2024铝合金喷丸试件疲劳寿命试验及仿真研究

现有的喷丸材料疲劳性能研究扩展有限元模型没有考虑残余应力对裂纹扩展的影响。对2024铝合金的喷丸与未喷丸试样进行三弯疲劳试验,以明确喷丸工艺对试件疲劳寿命的强化作用。通过ABAQUS建立试件的二维平面应力模型,导入残余应力并利用扩展有限元法模拟循环载荷下裂纹的萌生与扩展,对比试验结果来验证该扩展有限元数值模型的正确性。最后基于该数值模型,改变载荷工况,研究不同载荷工况下残余应力对疲劳寿命的影响,得到喷丸残余应力强化作用与载荷工况的关系。结果表明:喷丸引入的残余应力可以有效地增强试件的疲劳寿命;过大的循环载荷可能造成喷丸残余应力发生松弛;在最大载荷不变的前提下,应力比越小,试件疲劳寿命越短;应力比越大,残余应力对疲劳寿命强化效果越明显。     

喷丸处理对6151-T6铝合金旋转弯曲疲劳性能的影响

对经过电解抛光、喷丸处理和喷丸处理再抛光的三种6151-T6铝合金试样的表面粗糙度及喷丸处理后试样表面硬化层的硬度进行测试。对三种表面状态不同的铝合金材料进行旋转弯曲疲劳实验。研究喷丸处理试样表面残余应力随疲劳实验的变化情况,以及喷丸处理对该铝合金疲劳性能的影响。结果表明:喷丸处理对材料疲劳性能的影响与加载的压应力水平有关。当加载的压应力与表面残余压应力之和不超过材料表面硬化层的循环屈服强度时,硬化层中的残余压应力在疲劳过程中不发生应力松弛,疲劳寿命得到大幅度提高;反之,将发生应力松弛现象,疲劳寿命的提高程度受残余压应力松弛程度的影响。此外,喷丸处理造成的材料表面粗糙度的增加,在全应力幅范围,使材料的疲劳寿命略有降低。     

喷丸强化对2XXX铝合金疲劳寿命的影响

研究喷丸对2XXX铝合金拉-拉疲劳性能的影响。对未喷丸试样和喷丸强化试样的微观组织、显微硬度、残余应力和拉-拉疲劳性能进行对比分析。结果表明:喷丸处理后,试样的组织和微结构未发现明显变化,但其粗糙度、残余压应力和显微硬度有所提高,分别是未喷丸试样的6.25倍,3.85倍和1.12倍;拉-拉疲劳性能显著提高,其中值疲劳寿命是未喷丸的1.67倍。在99.9%存活率下,喷丸试样的安全寿命是未喷丸试样的1.45倍。且表面喷丸强化后疲劳裂纹源由多个变为一个。     

激光喷丸强化对半圆孔件疲劳寿命的影响

为研究激光喷丸强化对7075-T6铝合金半圆孔件疲劳寿命的影响,对激光喷丸与未喷丸的试样进行了对比试验,利用X射线应力仪测定其表面残余应力,并对试样进行疲劳拉伸试验.用扫描电镜观察了两类试样疲劳断口的形貌,并采用数理统计方法对其疲劳寿命进行分析.研究表明:经激光喷丸处理区域,表面存在较大的残余压应力,幅值为310 MPa;未喷丸试样疲劳裂纹条带的宽度为0.7~0.8μm,而喷丸试样疲劳裂纹条带的宽度为0.3~0.4μm,说明喷丸试样裂纹扩展的速度比未喷丸试样慢很多;激光喷丸后半圆孔件的疲劳寿命比未喷丸的疲劳寿命提高了2.8~7.2倍.     

喷丸强化对0Cr13Ni8Mo2Al钢疲劳性能的影响

研究了表面喷丸强化后表面残余应力,表面粗糙度和表面层残余应力场对0Cr13Ni8Mo2Al钢疲劳性能的影响,结果表明：0Cr13Ni8Mo2Al钢经喷丸强化后,在表面层残余应力场的作用下疲劳裂纹源由表面被“驱赶”到表面强化层下,疲劳寿命得到显著提高。     

7A65铝合金喷丸强化表面完整性及疲劳性能

目的 以7A65高强度铝合金为研究对象,研究喷丸强度、弹丸介质(铸钢丸和陶瓷丸)对靶材疲劳性能的影响规律。方法 利用扫描电镜、激光共聚焦显微镜、X射线衍射仪等仪器表征喷丸强化7A65铝合金表面完整性和疲劳失效断口,分析喷丸工艺参数与疲劳性能、断裂模式的相关性。结果 喷丸强化后铝合金表面粗糙化严重,表面粗糙度从初始0.622 μm增加至4.736 μm(铸钢丸、喷丸强度为0.22 mmA),并出现褶皱损伤;在相同喷丸强度下陶瓷丸喷丸表面粗糙度较低,无褶皱损伤。2种弹丸在金属表面引入的残余应力场基本相同,残余压应力层深约300 μm,最大残余压应力值为-480.6 MPa,其产生位置为距离表面75 μm处(喷丸强度为0.22 mmA)。铝合金疲劳性能对铸钢丸介质敏感性较高,当喷丸强度较低(0.11 mmA)时喷丸强化效果最佳,疲劳寿命是原始寿命的5倍多,疲劳源从表面转移至次表面(500 μm);当喷丸强度增至0.22 mmA时,裂纹源向表面靠近,疲劳寿命为原始寿命的2倍。铝合金疲劳性能对陶瓷丸介质敏感性较低,在喷丸强度为0.11～0.22 mmA时疲劳寿命较为稳定,在喷丸强度为0.11 m...     

喷丸强度对不同粗糙度表面超高强度钢疲劳性能的影响

不同方式加工的高强度钢零件具有不同的表面状态,对其采用相同的喷丸工艺是否合理尚不明确。对不同表面粗糙度23Co14Ni12Cr3Mo E超高强度钢作不同强度的喷丸强化。采用扫描电镜及白光干涉仪观察了喷丸试样的表面形貌,采用金相显微镜观察喷丸试样的表面组织,采用旋弯疲劳试验机测试了喷丸试样的疲劳性能,采用X射线衍射残余应力测试仪测试喷丸试样的残余应力。研究了喷丸强度对不同表面粗糙度超高强度钢的表面组织、形貌、残余应力场及疲劳性能的影响。结果表明:喷丸过程可以细化表面组织,引入残余压应力场,改变表面形貌特征,从而引起表面应力集中状况的改变,其改善效果与原始表面状态有关;对于初始表面粗糙度Ra≤0.4μm的表面,喷丸强化过程能有效提高材料的疲劳寿命,促使疲劳裂纹源内移;随表面粗糙度的提高,当应力集中状况过于严重时,表面组织细化和残余压应力对疲劳性能的提升作用会被抑制,喷丸工艺对疲劳寿命的提升效果大幅下降,疲劳裂纹源均位于表面。     

喷丸强化对OCr13Ni8Mo2Al钢疲劳性能的影响

研究了表面喷丸强化后表面残余应力、表面粗糙度和表面层残余压应力场对0Cr13Ni8Mo2Al钢疲劳性能的影响.结果表明:0Cr13Ni8Mo2Al钢经喷丸强化后,在表面层残余压应力场的作用下疲劳裂纹源由表面被"驱赶"到表面强化层下,疲劳寿命得到显著提高.     

超声深滚处理改善预腐蚀7A52-CZ铝合金疲劳性能机理

研究了超声深滚(UDR)处理对预腐蚀7A52-CZ铝合金疲劳性能的作用.7A52铝合金试样在剥蚀腐蚀溶液中浸泡不同时间后进行了超声深滚处理.分别对未腐蚀试样、腐蚀试样和腐蚀+UDR处理试样进行了疲劳试验,用XRD应力测试和扫描电镜等方法分析了UDR处理前后试样的残余应力和断口形貌,并对疲劳断口进行了分析.结果表明:UDR处理在铝合金中引入超过1mm深的残余压应力层,延长了7A52的预腐蚀疲劳寿命.对于腐蚀较轻的试样,UDR处理使裂纹源在表层下残余压应力和拉应力过渡区产生,延长了疲劳裂纹萌生寿命;对腐蚀较重试样,疲劳裂纹仍从晶间腐蚀处形核,但由于引入残余压应力及腐蚀裂纹的部分愈合效应,仍在很大程度上改善了7A52的预腐蚀疲劳寿命.     

喷砂处理对铝合金性能的影响

表面处理对改善铝合金的物理与力学性能起着至关重要的作用,表面处理方式的选择会对铝合金的性能产生重要的影响。本文借助POLYVAR金相显微镜、JSM-5600型电子显微镜、X射线衍射分析仪等先进测试手段对铝合金试样喷砂处理前后的表面粗糙度、表面微观形貌、表面残余应力及其分布进行了研究,结果表明,喷砂表面处理后,铝合金试样的表面粗糙度明显增加,表面分布的轧制裂纹基本消失,残余应力沿表面均匀分布。     

FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF Al2O3 SHORT FIBRE REINFORCED ALUMINIUM ALLOY

The room temperature fatigue strengths of A1-7Si-0.6Mg and A1-SSi-3Cu-1Mg composites randomly reinforced with A1₂O₃ short fibres were determined using a stress ratio of 0.1, a frequency of 50 Hz. The fatigue strength of the composites under these testing conditions can be expressed by a single curve-fitting equation. The effect of surface roughness on fatigue strength was also studied and the results show that these composites are not sensitive to surface roughness. The orthogonal growth of cracks is an important fatigue fracture mechanism in these composites. The residual strength decreased as the fatigue load increased.     

Axial fatigue of a gas-nitrided quenched and tempered AISI 4140 steel: effect of nitriding depth

Fatigue testing under fully reversed axial loading (R=?1) and zero‐to‐tension axial loading (R= 0) was carried out on AISI 4140 gas‐nitrided smooth specimens. Three different treatment durations were investigated in order to assess the effect of nitriding depth on fatigue strength in high cycle fatigue. Complete specimens characterization, i.e., hardness and residual stresses profiles (including measurement of stabilized residual stresses) as well as metallographic and fractographic observations, was achieved to analyse fatigue behaviour. Fatigue of the nitrided steel is a competition between a surface crack growing in a compressive residual stress field and an internal crack or ‘fish‐eye’ crack growing in vacuum. Fatigue life increases with nitriding depth until surface cracking is slow enough for failure to occur from an internal crack. Unlike bending, in axial fatigue ‘fish‐eye’ cracks can initiate anywhere in the core volume under uniform stress. In these conditions, axial fatigue performance is lower than that obtained under bending and nitriding depth may have no more influence. In order to interpret the results, special attention was given to the effects of compressive residual stresses on the surface short crack growth (closure effect) as well as the effects of internal defect size on internal fatigue lives. A superimposed tensile mean stress reduces the internal fatigue strength of nitrided steel more than the surface fatigue strength of the base metal. Both cracking mechanisms are not equally sensitive to mean stress.     

Changes in mechanical properties of vehicle components after strengthening under low-amplitude loads below the fatigue limit

Changes in the mechanical properties of vehicle components were investigated after strengthening under low-amplitude loads below the fatigue limit (SLAL). The strengths of vehicle components including fatigue strength, static strength and yield strength were significantly increased by SLAL. The surface hardness of the front axle, composed of a kind of low strength steel without heat treatment, was enhanced with increased strengthening and damaging. The change of surface hardness was reversed completely for the transmission gear, composed of a kind of high strength steel with surface heat treatment. The natural frequency of the transmission gear was appreciably increased by SLAL.     

High‐cycle fatigue and fracture behaviours of Cu‐Be alloy with a wide strength range

The high‐cycle fatigue and fracture behaviours of Cu‐Be alloy with tensile strength ranging from 500 to 1300 MPa acquired by different treatments were studied. Fatigue crack initiation, fracture surface morphologies, S‐N curves and fatigue strength show obvious differences due to the change of microstructure. At relatively low‐strength level, some fatigue cracks originated from defects; while at high‐strength level, all the fatigue cracks initiated from cleavage facets. It was found that the fatigue ratio increases linearly and fatigue strength changes quadratically with increasing tensile strength, only considering one strengthening mechanism. Finally, the fatigue strengths of various Cu‐Be alloys were summarized.     

拉-拉疲劳载荷下钛合金湿喷丸的残余应力松弛及再次喷丸工艺EI北大核心CSCD

采用湿法喷丸强化工艺(wet shot-peening)对TC4钛合金表面进行处理,研究高、低周的拉-拉疲劳过程中合金残余应力松弛规律,探讨再次喷丸工艺(re-shot-peening,RSP)对疲劳寿命的影响。结果表明:在拉应力载荷状态下,残余压应力依然发生松弛现象。疲劳载荷水平对喷丸TC4钛合金残余压应力场(CRSF)的松弛速率、松弛程度和松弛范围具有重要影响。高周疲劳(HCF)过程中残余应力松弛主要发生在近表层0~30μm,松弛速率较慢。低周疲劳(LCF)过程中残余应力松弛发生在0~80μm,范围更大,速率更快。RSP周期对于TC4钛合金的疲劳寿命也具有较大影响。在25%和50%初始喷丸疲劳寿命进行RSP处理会显著提高疲劳寿命,而在75%初始喷丸疲劳寿命处进行RSP处理对于疲劳寿命基本没有影响。此外,RSP的强化效果与疲劳载荷水平相关,对于高周疲劳寿命提高明显。     

Fatigue damage mechanisms and residual properties of graphite/epoxy laminates

Damage mechanisms and accumulation, and associated stiffness and residual strength reductions were studied in cross-ply graphite/epoxy laminates under cyclic tensile loading. Stress-life data were fitted by a two-parameter wearout model and by a second-degree polynomial on a log-log scale. The fatigue sensitivity is highest for the unidirectional laminates and it decreases for the crossply laminates with increasing number of contiguous 90° plies. Five different damage mechanisms were observed: transverse matrix cracking, dispersed longitudinal cracking, localized longitudinal cracking, delaminations along transverse cracks, and local delaminations at the intersection of longitudinal and transverse cracks. Failure patterns vary with cyclic stress level and number of cycles to failure. Under monotonie loading, failure is brittle-like and concentrated. At high stress amplitudes and short fatigue lives failure results from few localized flaws, whereas at lower stress amplitudes and longer fatigue lives failure results from more dispersed flaws. The residual modulus shows a sharp reduction initially, followed by a more gradual decrease up to failure. The residual strength showed a sharp reduction initially, followed by a plateau or even some increase in the middle part of the fatigue life, and a rapid decrease in the last part of the fatigue life. A tentative cumulative damage model is proposed based on residual strength and the concept of equal damage curves.     

FE‐Festwalzsimulation und Dauerfestigkeitsberechnung festgewalzter Bauteile mit Konzepten der Schwingbruchmechanik

FE‐Simulation of Fillet Rolling and Fatigue life Calculation based on Fracture Mechanics Concepts Fillet rolling is a method which significantly improves the fatigue strength of members. Residual stresses induced in the surface layer during the fillet rolling process are able to retard or prevent crack propagation. For fatigue strength prediction of fillet rolled notched members a fracture mechanics based concept is described. It consists of three parts: • Finite element simulation of the fillet rolling process to calculate the residual stresses • Simulation of residual stress redistribution due to cyclic load • Assessment of fatigue cracks starting from notch roots and propagating under compressive residual stresses by means of fracture mechanics.     

MB8镁合金高周疲劳实验研究

采用升降法对MB8镁合金室温高周疲劳行为进行实验研究。结果表明:利用升降法计算出MB8镁合金在应力比R=0.1,循环基数为107条件下的疲劳强度为90.2MPa,相当于其抗拉强度的34%左右;合金的疲劳裂纹萌生于试样表面,裂纹扩展区由小的平面状断面组成,没有明显的疲劳辉纹存在,合金疲劳断口呈现韧性断裂特征。     

Measurement and modelling of residual stress effects on cracks

Defects that form by mechanisms such as fatigue and stress corrosion cracking are influenced both by external loads on engineering structures and internal, residual stresses that are generated during the manufacture and operation. This paper describes a programme of experimental and analytical work on a high‐strength, low‐toughness aluminium alloy (AL2024‐T351) to assess the influence of residual stress on crack opening displacement (COD) and crack‐driving force (CDF) for a range of fatigue crack lengths in compact tension (CT) specimens containing a mechanically induced residual stress field. Comparison of experimentally measured and numerically predicted CODs, at the mid‐plane and surface of CT specimens, show generally good agreement for cracks introduced into the finite‐element model in a progressive, element‐by‐element manner. Cracks introduced in a simultaneous manner give larger than observed CODs. The CDFs for the progressively introduced crack are always smaller than for simultaneously introduced. These results have implications for the assessment of initiation for slowly growing cracks.     

Fatigue assessment of high‐frequency mechanical impact (HFMI)‐treated welded joints subjected to high mean stresses and spectrum loading

The fatigue strength of welded joints can be improved with various post‐weld treatment methods. High‐frequency mechanical impact treatment is a residual stress modification technique that creates compressive residual stresses at the weld toe. However, these beneficial residual stresses may relax under certain loading conditions. In this paper, previously published fatigue data for butt and fillet welded joints subjected to high stress ratios and variable amplitude cyclic stresses were evaluated in relation to the current International Institute of Welding (IIW) recommendations on fatigue strength improvement and a proposed IIW design guideline for high‐frequency mechanical impact‐treated welded joints. The evaluation showed that the current IIW recommendations resulted in both non‐conservative and overly conservative fatigue strength estimations depending on the applied stress level, whereas the proposed fatigue assessment guideline fitted the current data well.