一种适用于海缆混合线路的新型故障定位系统

海底电缆线路铺设复杂,当线路出现故障时,很难定位故障的准确位置,电力线路故障点的快速定位是加快电力线路修复、减少停电时间的关键。在分析架空线和海缆故障特征的基础上,提出一种适用于海缆混合线路的故障定位系统。该系统通过故障区段定位装置就地采集海缆两侧的电流,就地进行故障区段定位,并将区段定位的结果通过光纤发送给线路两侧的保护装置。当判断出故障在电缆上时,立即闭锁线路两侧保护装置的重合闸功能。保护装置集成了行波测距模块,在收到区段定位信号的基础上进行适用于混合线路的双端行波测距。大量的仿真测试表明,提出的适用于混合线路的故障定位系统能够实现对混合线路的故障区段精准定位,使混合线路的自适应重合闸应用成为可能;在区段精准定位的基础上能够对混合线路的故障点进行精确定位,可以缩短停电时间,提高供电的可靠性。     

基于光纤时间同步的双端行波故障测距方法

针对传统双端行波测距技术中线路双端时钟需精确对时的问题,将双端行波测距方法与光纤通信技术相结合,提出了一种基于光纤时间同步的双端行波故障测距新方法。该方法首先利用小波模极大值理论检测故障初始行波到达线路两端的时刻和极性,并根据极性判断故障线路;然后,在故障初始行波到达线路两端后,经光纤通道分别向对端发射脉冲信号,利用相关算法自动检测脉冲信号到达对端的时刻,并根据光纤通道传输时延确定故障初始行波到达线路两端的绝对时刻;最后根据双端测距方法确定故障距离。仿真结果验证了该方法的可行性。研究成果具有较高的工程应用价值。     

架空线—电缆混合线路分布式故障测距方法

针对架空线—电缆混合线路的故障测距问题,提出了一种分布式故障测距方法,在混合线路各连接点及母线处安装三相故障电流检测装置,根据检测到的故障电流极性判断故障支路,再根据故障支路两端检测到故障电流行波的时间进行初步定位并进一步修正。该方法可在线计算出行波波速,并可分析出离故障点较近的检测点所检测到的第二个故障行波的来源。PSCAD仿真验证结果表明,该方法不受过渡电阻、故障类型等因素的影响,误差一般在100 m以内。     

一种电力电缆故障精确定位新算法

在电力电缆发生故障后,为提高电力电缆故障测距精度采用双端法进行故障标定,双端法故障测距影响电缆故障精度的主要因素有行波在电缆中传输的波速和行波到达监测设备的时间差,由于不同频率的信号分量传播速度不同,采用固定的经验速度进行定位必然会造成定位误差,在波速选定时采用了中心频谱法进行波速确定,针对不同型号电缆选取不同的波速,...     

珠海220 kV高压XLPE电缆故障行波 测距方法研究

研究了高压XLPE电缆故障行波测距方法,对于快速定位故障具有重要意义。将小波变换应用于行波测距的算法中去,由于其模极大值能够准确地反映初始行波的极性和到达时间,该方法利用初始电压行波和电流行波的极性方向来判断线路是否发生故障,它不受后续折反射波的影响,特征明确。利用EMTP软件对模型进行仿真,对仿真后的结果采用小波变换进行分析,能比较准确地判断线路是否发生故障。对珠海环琴线、望环线的电缆线路进行了模拟故障的行波测距实验。结果表明,采用小波算法有效提高了测距的精度。     

基于多端故障信息的配电架空线故障定位方法

针对多分支结构的配电架空线路故障定位困难的问题,依照分层开展、逐步锁定故障位置的定位策略,提出一套基于多端故障信息的配电线路故障定位新方法。首先分析故障初始行波到达线路不同末端的时差关系,归纳出其与故障位置间的内在联系,提出基于位置观测矩阵的架空线故障区域判定方法;然后从T型架空线结构入手,研究故障初测速度与实际波速度间大小关系所指示的故障区段特征,并提出基于波速度比较的架空线故障选段方法;最后进行双端行波测距,确定具体故障位置。PSCAD仿真结果证明,该套定位方法仅通过对多端初始行波时差的处理分析,即可获取较为准确的故障位置信息,方便有效。为配电架空线路故障定位提供了一种新方法。     

送端不对称和受端对称四回线构成的混合线路故障测距新方法

针对送端不对称和受端对称的同杆四回线构成的混合四回线线路故障测距问题,提出等效的同杆四回线线路模型,基于故障点的相阻抗和故障距离成正比的关系,利用实测同步双端电气量构造双端故障测距算法,从原理上消除了测距算法易受过渡电阻影响的问题。大量的PSCAD/EMTDC仿真结果表明,该测距方法的测距精度不受故障回路选择和过渡电阻等因素影响,验证了该方法的可行性和精确性,为混合线路故障测距提供了一种新方法。     

基于VMD-后向预测prony的直流混合线路故障测距方法

直流线路采用架空线和电缆混合的拓扑结构时,会造成频谱混叠,影响固有频率主频的提取,故障距离和固有频率的关系也变得复杂。针对这一问题,提出一种基于VMD-后向预测prony来确定固有频率的直流混合线路故障测距方法。首先,通过VMD算法分解得到多个IMF分量;其次,选取暂态信息丰富的IMF分量,采用后向预测prony算法确定固有频率主成分对应的频率值,以确定故障区段;最后,根据对应区段线路的故障距离和固有频率的关系式计算故障距离,实现测距。仿真结果表明,该方法频率提取精度高,在保留固有频率法耐过渡电阻能力强的特点的同时,提高了故障测距精度。     

基于行波特征频率的配电网混合线路故障定位方法

为了避免架空线-电缆混合线路故障定位中波速折算和波头提取的问题,提出了基于行波特征频率和粒子群优化小波神经网络的故障定位方法。利用故障点暂态行波的路径特征频率与故障位置一一对应这一特点,采用小波多分辨率分析提取行波特征频率信息,构建小波神经网络拟合暂态行波各频段能量百分比与故障位置的关系,并用粒子群算法优化小波神经网络,从而提高了收敛速度和定位精度。仿真结果表明,该方法在复杂混合线路中有较高的故障定位精度,且基本不受故障类型、故障初始相角和过渡电阻的影响。     

基于非接触式行波采集的分布式高压直流故障测距方法

为提高高压直流输电线路故障测距的精度和供电可靠性,提出一种基于非接触式行波采集的分布式高压直流高阻故障测距方法。该方法采用分布式安装方式,基于空间电压、电流行波电磁场的宽频带检测技术,采用宽频带电磁场传感器实现对暂态行波信号的无失真采集;研究了动态自适应波速算法,利用行波采集终端分布式安装的特点,通过在线测量不同线路区段的实时故障波速,对故障段的行波波速进行矫正计算,避免了波速误差对测距结果的影响,有效提高了测距精度。分布式行波采集终端不需要安装在输电线路上,避免了设备安装和维护导致的停电。仿真及现场试验验证了方法的有效性和实用价值。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.