and the credit scales of the three schemes compare with each other. By statistical analysis of the energy assessment results of 60 HK-BEAM certified buildings and the available data for BREEAM and LEED, it seeks to ascertained of buildings scoring excellent energy performance under different schemes belong to the top 5% in the market. Through this exercise, a systematic approach to benchmark the energy assessments across schemes has been established. With people nowadays paying greater attention to the environmental issues and the rapid development of the environmental schemes in various parts of the world, this study forms a good basis for future benchmarking of energy assessment schemes across nations.     

A critical comparison of green building rating systems

Various green rating systems are established globally to evaluate the sustainability of construction projects. Their categories and criteria have been under constant updates to follow the sustainable trend of building development. This paper aims to develop a systematic review of the development of green rating systems. The specific objectives are: 1) discover how interest and research in green rating systems have developed; 2) identify the similarity,difference,strength and weakness of green rating systems;3) examine whether they fully assess the projects in all aspects of sustainability. Specifically,LEED( Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design),BREEAM( Building Research Establishment Assessment Method),CASBEE( Comprehensive Assessment Systemfor Building Environmental Efficiency) and Green Star NZ were analysed in this paper. The results indicate that BREEAM,LEED, and CASBEE have been utilized since late the 2000 s while Green Star NZ is still in its earlier stages. 70%of the research papers focusing on BREEAM,LEED,CASBEE are developed geographically in the USA,Canada, the UK,China, and Australia. Although these four rating systems were initiated in different contexts with different standards, Indoor Environment Quality,Energy,and Material are core common categories for all. Environmental concerns are the main focus in New Construction manuals while Society is emphasized in Neighbourhood Development manuals. Currently,BREEAM has been the only tool which could assess all four sustainable factors. Further in-depth research is anticipated to focus more on economic and institutional factors to improve the capability of green rating systems for sustainability assessment purposes.     

绿色建筑评估体系对建筑节能管理的启示

通过对NABERS、BREEAM、LEED、GBTOOL、CASBEE和中国绿色建筑评估标准的对比分析，指出建筑的节能管理是国外成熟的绿色建筑评估体系中比较重要的内容，而在我国还需要对此予以足够的重视。特别是针对既有建筑改造的评估，将建筑节能管理纳入主要的评估内容，不仅可以促进我国的评估体系与国外接轨，更重要的是可以提高我国建筑节能管理水平，提升物业管理单位节能文化，促进节能建筑和建筑的可持续化发展。     

Die wachsende Bandbreite der Gebäudetypen für LEED‐Zertifizierungen

Im Bereich der Nachhaltigkeitszertifizierungen von Gebäuden ist das vom USGBC (US Green Building Council) entwickelte LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) in Europa und Deutschland ein fester Begriff [1]. Während inzwischen das System LEED‐NC, also für Neubauten und Generalsanierungen, sehr bekannt ist und am häufigsten angewandt wird, sind neun weitere LEED‐Zertifizierungssysteme entweder auf dem Markt oder in Entwicklung. Diese ermöglichen es u. a. auch, bestehende Gebäude zu zertifizieren und auf die Anforderungen spezieller Gebäudenutzungen, wie Krankenhaus, Schule oder Einzelhandel, einzugehen. The expanding variety of building types for LEED certification is continuously. In Europe and Germany, LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), developed by the USGBC (US Green Building Council), plays a major role in Green Building certifications [1]. Although the system LEED‐NC for new construction and major renovations is commonly known and mostly used, 9 additional LEED certification systems are either available or currently in development. Besides others, those systems allow the certification of existing buildings and account for buildings with specific requirements, such as hospitals, schools or retail.     

低能耗绿色建筑中针对被动式太阳能技术应用评价方法研究

建筑作为人类文明最重要的产物之一,在全球范围内消耗约40%的一次能源,排放约30%温室气体。在全球能源危机与气候问题的背景下,应采取积极措施减少和取代化石燃料的消耗,同时又不能降低建成环境的舒适度水平。实际上,为实现建筑的"开源""节流"并举的目标,提高建筑能源效率与应用可再生能源的建筑技术已经在建筑领域取得诸多成就。被动式太阳能建筑技术是指通过建筑朝向的合理选择和周围环境的合理布置,内部空间和外部形体的巧妙处理,以及建筑材料和构造的恰当选择,使其在冬季能够收集、储存并使用太阳能,辅助建筑的采暖;同时在夏季通过采取遮阳、自然通风等措施又能屏蔽太阳辐射,帮助室内散热,从而辅助建筑的降温。常见的被动式太阳能建筑技术,例如直接受益太阳能系统、间接受益太阳能系统、独立太阳能系统已经被广泛应用于各类建筑之中。但是,通过综述美国LEED与德国En EV,以及我国《绿色建筑评价标准》与《被动式超低能耗绿色建筑技术导则》等评价体系的相关调研情况发现,在现行的绿色建筑、低能耗建筑评价标准中,太阳能利用的评价方法是以主动式技术应用为基础的,并未全面考虑被动式太阳能建筑技术的贡献率问题。针对此问题,通过分析评价原则与目标、评价指标性质、核心评价指标遴选,提出一种低能耗绿色建筑中针对被动式太阳能贡献率问题的评价方法,以相对太阳能贡献率概念,应对我国太阳能资源分配不均的问题,并提出评价被动式太阳能建筑技术的算法。最后对评价结果的交流、弹性与适应性进行了讨论。并以一栋坐落于中国天津的绿色建筑为例。天津属于太阳能采暖适宜气候区A区,《被动式太阳能建筑技术规范》中的太阳能贡献率参考值为20%。在室内设计温度设置为18℃的情况下,若通过实测计算该建筑的太阳能贡献率为25%,则相对太阳能贡献率在15%~30%区间范围内,因此该建筑可以被认定为第二等级或加分。该评价方法坚持了低能耗绿色建筑"被动设计优先,主动技术优化"的设计原则,完善了现行绿色建筑评价标准中对被动式太阳能技术应用的考虑。寄希望于建筑参与者可以理解、应用这个方法在被动式太阳能建筑中的技术评价,以推动建筑可再生能源技术的发展,并有利于建设资源节约型与环境友好型社会。     

上海地区绿色建筑LEED认证的现状与思考

介绍“能源及环境设计先锋奖（LEED）”认证的国际化情况及在上海地区认证的获奖级别、项目类型、业主类别、设计与咨询机构。在对现状进行梳理并与绿标认证建筑进行对比后认为,今后应引导更多的建筑向绿色转移。     

The importation of building environmental certification systems: international usages of BREEAM and LEED

A proliferation of the development of building environmental assessment methods has occurred for application within many individual countries' domestic markets. However, the demand for ‘brand recognition’ in a global market, the desire for international standards and the motivation of the owners of some systems to expand the adoption of their assessment systems abroad are among many of the forces driving toward the increased international use of the two most established methods: BREEAM and LEED. Drawing on published databases of projects assessed by these two systems, an examination is presented of their international use, with particular attention paid to the relationship between their use and the existence of national systems developed in the countries of application. A more detailed analysis of the types of projects that have been assessed is provided using data from six specific countries with qualitatively different cultural, economic and environmental contexts and some of which that have national assessment systems: Chile, Colombia, the Czech Republic, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Arab Emirates. The influence of national Green Building Councils in promoting environmental assessments is also considered.     

LEED-V3.0绿色建筑在施工阶段的管理实施

采用美国绿色建筑业协会的LEED能源与环境先锋奖认证作为绿色建筑评分体系,对华置广场项目进行绿色施工管理.首先阐述了LEED-V3.0版绿色建筑的目标定位,指出该项目的LEED评分得分点.介绍了LEED建筑施工阶段的策划,指出LEED绿色施工管理体系的建立、准备工作的具体细节以及建筑业新技术的应用.重点阐述了LEED建筑工程施工过程中所采取的绿色施工措施和方法,最终达到绿色施工的目的.     

基于CASBEE的我国节能省地型住宅评价模型探讨

建筑物环境性能越来越为人们所重视,本文基于可持续发展理论,分析了我国节能省地型住宅的内涵;通过建筑物综合环境性能评价体系(CASBEE)中的建筑物环境效率这一概念和我国房地产市场现状,提出并讨论了由原始成本、建筑物性能和环境负荷降低构建的节能省地型住宅评价模型。     

绿色奥运建筑评估体系围护结构节能评估研究及指标确定

综合分析了目前建筑围护结构节能设计标准的研究现状。研究并建立了绿色奥运建筑评估体系围护结构节能评估方法，对不同类型建筑根据其建筑本身及使用特点采用不同的评估方法，通过模拟计算确定了住宅建筑、商业建筑及体育场馆建筑的具体评估指标。     

Grün ist nicht gleich Grün – Einblicke in das LEED‐Zertifizierungssystem

LEED – The Green Building Rating System. Buildings in the USA are commonly not perceived as energy efficient and sustainable. Considering this, it comes as a surprise that the LEED (Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design) certification system is leading the process to certify “Green Buildings” despite the broad range of certification systems in countries such as BREEAM in England, CASBEE in Japan, HQE in France, Green Star in Australia, and most recently DGNB in Germany. International companies are pursuing the LEED certification due to its worldwide applicability – over 20,000 buildings in 76 countries are currently registered.     

Emergy analysis of building manufacturing,maintenance and use: Em-building indices to evaluate housing sustainability

In recent years, integrated building design practices based on the definition of “green building” criteria as common standards of measurement have been promoted. For example, Green Building Rating Systems such as LEED (US) and BREEAM (UK) provide national standards for developing high-performance sustainable buildings. However, integrated environmental accounting methods and global sustainability indicators are still required to evaluate the general environmental performances of buildings, because housing is greatly concerned with global environmental problems such as the use of non-renewable energy, the overexploitation of materials, the exhaustion of resources and the wasting of energy.     

建筑环境性能评估中几个重要问题的探讨

基于对国际上具有代表，眭的建筑环境性能评估系统（LEED，CASBEE，GBTool，BREEAM）的深入研究，提出对评估系统涉及的几个重要问题的一些看法。首先讨论了如何选择评估指标并进行分类以利于评估实践的推行，在此基础上，提出科学利用多种手段建立相应权重系统，最后，研究总结了服务于建筑师设计工作的评估系统应具有的特征。     

Climate co-benefits of green building standards: water,waste and transportation

This paper quantifies the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions co-benefits associated with water, waste and transportation usage in certified green commercial office buildings in California. The study compares the measured values of water, waste and transportation usage self-reported by office buildings certified under the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design rating system for Existing Building Operations and Maintenance (LEED EBOM) to baseline values of conventional California office buildings. The green buildings in the LEED EBOM dataset produced 50% less GHGs due to water consumption than baseline buildings, 48% less due to solid waste management, and 5% less due to transportation. If applied to the entire California office building stock, performance typical of the certified green buildings would save 730,038?MgCO₂e/yr (metric tonnes) from transportation, 87,601?MgCO₂e/yr from water, and 45,280?MgCO₂e/yr from waste, for a total potential savings of about 862,920?MgCO₂e/yr relative to conventional construction. In addition, buildings earning additional credits for specified performance thresholds for water and waste in the LEED EBOM code attained performance levels even higher than required by the code provisions, suggesting that such code provisions in other contexts may help incentivize larger GHG emissions reductions than anticipated. Specific recommendations are made for building standards and certification schemes.     

环境影响评价课程教学改革与实践研究

针对环境影响评价课程教学改革与实践进行初步研究,围绕环境影响评价报告书的编制技术方法为教授主线,从课程教学内容、教学方法和手段、实践教学等环节对该课程进行教学改革,以达到提高教学质量的目的,同时提出还存在的问题和不足,为进一步改革指出了方向。     

新建项目LEED认证节能设计

LEED(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)作为评价绿色建筑的工具,其宗旨是在设计中有效地减少环境和住户的负面影响,规范一个完整、准确的绿色建筑概念,防止建筑的滥绿色化.LEED由美国绿色建筑协会建立并于2003年开始推行,在美国部分州和一些国家已被列为法定强制标准,而且现中国已有多个项目进行了LEED认证.通过案例分析了LEED认证项目的节能应用和设计方法,阐述了其在设计时的主要内容.     

LEED评估体系在成都来福士广场工程中的实施

LEED评估体系,是美国绿色建筑业协会建立并推行的一套绿色建筑认证体系,目前在世界各国的各类建筑环保评估、绿色建筑评估以及建筑可持续性评估标准中被认为是最完善、最有影响力的评估标准。结合成都来福士广场工程要求获得LEED认证金奖目标的实例,针对LEED认证体系中涉及施工的各得分项在施工过程中的实施与运用进行了梳理和提炼。同时结合工程施工实施情况,对LEED绿色建筑评估体系在施工过程中的实施进行了总结。     

Assessing energy performance in the latest versions of Hong Kong Building Environmental Assessment Method (HK-BEAM)

The latest (4/04 and 5/04) versions of the Hong Kong Building Environmental Assessment Method (HK-BEAM), one covering new buildings and the other existing buildings, have been formally launched in 2005. The paper describes the building energy performance assessment method in these latest HK-BEAM versions. With the use of the energy budget approach, the assessment framework is applicable to a wide range of buildings that may comprise different mixes of premises types. The new scheme provides bonus credits for provisions that allow utilization of renewable energy sources. For existing buildings, it makes allowances for plant performance degradation and constraints to implementation of improvement measures in existing buildings. So far, the new assessment method has been applied to six building developments, including commercial complexes and residential developments. The assessment results are presented and discussed in the paper.     

A generic model of Exergy Assessment for the Environmental Impact of Building Lifecycle

A generic model of Exergy Assessment is proposed for the Environmental Impact of the Building Lifecycle, with a special focus on the natural environment. Three environmental impacts: energy consumption, resource consumption and pollutant discharge have been analyzed with reference to energy-embodied exergy, resource chemical exergy and abatement exergy, respectively. The generic model of Exergy Assessment of the Environmental Impact of the Building Lifecycle thus formulated contains two sub-models, one from the aspect of building energy utilization and the other from building materials use. Combined with theories by ecologists such as Odum, the paper evaluates a building's environmental sustainability through its exergy footprint and environmental impacts. A case study from Chongqing, China illustrates the application of this method. From the case study, it was found that energy consumption constitutes 70-80% of the total environmental impact during a 50-year building lifecycle, in which the operation phase accounts for 80% of the total environmental impact, the building material production phase 15% and 5% for the other phases.     

《绿色建筑评价标准》和《LEED认证标准》电气对比浅析

本文对《绿色建筑评价标准》和LEED中新建公共建筑部分的电气内容进行了简单对比分析。了解两标准的差别,既能使我们在申请绿色建筑认证时做到心中有数,又能助于我们做好借鉴国外和符合国情的绿色设计。