Pitch control based on voltage dip detection for improving the LVRT of wind farm

For the stability of power systems including large‐scale generation of wind power, wind farms are expected to fulfill the requirement with the capability to remain connected to the systems during a momentary voltage dip occurring in power networks. This has prompted many utilities to adopt the low‐voltage ride‐through (LVRT) of wind turbine generators (WTGs) as one of the requirements in interconnection of large wind farms. This paper presents a new method of pitch angle control for fixed‐speed wind turbine (FSWT) to achieve LVRT capability improvement. The FSWT is equipped with directly grid‐coupled squirrel‐cage induction generator and the LVRT behavior of such wind turbine is closely related to the overspeeding of wind turbine rotor during voltage dip. If the turbine rotor speed can be reduced quickly during voltage dip so as not to rise over the maximum speed, then the sudden disconnection of WTG can be avoided. The proposed pitch control system can modify the pitch angle in the short response time by the coordination of protective relay. Then the pitch angle is adjusted by a feedback proportional integral controller based on the measurement of induction generator terminal voltage. Simulation study shows that the application of the proposed pitch control system can improve the LVRT performance of a wind farm equipped with FSWTs. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

含不同风电机组的风电电网仿真研究

为了研究包含恒速异步风力发电机和双馈异步风力发电机的风电场对电网的影响,应用Matlab 7.0建立了含不同风电机组的风电场动态模型。分析了风电场对电网暂态稳定性的影响,风电机组电压恢复情况,有功、无功变化情况,以及不同风电机组的低电压穿越能力。仿真结果表明：双馈异步风力发电机变速平稳、低电压穿越能力较强,有利于优化电能质量;当电网发生故障时,应针对不同的风电机组采取不同的控制策略以提高电力系统稳定性。     

变速恒频双馈异步风力发电系统低电压穿越技术综述

随着以变速恒频(VSCF)双馈异步发电机(DFIG)为主体的大型风力发电机组在电网中所占比例的快速提高,电力系统对并网风力发电机在外部电网故障、特别是电网电压骤降故障下的不问断运行能力提出了更高的要求.本文首先分析了电网电压骤降对DFIG运行的影响,提出了DFIG风力发电系统低电压穿越运行的控制目标,继而总结、评价了各种适合于DFIG风力发电系统的低电压穿越技术,最后指出了DFIG风电系统低电压穿越技术的优化方向,以期展示该技术的最新进展及发展趋势.     

电力系统对并网风电机组承受低电压能力的要求

阐述了风电机组低电压穿越原理和相应的控制策略,在电力系统仿真分析软件DIgSILENT/Power Factory中建立了具有低电压穿越功能的双馈风电机组模型。以某地区电网为例进行仿真计算,并提出了一种确定风电机组低电压穿越参数与要求的方法。通过计算系统中所有母线依次发生短路时风电机组在短路瞬间的机端电压值,在地理接线图中标出了系统中不同母线短路时对风电机组端电压的影响程度,据此给出了风电场低电压穿越功能中的电压限制值。分析结果表明,在某些情况下要求风电机组具有很强的低电压穿越能力是不符合实际的;而在另外一些情况下则必须要求风电机组具有较好的低电压穿越能力,否则会对系统的稳定运行构成威胁。因此,应根据具体接入方案计算风电机组低电压穿越功能中的电压限值。     

并网双馈风电机组低电压穿越能力研究

详细分析了双馈风电机组LVRT功能的实现原理,并在电力系统仿真分析软件PSASP中建立双馈风电机组的LVRT功能模型,采用地理接线图直观地表示风电场外部系统发生短路故障瞬间对风电机组端电压的影响,并以我国某地区电网为例来分析在风电场接入方式不同的情况下系统短路故障对风电机组的影响,根据仿真结果给出风电机组LVRT能力的最低电压限值要求。最后提出了利用串联制动电阻来提高风电机组的LVRT能力的新方法。分析结果表明,串联制动电阻能够可观地提高风电机组的低电压穿越能力,具有较高LVRT能力的风电机组,可以节省一定的投资费用,在一定程度上降低了风电的上网电价。     

Study of Low‐Voltage Ride‐Through Performance for Wind Power Generation with Doubly Fed Induction Generator

The introduction of wind power generation is increasing rapidly. The ratio of wind power generation to the total generation capacity is becoming higher and higher. When a phase‐to‐phase fault occurs in the power system, the frequency of the power system is lower due to disconnection of wind power generation with doubly fed induction generators (DFIG). Therefore, the power system might become unstable. This paper describes an LVRT (low‐voltage ride‐through) performance improvement scheme for wind power generation with DFIG. The wind power generator is disconnected from the grid in case of a power system fault. It is made to operate in isolation from the grid by controlling the inverters installed with the generators. After clearance of the power system fault, wind power generation is immediately reconnected to the grid. As a result, instability in the power system disappears. The performance of LVRT is confirmed by using the simulation software PSCAD/EMTDC. The simulation results show excellent results for the three‐phase short‐circuit fault with a voltage dip of 100%. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 185(1): 17–26, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.22423     

双馈式风力发电系统低电压穿越技术分析

随着风电穿透功率的急剧增加,风力发电对地区电网稳定性的影响不容忽视,双馈式风电系统低电压穿越技术的研究成为热点问题。介绍了欧洲部分国家低电压穿越的标准,详细分析了双馈感应发电机在电网电压跌落时的暂态特性,总结和分析了双馈式风力发电系统低电压穿越功能的实现方案,并对双馈式风力发电系统低电压穿越技术的发展趋势进行了展望,指出在风电场规划设计阶段,必须慎重选择并网点,同时定制具有相应低电压穿越能力的风机。     

电网故障下并网异步风电机组的暂态特性分析

研究了由笼型和双馈型异步风电机组组成的风电场并网后风电机组的暂态行为,并对比分析了在同一接入点接入不同比例容量的笼型异步发电机和双馈异步发电机时,外部三相短路故障对风力发电机组电压和转速的影响。提出了在双馈型风电机组中采用一种PI控制器,以提高风电场的稳定运行能力的方案。仿真结果表明,故障清除后,能有效地提高风电机组的稳定运行能力。该试验结果可为风电场的建设提供参考。     

风力发电低电压穿越技术综述

近年来风力发电占供电比重增长迅速.在电网出现故障导致电压跌落后,风力机组如果纷纷解列会带来系统暂态不稳定,并可能造成局部甚至是系统全面瘫痪,故人们开始关注风机并网并相应提出了低电压穿越(LVRT)要求.文中详细分析了定速异步风机(FSIG)、同步直驱式风机(PMSG)和双馈式风机(DFIG)三种主要机型在电网电压跌落时的暂态特性,并综述了国内外提出的主要LVRT方案.重点分析了最难实现穿越的双馈风机的LVRT方案.     

Control Design of a Dynamic Voltage Restorer for Wind-Driven Induction Generators during a Low Voltage Fault at Grid Bus

To reduce the parallel transient and resume the power balance immediately after fault clearing, many countries have included the low voltage ride through (LVRT) requirements in the grid codes for grid-connected wind turbines (WTs). Although the removal of the WT from the power grid in the conventional approach is beneficial to alleviate severe mechanical stress incurred by the low voltage fault, remaining the WT to be connected to the grid during the low voltage fault becomes obligate to reduce the risk of voltage collapse for the power system associated with the ever-increasing WT installation. This article presents a control strategy to which the LVRT capability enhancement of a wind-driven squirrel cage induction generator (IG) by the use of a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). The DVR, with the flexibility of changing output voltage polarity in series with the power source, can sustain the excitation of IG subjected to the low voltage fault and the random change in load and wind speed. A DC voltage regulator is employed to support the DC-link voltage of the DVR for generating appropriate AC voltage level required for the IG. The AC output voltage of the DVR is controlled by an AC voltage regulator according to the IG terminal voltage deviation from the desired value. To achieve voltage and current decoupling control between distinct coordinate axes in the stationary reference frame, a proportional-resonant (PR) controller is adopted. The DVR output voltage can be instantaneously tracked by the PR controller according to the sinusoidal command comes from the DC and AC regulators. To fully utilize the compensation capacity for the DVR, the dynamic estimation of grid voltage lower limit for recasting the AC voltage command (ACC) of the DVR in response to the low voltage fault is proposed to prevent DVR from malfunction due to controller saturation. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.     

提升双馈风力发电系统低电压穿越能力的跟踪控制方法

为提升双馈风力发电系统的低电压穿越(LVRT)能力,提出一种基于状态相关Riccati方程(SDRE)技术的网侧换流器(GSC)跟踪控制方法。并网导则要求风电场在LVRT过程中须注入一定无功功率支撑电压恢复,为了改进非线性状态调节器在无功支撑能力上的不足,针对双馈风力发电系统的GSC设计非线性无功功率跟踪控制器,并采用SDRE技术求解状态反馈控制律。在维持LVRT过程中直流电压稳定的基础上,该方法能充分利用GSC的无功功率调节能力,为电网提供无功功率支撑以避免电压恶化。最后,在Matlab/Simulink平台搭建9 MW双馈风力发电系统,并在三相接地故障下进行仿真验证,结果显示,所提出的GSC控制方法具有良好的暂态表现,能够有效提高双馈风力发电系统的LVRT能力。     

基于组合保护方案提高DFIG低电压穿越能力的仿真分析

电网故障导致电压跌落时,大容量风电场中风机的相继切出会影响系统运行的稳定性。为保证电网安全可靠运行,风力发电机组的并网导则要求目前广泛应用的双馈感应发电机（DFIG）具备低电压穿越（LVRT）能力,即确保电网电压跌落情况下DFIG保持不脱网运行。本文在深入分析传统Crowbar保护电路的基础上,针对其不足提出了组合保护方案并给出了相应的控制策略。基于Matlab/Simulink平台建立了风电场并网运行仿真模型,仿真结果表明所提组合保护方案能够有效提高DFIG的低电压穿越能力。     

Low voltage ride-through enhancement of DFIG-based wind turbine using DC link switchable resistive type fault current limiter

Doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbines utilise small-scale voltage sourced converters with a limited overcurrent withstand capability, which makes the DFIG-based wind turbines very vulnerable to grid faults. Often, modern DFIG systems employ a crowbar protection at the rotor circuit to protect the rotor side converter (RSC) during grid faults. This method converts the DFIG to a squirrel cage induction generator, which does not comply with the new grid codes. The recent grid codes need wind turbines to stay connected to the utility grid during and after power system faults, especially in high penetration level of wind power. Furthermore, the crowbar switch is expensive. This paper proposes a novel DC-link switchable resistive-type fault current limiter (SRFCL) to improve the LVRT capability of the DFIG. The proposed SRFCL is employed in the DC side of the RSC. The SRFCL solves crowbar protection activation problems and eliminates subsequent complications in the DFIG system. The proposed SRFCL does not have any significant impact on the overall performance of the DFIG during normal operation. Whenever the fault, whether symmetrical or asymmetrical, occurs, the SRFCL not only limits rotor over-currents but also prevents rotor speed acceleration and restricts high torque oscillations even during zero grid voltage, as recommended by some grid codes. To prove the effective operation of the SRFCL on the RSC fault current limitation, analytical analysis is performed in each switching interval. The proposed approach is compared with the crowbar-based protection method. Simulation studies are carried out in PSCAD/EMTDC software. In addition, a prototype is provided to demonstrate the main concept of the proposed approach.     

含无刷DFIG的风电系统低电压穿越极限控制能力分析

无刷双馈感应发电机(BDFIG)由于其良好的维护特性,在风力发电中具有良好的应用前景。作为大功率并网发电装置,基于BDFIG的风电系统需要满足电网的低电压穿越(LVRT)并网导则。双馈型风电系统机侧变流器的极限控制能力决定了系统LVRT的控制方案与控制成本,具有重要的实际意义。文中详细分析了BDFIG在电网故障时的瞬态模型,通过引入庞特里亚金极小值算法分析基于BDFIG的风电系统的机侧变流器控制端电压最优值,得到整个系统LVRT极限控制范围,并进一步与普通双馈感应发电机进行了比较。结果表明,BDFIG具有更加优异的LVRT能力。     

Flywheel size design considerations and experimental verification using a 50‐kW system for voltage sag compensator with flywheel induction motor

Flywheel energy storage systems can be used as an uninterrupted power supply system because they are environmentally friendly and have high durability. The use of a simple voltage sag compensator with a low‐speed heavy flywheel and a low‐cost squirrel‐cage induction motor/generator is proposed. First, the ability of the proposed system to maintain the load voltage at 100% when the grid is experiencing voltage sag is validated experimentally. Next, design guidelines for the flywheel stored energy are discussed. Experimental verification of a 50‐kW‐class system is carried out, and the results show good agreement with the developed design guidelines. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 181(1): 36–44, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21252     

VRB储能系统对风电场LVRT特性影响分析

为满足电网规定的并网风电场必须具有低电压穿越能力（LVRT）要求,提出一种在风电场并网点加入直接功率控制的钒液流电池（VRB）储能系统的拓扑结构来提高风电场LVRT.根据目前风电机组发展趋势风电场采用基于全功率双脉宽调制AC/DC/AC控制策略的逆变器的永磁直驱风电机组（PMSG）,VRB储能系统逆变器采用DC/AC双向功率流动的控制策略.所提出的控制策略通过协调控制风电机组机侧整流器、网侧逆变器和VRB变换器,实现平抑风电场出力和电压跌落时PCC点电压稳定控制及向电网提供一定的无功补偿.仿真结果表明,风速波动和系统电压跌落时,提出的方案可以有效平抑风电场出力波动,提高风电场LVRT能力,减小对系统安全稳定运行的负面影响.     

风电场送出线路距离保护的探究

风电场的电气特性必须符合新的大型风电场并网标准和要求。按照这些要求,风电场受到的约束仅仅是当时的风力条件,应该能在传统发电厂的水平上完成控制任务。例如,在电网降低输电容量时(如主干电网器件替换或检修),风电场的所有风力机可以运行,但功率水平降低。风电场也必须能参与局部平衡控制(二次调频)。主要基于具有低电压穿越能力的双馈风机,在联络线的风电场侧和网侧都采用距离保护,增加保护的可靠性,并建立保护模型,并将其与风机模型相结合进行研究。     

An Enhanced LVRT Scheme for DFIG-based WECSs under Both Balanced and Unbalanced Grid Voltage Sags

Due to the latest grid codes, wind energy conversion systems (WECSs) are required to remain connected to grid under grid voltage sags and supply reactive power into the grid. So, this paper proposes an enhanced scheme to improve low-voltage ride through (LVRT) capability of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based WECSs under both balanced and unbalanced grid voltage sags. The proposed scheme is composed of active and passive LVRT compensators. The active compensator is performed by controlling the rotor- and grid-side converters of the DFIG to decrease the stator flux oscillations and inject reactive power into the grid. The passive compensator is based on a three-phase stator damping resistor (SDR) located in series with the stator windings. The proposed scheme decreases the negative effects of grid voltage sags in the DFIG system including the rotor over-currents, electromagnetic torque oscillations, and DC-link over-voltage and also injects reactive power into grid to support the grid voltage. So, the LVRT capability of DFIG is enhanced and new grid code requirements are addressed. Simulation results on a 1.5-MW DFIG-based WECS using MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed LVRT scheme under both balanced and unbalanced grid voltage sags.     

RBFNN‐based adaptive crowbar protection scheme designed for the doubly fed induction generator in large‐scale wind farms

The doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) and its relative technique, especially in the case where crowbar protection is provided for enhanced low‐voltage‐ride‐through (LVRT) performance, have been hot issues for a long time. In this paper, the wind farm LVRT standard and the dilemma that the conventional crowbar protection encounters are introduced in the first place. Then, the variation of the DFIG rotor faulted current is analyzed, with part of its duration being considered as a black box. Therefore, the radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) is utilized for the black box modeling. Based on above studies, an adaptive crowbar protection scheme is finally put forward and assessed. Emphasis is mainly placed on the black box modeling, error analysis, and the investigation of its impact on the wind farm LVRT capability. DIgSILENT‐based simulation results indicate that, with the novel scheme, it becomes possible for the crowbar to be adaptively switched out at a certain reasonable moment, so as to generate reactive power within the faulted duration. As a result, the steady‐state voltage of the point of common coupling (PCC) is enhanced and the safety of the rotor‐side convertor (RSC) can be ensured at the same time. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

双馈型风机低电压穿越改造中对变桨系统的改进

随着我国风电领域相关标准的发布,国内的双馈型风机（doubly-fed induction generator,DFIG）发电机组都已具备电网故障时不脱网的能力。其中部分风机是经过技术改造才具备低电压穿越（low voltage ride through, LVRT）能力的,因此各个厂家的风机LVRT策略多种多样,很多风机厂家的控制策略并不完善,使得风机在故障后的功率恢复速率并不能满足要求。同时某些风机的控制策略使风机在功率恢复过程中发生功率突变,若风场的大量风机都应用该程序进行LVRT,则会使得该地区的电网由于有功功率突变而导致电网电压瞬间升高,对电网造成二次冲击,使风机又处在外部电压高于标准电压的状态,而目前国内的风机还不具备高电压穿越功能,从而发生更大规模的风机脱网事件。为此提出了一种在对双馈风机进行LVRT改造时既能保证其撬棒系统不被损坏,同时又具备LVRT能力的新型精细化控制策略。