翅片结构参数显著性影响分析及最优化

建立百叶窗式热交换器空气侧三维稳态对流换热数学模型,对不同几何特征参数的百叶窗式翅片进行了流动和换热数值模拟,采用j因子、f因子和JF因子分别对传热效率、流动性能以及综合性能进行评价。研究发现,百叶窗翅片的几何特征参数中百叶窗角度θ、百叶窗间距Lp、翅片间距Fp、翅片厚度δ、对流动换热性能影响程度较大,选取这四个因素进行正交试验,得出翅片的最优结构参数。最优模型与基础模型相比,f因子降低了7.7%,j因子的值增幅为11.3%,JF综合评价因子的值增幅达到14.1%,表明优化后的翅片结构可以在压损增加较小的前提下有效的提升换热性能。     

微通道换热器非对称式百叶窗翅片性能研究

针对汽车热泵空调中最常用的传统对称式百叶窗翅片换热器存在的换热不均匀、风阻较高问题,本文提出6种非对称式百叶窗翅片结构.采用STAR-CCM+软件对非对称式百叶窗翅片结构进行数值模拟,研究对应的4种工况下的换热器内部温度场和压力场的变化特性,并计算得出各个翅片的传热因子j和阻力因子f曲线.研究结果表明:尽管新型非对称式...     

翅片管式换热器百叶窗结构参数优化

针对小管径(7 mm)翅片管式换热器建立数值仿真模型，分析百叶窗片数和百叶窗开窗角度对空气侧传热因子j和摩擦因子f的影响。选择一款符合设计需求的新型翅片(单个圆管附近6片百叶窗，28°开窗角度),并对样品进行试验验证。结果表明，在干工况下，采用新型翅片的翅片管式换热器的流动特性和传热特性与现有翅片管式换热器趋势一致，且摩擦因子仿真值相对于测试值的误差小于15%,传热因子误差小于20%。     

两种不同类型的光滑波纹翅片管换热器空气侧性能及关联式研究

本文对两种不同类型的光滑波纹翅片管换热器进行了空气侧换热及阻力性能的实验研究,分别以Colburn换热因子和Fanning摩擦因子表征空气侧换热及阻力特性,对比分析了翅片形式对光滑波纹翅片类型的空气侧性能影响,发现当雷诺数大于5 500时,两种换热器换热因子j相差6. 4%以上,摩擦因子f相差7. 8%;同时,验证了3种不同类型的换热实验关联式对光滑波纹翅片类型的预测情况,结果表明现有关联式预测偏差较大;运用多元线形回归方法拟合得到新的换热及阻力实验关联式,平均相对误差分别为1. 59%和6. 75%,误差分布均匀,预测精度明显高于现有关联式。     

空气冷却器空气侧百叶窗翅片强化传热性能研究

对跨临界CO2空调系统中空气冷却器空气侧的百叶窗翅片建立流固耦合的三维模型并进行数值模拟,结果表明传热和阻力特性与实验关联式吻合较好;开发新型弧形百叶窗翅片,并对不同窗翅角度和弧度的弧形百叶窗翅片进行数值分析,发现新型弧形百叶窗翅片的换热特性与压降特性较一般的百叶窗翅片都有增加,平均表面传热系数增加幅度高达9．47％,平均压降增加最大幅度为3．2％,可见新型弧形百叶窗翅片传热元件具有良好的综合传热性能。     

采用窗片的5 mm管换热器在湿工况下换热性能的实验研究

在湿工况下,对11个采用百叶窗翅片的5 mm管换热器进行了实验研究,并分析了翅片间距、进口空气相对湿度等因素对空气侧换热性能的影响。研究结果表明:换热量随翅片间距的增加而减小,且比7 mm管或更大管径换热器更明显;换热量受进口空气相对湿度的影响小;在翅片底部出现水桥,而在7 mm管或者更大管径换热器中不曾出现。根据实验数据开发了预测5 mm翅片管换热器换热性能的j因子关联式,误差在士20%以内。     

翅片管式换热器换热与压降特性的实验研究进展--关联式

概述目前国内外空调制冷行业中的普遍采用的几种不同翅片类型(平直翅片、波纹形、条缝形翅片、百叶窗形翅片)的换热及压降实验关联式及其影响因素，并对翅片的性能评价指标进行了介绍。正确地选用实验关联式及性能指标，将对翅片管式换热器的优化设计及其制造提供可靠的依据。     

微通道冷凝器空气侧性能的实验研究

对13个微通道冷凝器空气侧性能进行实验研究,分析空气侧换热系数和压降与迎面空气流速、翅片片距、百叶窗翅片开窗数、扁管宽度及扁管高度之间的关系,并将实验值与3个不同的百叶窗翅片换热及压降关联式的预测值进行比较。结果表明：翅片片距和扁管宽度对空气侧性能影响较大,3个关联式中Kim—Bullard关联式预测偏差相对最小,换热系数的预测偏差在0～-30％以内,摩擦系数的偏差在±20％偏差范围内。最后基于已有实验数据,对KimBullard关联式进行重新拟合。     

圆孔和半圆孔交叉翅片管的传热与流阻性能研究

本文提出一类可用于结霜和灰尘较多场合的新型翅片——圆孔和半圆孔交叉翅片。为了考察这类翅片的性能特征,对9种不同几何参数的单排肋管式换热器样件在吸风式直流热风洞内进行了实验。这些几何参数包括圆孔、半圆孔的直径和位置。通过多元线性回归法将实验数据整理为以雷诺数和换热器几何参数为自变量的j和f关联式。结果表明开孔参数对换热性能有明显影响,而对阻力影响不显著。与平片相比,样片3的平均当量换热系数提高18.3％,节约金属耗材12％。     

平行流冷凝器百叶窗翅片结构优化

建立平行流冷凝器百叶窗翅片的三维流动和换热模型,并对不同迎面风速下百叶窗翅片的流动和换热性能进行数值模拟,计算结果与试验结果具有较好的一致性,验证计算模型和方法的正确性。在此基础上,建立8种结构形式的百叶窗翅片模型,并对其空气侧的换热和流动过程进行仿真,分析结构形式和排列方式对百叶窗翅片换热量和空气阻力的影响,结果表明:增加开窗区域数能够有效提高翅片的换热性能,增加百叶窗的转向区数目能够有效降低进出口的压降。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from