The miscibility of polyacrylates and polymethacrylates with PVC: In situ polymerization and the miscibility of poly(methyl acrylate) and poly(ethyl acrylate) with PVC

The in situ polymerization of vinyl chloride with various polyacrylates and polymethacrylates has been studied. The products were examined by dynamic mechanical analysis. Poly(methyl acrylate) and poly(ethyl acrylate) had previously produced two-phase blends with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) by solvent casting, but poly(ethyl acrylate) was shown to be miscible with PVC when blends were produced by in situ polymerization. Poly(methyl acrylate) and poly(octyl acrylate) were found to be immiscible with PVC whereas other polyacrylates and polymethacrylates with intermediate ester group concentrations were found to be miscible, confirming previous studies. The glass transition temperatures of the blends were measured and the deviations from the expected mean of the two base polymers were calculated as an indication of the strength of interaction between the polymers. The polymers having intermediate ester group concentrations showed the strongest interactions and the results correlated well with previously measured interaction parameters.     

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the study of the interaction between PVC and plasticizers: PVC/plasticizer compatibility

The interactions between Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and Plasticizers, responsible for polymer plasticization, can be detected by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The interaction capacity between the two components depends on plasticizer chemical nature, PVC stereoregularity, and plasticizer content. In the case of ternary systems, consisting in PVC and two different plasticizers, their interaction with PVC depends essentially on their chemical nature. In this work, FTIR spectroscopy is applied to determine the effect of the cited factors on the compatibility between plasticizer and resin. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

用三元共聚改性剂制PVC耐热管材

利用自行研制的三元共聚耐热改性剂与聚氯乙烯（PVC）共混制成耐热管材专用料，考察了共混体系中耐热改性剂、抗冲改性剂、填料及热稳定剂等各组分对材料拉伸强度、冲击强度和维卡软化点等综合性能的影响，同时对氯化聚氯乙烯和自制耐药改性剂的耐药和加工性能进行了比较，所研制的耐热改性剂与PVC混合后耐热效果较好，且易挤出加工。研制的耐热管材的维卡软化点可达100℃，比无规聚丙烯管材的维卡耐热性能要高。     

Studies on the miscibility and phase structure in blends of poly(epichlorohydrin) and poly(vinyl acetate)

The miscibility of atactic poly(epichlorohydrin) (aPECH) with poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) was examined under two different conditions: (i) in dilute solution, using vicometeric measurements and (ii) as cast films, using differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) and FT-infrared spectroscopy. Phase separation on heating, i.e. lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior of the aPECH/PVAc blends was examined by the measurement of transmitted light intensity against temperature. From viscosity measurements, the Krigbaum-Wall polymer-polymer interaction (ΔB) was evaluated. The DSC results show that the aPECH/PVAc blends are miscible as evidenced by the observation of a single composition-dependent glass-transition temperature (T_g) which is well described by the Couchman and Gordon Taylor models. The Flory-Huggins interaction parameter (χ₁₂) calculated from the T_g-method was negative and equal to −0.01, indicating a relatively low interaction strength. The FT-IR results match very well with those of DSC. The cloud point phenomenon is thermodynamically driven but phase separation, once taken place, is diffusion controlled in normal accessible time.     

水滑石在PVC热稳定剂中的应用

介绍了欧洲对聚氯乙烯（PVC）中重金属的法规及限制、日本PVC产量的发展情况和水滑石对PVC的稳性机理及其物性。并比较了各类含重金属与不合重金属的热稳定剂的静态热稳定性和我国市场上各种水滑石的静态热稳定性。     

Miscibility of SAN with polyacrylates and polymethacrylates

Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers, SAN, are known to be miscible with poly(methyl methacrylate). Based on the presence of a single composition dependent glass transition and lower critical solution temperature behaviour, it is shown that SAN is also miscible with poly(ethyl methacrylate). However, the SAN does not appear to be miscible with other polymethacrylates or polyacrylates.     

蒙脱土改善PVC／PS共混物相容性的研究

利用扫描电子显微镜、广角X射线衍射仪和示差扫描量热分析仪对蒙脱土(MMT)改善PVC/PS共混体系相容性研究发现,PVC/PS为不相容的共混体系,但通过物理和化学两种方法将MMT引入PVC/PS共混体系后,分散相PS在PVC连续相中的分布变均匀,两相的相容性有了明显的改善;MMT加入PVC/PS共混体系后,两种聚合物的玻璃化转变温度之间的差值由22℃左右最低减小到7℃,说明MMT能明显改善PVC/PS共混物的相容性,但对力学性能的改善并不是十分明显。     

Migration of phthalate and non‐phthalate plasticizers out of plasticized PVC films into air

The aim of the present work is to provide information about the migration of phthalate and non‐phthalate plasticizers generally used in flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC) applications. Plastisols (pastes) were prepared by mixing PVC, plasticizer, and thermal stabilizer. The plasticized PVC (p‐PVC) films are obtained by gelation at 160°C for 15 min. The p‐PVC films were heat treated at 50, 85, 100, 130, and 160°C up to 420 min to follow the mass loss to find out diffusivity of plasticizer out of films into air and to determine related activation energies. The films having di‐octyl terephthalate (DOTP) and di‐isononyl 1,2‐cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (DINCH) exhibited the lowest mass loss in general, among the phthalate and non‐phthalate plasticizer having p‐PVC films, respectively, as confirmed by FTIR investigation. The same tendency was observed for diffusion coefficients and for the activation energies of migration. The diffusion coefficients were found to be around 3.5 × 10^?18–2.1 × 10^?17 m²/sec for the studied plasticizers in PVC at 50°C and around 4.0 × 10^?15–9.9 × 10^?14 m²/sec at 160°C. The activation energies for 85–160°C interval were determined to be between 70 and 153 kJ/mol (0.72–1.58 eV) for the plasticizers used herein those could be treated as a homologous series as deduced from the related compensation factors. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

PVC型材的凝胶化度分析

测试分析了2种聚氯乙烯(PVC)型材的凝胶化度,发现型材A的凝胶化度比型材B高10%,表明在其他工艺相同条件下,型材B的塑化程度低于型材A,这是型材B表面光泽度低的原因所在。单螺杆挤出机挤出实验也证明了这一点。     

Rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) gelation in the brabender measuring mixer. I. Equilibrium state between sliding,breaking, and gelation of PVC

This article discusses the first part of the Brabender typical torque process curves. Rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC; Polanwil S‐61) was processed at various temperatures between 160 and 200°C with blade speeds in the range of 5–40 min^?1. The morphological changes of the processed compound was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy, and the degree of gelation was estimated on the basis of DSC thermograms. The values of torque minimum strongly depends on temperature. Shear rate affects mainly the time of reaching the minimum torque. The grains are disintegrated into the nonuniform particles and aggregates of the dimensions between 20 and 4 μm. The significant variation of the gelation degree was found for the sample produced in the same conditions and unloaded from Brabender chamber at minimum of torque. It was found that the value of the minimum of torque described momentary equilibrium state between sliding of breaking grains and increasing degree of PVC gelation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 966–971, 2004     

PVC新型无毒热稳定剂季戊四醇锌的合成及应用研究

采用固相反应法合成了季戊四醇锌,通过红外光谱及X射线衍射证实形成了新配合物。采用刚果红试纸法与烘箱老化试验测试了季戊四醇锌及与辅助热稳定剂硬脂酸钙、环氧大豆油、水滑石、β-二酮复配下的热稳定效果。结果表明,季戊四醇锌与环氧大豆油协同效果最好,热稳定时间最高可达54 min;季戊四醇锌与β-二酮复配在抑制初期变色时效果最佳;季戊四醇锌作为热稳定剂,使聚氯乙烯（PVC）的热稳定性能得到较大的提升,无锌烧现象,其效果接近于铅盐。     

挤出过程中交联聚氯乙烯的研究

应用过氧化二异丙苯 /苯乙烯 /三乙醇胺体系在挤出过程中实现了聚氯乙烯的一步交联 ,研究了三乙醇胺和过氧化二异丙苯用量对交联产物力学性能及交联凝胶率的影响。研究发现 ,三乙醇胺对PVC交联结构的形成具有明显的促进作用。在苯乙烯用量 5 phr,三乙醇胺用量为 0 33phr时 ,过氧化二异丙苯在 0 15phr取得最佳值 ;当苯乙烯用量 5 phr,过氧化二异丙苯用量 0 15 phr时 ,三乙醇胺用量在 0 4hpr取得最佳值。交联可以使聚合物材料的力学强度得到提高     

Soft PVC foams: Study of the gelation,fusion, and foaming processes. II. Adipate,citrate and other types of plasticizers

Plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is one of the most useful polymeric materials on an industrial scale because of its processability, wide range of obtainable properties, and low cost. PVC plastisols are used in the production of flexible PVC foams. Phthalates are the most used plasticizers for PVC, and in a previous article (part I of this series), we discussed the influence of phthalate ester type plasticizers on the foaming process and on the quality of the foams obtained from the corresponding plastisols. Because the use of phthalate plasticizers has been questioned because of possible health implications, the objective of this work was to undertake a similar study with 11 commercial alternative plasticizers to phthalates. The evolution of the dynamic and extensional viscosity and the interactions and thermal transitions undergone by the plastisols during the heating process were studied. Foams were obtained by rotational molding and were characterized by the determination of their thermomechanical properties, density, and cell size distribution. Correlations were obtained between the molecular weight and structure of the plasticizer and the behavior of the corresponding plastisols. After the characterization of the final foamed product, we concluded that foams of relatively good quality could be prepared with alternative plasticizers for replacing phthalates. Several plasticizers {Mesamoll (alkylsulfonic phenyl ester), Eastman 168 [bis(2‐ethylhexyl)‐1,4‐benzenedicarboxylate], Hexamoll [di(isononyl) cyclohexane‐1,2‐dicarboxylate], Citroflex A4 acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC), and Plastomoll (dihexyl adipate)} were found to be interesting alternatives in the production of soft PVC foams because they provided very good quality foams with properties similar to, or even better than, those obtained with phthalate plasticizers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

PVC树脂应用与发展现状

综述了国内外聚氯乙烯(PVC)树脂的市场供需状况及消费结构,分析了PVC树脂应用的发展趋势及新产品开发情况。为增强我国PVC工业的竞争能力提出建议：除了应重视通用PVC的产品质量外,大力开发各种高性能的专用树脂是当务之急,从而使PVC产品不断系列化、高性能化、专用化和产业化。     

氧化镁和氧化锌对PVC的热稳定作用研究

用HAAKE流变仪评价了氧化镁和氧化锌的热稳定作用。研究结果表明,氧化锌具有较好的初期稳定作用,但对长期热稳定反而不利;氧化镁的作用则相反。用不同规格的氧化镁和氧化锌的研究还表明,不同规格氧化镁主要影响PVC的初期色相,而不同规格氧化锌对初期和长期稳定性都有影响。最后,不同温度条件下的测试表明,采用这种稳定体系时,设备的温度不宜超过180℃。     

马来酸单酯稀土作为PVC热稳定剂的应用实验

研究了无毒马来酸单酯稀土稳定剂RETM－49的应用性能，通过比较实验 说明了RETM－49对PVC的热稳定性和抗冲击，拉伸性能均好于硬脂酸稀土。     

Thermal aging and accelerated weathering of PVC/MMT nanocomposites: Structural and morphological studies

This work focuses on the influence of weathering factors—UV radiation, humidity, and temperature on the structure and morphology of poly(vinyl chloride)/montmorillonite (PVC/MMT) nanocomposites obtained by melt blending. It has been observed that organically modified MMT (OMMT) deteriorates the weathering resistance, the thermal behavior, as well as the long‐term stability of PVC. Decomposition of the organic modifier of MMT causes substantial color changes in the PVC nanocomposites as it facilitates the dehydrochlorination process of the polymer. However, the nonmodified MMT provides some stabilization during PVC weathering. The nanocomposites after annealing are characterized by higher glass transition temperature. The increase in heat capacity step (Δc_p) during glass transition suggests that in the PVC composites with nonmodified MMT stronger molecular interactions between the polymer and clay platelets occur than in PVC/OMMT nanocomposites. The scanning electron microscopy images on the surface and the cross section show that thermal aging and weathering proceed by different mechanisms. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42090.     

PVC热稳定剂体系的设计

介绍了进行PVC热稳定剂体系设计必须了解的知识基础、基本规则和需要掌握的步骤、方法。因为对热不稳定,PVC加工时必须添加热稳定剂以抑制降解,但直到目前尚没有一种在技术、经济和卫生-环保性能上可满足各种PVC制品加工需要的通用热稳定剂,合理设计热稳定剂体系是PVC制品生产者必须面对的重要技术课题,也是其能否取得竞争优势的重要因素之一。     

PVC市场现状分析和前景预测

对近年来尤其是2003年国际以及国内聚氯乙烯(PVC)工业的产能和市场现状进行了分析，并对未来几年内全球以及国内的PVC市场前景进行了预测。近年来全球PVC市场供求格局变化不大，生产和需求均呈现稳步增长趋势，其中亚太地区增势显著。中国成为PVC生产和消费大国。随着需求的进一步增大，以及反倾销政策的实施，我国PVC工业呈现良好的发展势头，产能也将在近几年内大幅度提高。未来的几年内PVC工业的盈利和残酷竞争时期将同时到来。