基于语义单元的足球视频事件检测

A semantic unit based event detection scheme in soccer videos is proposed in this paper. The scheme can be characterized as a three-layer framework. At the lowest layer, low-level features including color, texture, edge, shape, and motion are extracted. High-level semantic events are defined at the highest layer. In order to connect low-level features and high-level semantics, we design and define some semantic units at the intermediate layer. A semantic unit is composed of a sequence of consecutives frames with the same cue that is deduced from low-level features. Based on semantic units, a Bayesian network is used to reason the probabilities of events. The experiments for shoot and card event detection in soccer videos show that the proposed method has an encouraging performance.     

HMM based soccer video event detection using enhanced mid-level semantic

Highlight detection is a fundamental step in semantics based video retrieval and personalized sports video browsing. In this paper, an effective hidden Markov models (HMMs) based soccer video event detection method based on a hierarchical video analysis framework is proposed. Soccer video shots are classified into four coarse mid-level semantics: global, median, close-up and audience. Global and local motion information is utilized for the refinement of coarse mid-level semantics. Sequential soccer video is segmented into event clips. Both the temporal transitions of the mid-level semantics and the overall features of an event clip are fused using HMMs to determine the type of event. Highlight detection performance of dynamic Bayesian networks (DBN), conditional random fields (CRF) and the proposed HMM based approach are compared. The average F-score of our highlights (including goal, shoot, foul and placed kick) detection approach is 82.92%, which outperforms that of DBN and CRF by 9.85% and 11.12% respectively. The effects of number of hidden states, overall features, and the refinement of mid-level semantics on the event detection performance are also discussed.     

一种网络环境中故障诊断与维修决策方法

本文将贝叶斯网络引入到大型网络故障管理系统中,从贝叶斯网络推理模型与故障诊断和维修决策问题的一致性出发,提出了基于故障假设、观测和维修操作节点结构的DBN模型,并详细阐述了模型的内涵和故障诊断知识构成要素     

Bayesian belief network based broadcast sports video indexing

This paper presents a probabilistic Bayesian belief network (BBN) method for automatic indexing of excitement clips of sports video sequences. The excitement clips from sports video sequences are extracted using audio features. The excitement clips are comprised of multiple subclips corresponding to the events such as replay, field-view, close-ups of players, close-ups of referees/umpires, spectators, players’ gathering. The events are detected and classified using a hierarchical classification scheme. The BBN based on observed events is used to assign semantic concept-labels to the excitement clips, such as goals, saves, and card in soccer video, wicket and hit in cricket video sequences. The BBN based indexing results are compared with our previously proposed event-association based approach and found BBN is better than the event-association based approach. The proposed scheme provides a generalizable method for linking low-level video features with high-level semantic concepts. The generic nature of the proposed approach in the sports domain is validated by demonstrating successful indexing of soccer and cricket video excitement clips. The proposed scheme offers a general approach to the automatic tagging of large scale multimedia content with rich semantics. The collection of labeled excitement clips provide a video summary for highlight browsing, video skimming, indexing and retrieval.     

A probabilistic framework for semantic video indexing, filtering,and retrieval

Semantic filtering and retrieval of multimedia content is crucial for efficient use of the multimedia data repositories. Video query by semantic keywords is one of the most difficult problems in multimedia data retrieval. The difficulty lies in the mapping between low-level video representation and high-level semantics. We therefore formulate the multimedia content access problem as a multimedia pattern recognition problem. We propose a probabilistic framework for semantic video indexing, which call support filtering and retrieval and facilitate efficient content-based access. To map low-level features to high-level semantics we propose probabilistic multimedia objects (multijects). Examples of multijects in movies include explosion, mountain, beach, outdoor, music etc. Semantic concepts in videos interact and to model this interaction explicitly, we propose a network of multijects (multinet). Using probabilistic models for six site multijects, rocks, sky, snow, water-body forestry/greenery and outdoor and using a Bayesian belief network as the multinet we demonstrate the application of this framework to semantic indexing. We demonstrate how detection performance can be significantly improved using the multinet to take interconceptual relationships into account. We also show how the multinet can fuse heterogeneous features to support detection based on inference and reasoning     

A new dynamic Bayesian network approach for determining effective connectivity from fMRI data

Two techniques based on the Bayesian network (BN), Gaussian Bayesian network and discrete dynamic Bayesian network (DBN), have recently been used to determine the effective connectivity from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data in an exploratory manner and to provide a new method for exploring the interactions among brain regions. However, Gaussian BN ignores the temporal relationships of interactions among brain regions, while discrete DBN loses a great deal of information by discretizing the data. To overcome these limitations, the current study proposes a new BN method based on Gaussian assumptions, termed Gaussian DBN, to capture the temporal characteristics of connectivity with less associated loss of information. A set of synthetic data were generated to measure the robustness of this method to noise, and the results were compared with discrete DBN. In addition, real fMRI data obtained from twelve normal subjects in the resting state was used to further demonstrate and validate the effectiveness of the Gaussian DBN method. The results demonstrated that the Gaussian DBN was more robust than discrete DBN and an improvement over BN.     

基于视觉注意模型和HMM的足球视频语义分析

HMM模型具有良好的适应性,可以自动学习,对预测随机时序数据性能良好。场景是足球视频的基本特征,场景的转换体现了足球视频的摄制、编辑模式,表现了足球视频的语义。提出了一种基于场景分析和HMM的视频语义分析框架,用于识别足球视频中的一些语义事件。为了克服以往基于主颜色和其他底层特征的视频场景分析中存在的较大误差,又提出基于视觉注意模型对足球视频中的场景进行分析。实验结果表明,基于场景分析和HMM的事件识别方法对足球视频中的任意球事件有良好的识别效果     

融合多特征的深度学习标注方法

缩小图像低层视觉特征与高层语义之间的鸿沟,以提高图像语义自动标注的精度,是研究大规模图像数据管理的关键。提出一种融合多特征的深度学习图像自动标注方法,将图像视觉特征以不同权重组合成词包,根据输入输出变量优化深度信念网络,完成大规模图像数据语义自动标注。在通用Corel图像数据集上的实验表明,融合多特征的深度学习图像自动标注方法,考虑图像不同特征的影响,提高了图像自动标注的精度。     

基于高层语义的视频检索研究

视频语义检索的研究是目前研究的热点之一。现有的视频检索系统技术多是基于底层特征的、非语义层次的检索。与人类思维中所能理解的高层语义概念相去甚远,这严重影响视频检索的实际效果。如何跨越底层特征和高层语义的鸿沟,用高层语义概念进行视频检索是当前研究的重点。通过对视频内容的语义理解、语义分析、语义提取的简要概述,试图构造一种视频语义检索模型。     

一种足球视频精彩事件检测方法

限于当前的技术水平,视频检索技术难以在底层特征与高层语义之间建立通用的视频分析模型。文中结合足球视频的领域知识,着重分析了一类特殊的语义事件——精彩事件,基于统计的方法提出了动态贝叶斯网络事件检测模型,以及相应的学习和推理算法。实验结果表明,该方法可有效地提取足球视频中的精彩语义事件,具有较高的查全率和查准率,较强的鲁棒性,是一种很有前景的视频语义事件检测方法;同时证明了,通过结合某一领域知识,底层特征与高层语义之间是可以建立起某种联系的。     

一种基于图像高层语义信息的图像检索方法

由于基于图像高层语义信息的图像检索与传统的图像特征匹配检索相比，在检索的准确性、结果相关性以及降低误检率等方面具有明显的优势，因此高效的图像检索方法应该充分利用图像蕴涵的高层语义信息。为了利用图像的高层语义信息来进行图像检索，在深入研究图像高层语义的低层特征描述的基础上，提出了图像语义的层次划分，并对每个高层语义层提出了语义抽取和检索算法。实验结果表明，该检索算法可以有效地对图像高层语义信息进行提取，并可作为新型高效图像检索系统的一个模型。     

A Bayesian network-based framework for semantic image understanding

Current research in content-based semantic image understanding is largely confined to exemplar-based approaches built on low-level feature extraction and classification. The ability to extract both low-level and semantic features and perform knowledge integration of different types of features is expected to raise semantic image understanding to a new level. Belief networks, or Bayesian networks (BN), have proven to be an effective knowledge representation and inference engine in artificial intelligence and expert systems research. Their effectiveness is due to the ability to explicitly integrate domain knowledge in the network structure and to reduce a joint probability distribution to conditional independence relationships. In this paper, we present a general-purpose knowledge integration framework that employs BN in integrating both low-level and semantic features. The efficacy of this framework is demonstrated via three applications involving semantic understanding of pictorial images. The first application aims at detecting main photographic subjects in an image, the second aims at selecting the most appealing image in an event, and the third aims at classifying images into indoor or outdoor scenes. With these diverse examples, we demonstrate that effective inference engines can be built within this powerful and flexible framework according to specific domain knowledge and available training data to solve inherently uncertain vision problems.     

基于SVM的图像低层特征与高层语义的关联

在基于内容的图像检索中，针对图像的低层可视特征与高层语义特征之间的鸿沟，提出了一种基于支持向量机（SVM）的语义关联方法。通过对图像低层特征的分析，提取了颜色和形状特征向量（221维），将它们作为支持向量机的输入向量，对图像类进行学习，建立图像低层特征与高层语义的关联，并应用于鸟类、花卉、海洋以及建筑物等几个典型的语义类别检索。实验结果表明，该方法可适应于不同用户的图像检索，并提高了检索性能。     

图像情感语义规则抽取的研究

针对图像视觉特征和情感语义之间的语义鸿沟,以图像纹理为低层特征,通过使用BP神经网络完成了图像低层特征到情感语义的映射;并在精度保持不变的前提下,对训练好的网络模型进行剪枝,最后通过神经网络规则抽取算法将隐含在神经网络模型中的知识转化为易于理解的IF-THEN规则形式。实验验证了方法的有效性和规则的可理解性。     

一种新的图像语义自动标注模型

根据图像低层特征和高级语义间的对应关系,自动进行图像语义标注是目前图像检索系统研究的热点。简要介绍了基于图像语义连接网络的图像检索框架,提出了一种基于该框架的图像自动标注模型。该模型通过积累用户反馈信息,学习并获得图像语义,从而进行自动的图像标注。图像语义及标注可以在与用户交互过程中得到实时更新。还提出了一种词义相关度分析的方法剔除冗余标注词,解决标注误传播的问题。通过在Corel图像集上的对比实验,验证了该方法的有效性。     

一种图像底层视觉特征到高层语义的映射方法

基于语义内容的图像检索已经成为解决图像底层特征与人类高层语义之间“语义鸿沟”的关键。根据图像语义检索的思想,提出了一种采用支持向量机(Support Machine Vector)实现图像底层视觉特征到高层语义的映射方法,并在此基础上针对特例库实现了图像的语义标注和检索。实验结果表明,该映射方法能较好地表达人的语义,以提高图像的检索效率。     

Learning Pseudo Metric for Intelligent Multimedia Data Classification and Retrieval

While people compare images using semantic concepts, computers compare images using low-level visual features that sometimes have little to do with these semantics. To reduce the gap between the high-level semantics of visual objects and the low-level features extracted from them, in this paper we develop a framework of learning pseudo metrics (LPM) using neural networks for semantic image classification and retrieval. Performance analysis and comparative studies, by experimenting on an image database, show that the LPM has potential application to multimedia information processing.