水库水沙多目标联合优化调度研究

针对水库运行中蓄水与排沙的矛盾,兼顾水库防洪、发电、航运及长期利用的综合运用目标,利用多目标决策方法建立了水库水沙多目标联合优化调度模型,即汛期采用分级流量原则控制水位运行,制定分级流量与对应的运行水位,通过水库发电调度与泥沙冲淤计算的耦合,计算在约束条件下水库的发电量、泥沙淤积量及长期综合效益。将该模型应用于三峡水库综合运行研究中,汛期按分级流量原则控制水位运行50年。计算结果表明,与原设计水位运行方式相比,汛期分级流量运行的综合效益增加6.324%、发电量增加5559%、泥沙淤积量仅增加0.148%,可见水沙联合调度的汛期分级流量运行方式能充分发挥三峡水库的综合效益。     

潘口水库蓄水运行对黄龙滩水电厂中长期发电调度的影响

堵河中下游的潘口水库正常蓄水运行后,将会对下游的黄龙滩水电厂发电调度产生较大影响。在潘口水库调度方式确定的情况下,利用有、无对比法,采用调度图和离散微分动态规划算法,研究了潘口水库正常蓄水运行后在丰、平、枯三个典型年对黄龙滩水电厂中长期发电调度的影响。结果表明,潘口水库的调蓄可明显提高平水年黄龙滩水电厂的发电量,降低其年发电耗水率;对于丰水年和枯水年,潘口水库调度期期初水位高于345 m时也可在一定程度上提高其发电效益;在潘口水库调度期期初水位低于345 m时,黄龙滩水电厂宜采用优化调度方式,并尽量提高其期初水位至245 m以上。     

洪水调度关键期提高碧流河水库防洪能力的方法

基于预报信息的可利用性分析,研究了洪水调度关键期利用可回充水量进行预泄以降低设计汛限水位的方法,该方法利用降雨与退水预报信息计算回充水量,依据回充水量预泄,合理地设计降低设计汛限水位。碧流河水库2012年50年一遇洪水调度过程表明,应用该方法洪水调度关键期设计汛限水位降低0.39m,调洪最高水位降低0.24m,最大泄量减少了190m3/s;同时调洪末水位仍能达到主汛期末允许控制水位68.8m,既提高了该水库防洪能力,又保证了后期兴利效益,亦为其他水库防洪调度提供了借鉴。     

官地水库汛期发电优化调度方案研究

为增加水库的多年平均发电量,以官地水库为例,利用电站特征水位、库区回水和移民成果、下游河道防洪现状及洪水预报情况,拟定了根据洪水预报流量确定汛期运行水位的分级预报预泄方案,根据预泄能力约束将汛期运行水位控制在一定范围,在预报流量较大时将水位逐级预降下来,在预报流量较小时将水位逐级回蓄上去。实例应用结果表明,利用汛期发电优化调度方案进行调度后,多年平均发电量由118.7×108kW·h增加为127.6×108kW·h,兴利效益明显,且在一定范围内洪水预见期越长,优化调度方案的发电量越大,但当洪水预见期增加到10h后,库区淹没和电站下游防洪安全会制约发电量的增加。     

基于设计洪水过程线法的百色水库汛限水位动态控制

为提高百色水库对洪水的调节作用和洪水资源化利用效益,对百色水库进行分期汛限水位动态控制。先对百色水库进行汛期分期,计算各分期设计洪水;然后,采用老口水库与百色水库洪水同频、区间洪水按实际典型组成分配及老口水库与区间洪水同频、百色水库洪水按实际典型组成分配两种工况,分析了主汛期、汛末期南宁市洪水地区组成;最后,针对百色水库主汛期和汛末期不同汛限水位,对百色、老口水库进行联合洪水调度,得到百色水库主汛期汛限水位调整域为214~215 m;汛末期汛限水位调整域为214~223 m。由此可知,对百色水库进行汛限水位动态控制可提高洪水资源化利用效益。     

柘林水电站设计洪水复核研究

在气候变化和人类活动的双重作用下,各种极端洪水和干旱事件频发,重新分析确定已建水库的设计洪水对保障水库安全、充分发挥水库效益有极其重要的作用.以柘林水库为例,深入分析了历史洪水资料、频率计算、洪水调度及合理性论证,并校核了水库原设计值,为进一步研究提高水库汛限水位的可行性提供了理论基础,具有重要的现实意义和应用价值.     

溪洛渡、向家坝水库配合三峡水库对城陵矶防洪调度优化研究

长江流域发生流域性或中游区域性洪水时,城陵矶地区防洪形势严峻。为缓解防洪压力,提出了溪洛渡、向家坝水库配合三峡水库对城陵矶防洪补偿控制水位优化方法,并模拟计算了多个防洪补偿控制水位方案。考虑三峡水库对城陵矶地区按不超警戒水位、不超保证水位的两种防洪调度目标,提出了基于两种调度目标转换临界水位(调度目标转换水位)的防洪调度优化方法,通过调度模拟试验定量分析了不同调度目标转换水位对城陵矶地区防洪补偿调度的影响。结果表明,在不影响下游荆江河段防洪标准和不增加三峡库区淹没风险的前提下,三峡水库对城陵矶防洪补偿控制水位可由单库运用下的155 m提升至联合调度运用下的158 m;在上游溪洛渡、向家坝水库的配合下,调度目标转换水位可设置为150 m,从而减小中游地区应对中小洪水的防洪压力。     

基于分时电价的多年调节水库年末消落水位研究

针对梯级水库中多年调节水库年末消落水位优选问题,结合分时电价下梯级水库中长期发电优化调度的特点,建立了分时电价下多年调节水库年末消落水位优选模型,并应用协同进化遗传算法对模型进行了求解.乌江梯级水库实例计算结果表明,该模型与求解方法可靠、合理,为分时电价下梯级水库发电优化调度提供了理论计算依据.     

云峰水库防洪预报调度研究

针对云峰水库无防洪库容与下游防洪需求之间的矛盾,以防御常规洪水及100年一遇以下设计洪水为目标,基于现有的洪水预报方案,采用分步试算的调洪计算方法,将预报累积净雨、库水位及入库流量作为改变水库出流的判别指标,研究制定了云峰水库预报调度方案。结果表明,采用预报调度方案指导水库防洪调度能有效提高下游防洪能力,水库可在短时间内完成预泄,并有充足的退水余量确保水库回蓄,对水库兴利影响甚小,调度方案合理可行。分步试算的调洪计算方法能适应复杂的调度规则,有效解决了水位出流关系在控制水位处存在跳跃间断点的问题。     

水库长期发电优化调度的不确定性分析

为了解水库调度中不确定因素对水库长期发电优化调度的影响,以三峡水库为例,根据确定性系数与预报误差的关系对入库径流过程进行随机模拟,应用三角分布和正态分布描述水力不确定性的影响,不同时期选取不同的调度起调水位,运用动态规划法进行水库发电优化调度,将其结果与优化调度和常规调度结果进行比较,得出入库径流的预报误差、出库泄流能力和起调水位的变化等三个不确定性因素对水库长期优化调度的影响较大,而水位库容曲线的不确定性对结果的影响较小。并以确定性系数0.9、变异系数0.1和起调水位145m为例,综合考虑了各项不确定性因素对三峡水库长期发电优化调度的影响。结果表明,多年平均发电量减少0.94×108kW·h,这与三峡水库实际运行情况相符合。     

小型锅炉烟尘测试时锅炉出力的计算

锅炉烟尘测试时,必须对锅炉出力进行测试。但监测中,许多小型锅炉往往不具备相关的计量装置和仪表,为解决这一问题,文章提出了用烟气量和空气过剩系数来计算锅炉的出力的公式,在实际使用中,该方法简单易行,其结果和实测值具有很好的一致怀。     

Unerroric of control of mutual compliance of the efficiency of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles in the conditions of mass production

The issues related to the reliability of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles and increasing the efficiency of using hydrogen as fuel when using the method of its production during the decomposition of hydrogen-containing molecules of liquid-phase organic compounds in a plasma discharge under the action of intense ultrasonic exposure are considered. Experiments have shown that as a result of decomposition in the acoustoplasma discharge of liquid hydrocarbons, solid-phase carbon-containing products are formed, chemical transformations occur in the liquid phase and hydrogen-containing combustible gas is formed. Hydrogen-containing gas can be used as fuel immediately after synthesis, i.e. it does not require separation, since in addition to hydrogen it contains only impurities of CO₂ and water vapor. The purpose of the study is to formalize the basic conditions for tightening the control of mutual compliance with the efficiency of hydrogen engines of the same series in the conditions of their mass production. Methods of mathematical statistics and hardware-software modeling were used in the study. The term “unerroric of quality mutual compliance control” is introduced to describe a set of hardware and software tools for such control. The principle of in-depth testing of the technical condition of such engines of one series is described in a multidimensional formulation of the quality control problem for three of their operating parameters at once. The conditions for increasing the mutual correspondence of the measured values of such parameters in the conditions of serial production of hydrogen engines are formalized.     

中国煤炭地下气化技术的发展

本文综述了煤炭地下汽化技术的国内外发展现状,对我国“长通道、大断面”煤炭地下气化新工艺给予了技术经济评述,并提出了发展煤炭地下汽化技术的政策建议。     

Review of theory of distortion and disintegration of liquid streams

Linear and nonlinear analyses of the instabilities and distortion of liquid streams injected into a gaseous media are discussed. The various fundamental mechanisms and the predictive capabilities for the distortions are emphasized. Round jets, planar sheets, annular sheets, and conical sheets are discussed in detail. The balance between capillary and inertial forces is primarily examined. The method for simplifying the analyses in the case of thin liquid sheets is discussed. The capabilities for representing the droplet size distribution that follows the stream disintegration are outlined.     

MgO膨胀剂细度对MgO水化和水泥浆体膨胀的影响

基于《水工混凝土掺用氧化镁技术规范》中的Ⅰ型氧化镁（MgO）,研究了该型MgO膨胀剂（MEA）细度对掺粉煤灰水泥浆体膨胀性能的影响。即采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)及同步热分析（TG DSC）分析了掺MEA水泥浆体中MgO的水化性。结果表明,养护温度相同时,MEA的细度对水泥浆体内MEA中MgO的水化和水泥浆体的膨胀无显著影响,产生的膨胀均能补偿水泥浆体的收缩;MEA的细度可从试验设计采用的45 μm筛筛余15%左右增加到30%左右,这将有利于MEA生产企业的节能降耗。     

机车车轮多轴疲劳强度安全评定的研究

使用ANSYS8.0软件对高速列车车轮进行了三维有限元分析,计算出车轮在直线、曲线和道岔条件下牵引、制动共6种工况时孔边薄弱部位的应力,分别通过Mises等效平均应力方法、Sines平均主应力方法和应力分量中考虑平均应力方法计算出应力在极值位置时的等效应力幅、等效平均应力,从而进一步算出车轮的安全系数,对其疲劳强度进行评定,并对3种方法进行了比较研究。     

Constructal optimization of the geometry of an array of micro-channels

This paper documents the geometric optimization of an array of circular and non-circular ducts. The optimization was carried out numerically using finite volume method. As optimal dimensions were independent of the array configuration, the numerical simulation was performed on a unit cell. Numerical optimization for circular, square and isosceles right triangle cross-sections of channels was performed. Based on the results of this investigation, some correlations were proposed to predict the optimal hydraulic diameter and dimensionless heat transfer per unit volume. In addition to examining the effect of pressure drop on these parameters, it was showed that among the different geometries of this study, square cross-section has the most efficiency for a given volume. The numerical results of the present study were compared with approximate results reported in the literature which a good agreement was observed.     

固体热辐射Yong性能分析

本文对漫灰均温物体在常物性条件下对外辐射传热的Ｙｏｎｇ值计算建立了数学模型。通过与物体内能Ｙｏｎｇ公式的数值计算比较,得出了辐射能量的Ｙｏｎｇ值不大于内能Ｙｏｎｇ值的结论。从初步的热射Ｙｏｎｇ值计算公式发现。Ｙｏｎｇ与物体表面辐射率有关。     

Measurements of concentration distribution of hydrogen jet using deflection of center of the laser spot

The main purpose of this work is to propose a new method to evaluate the concentration distribution of the hydrogen jet by using a He–Ne laser through the jet. This research attempts to apply the expression of concentration Gaussian distribution, the refraction formula of inhomogeneous refractive index medium, and the concentration inversion function to disclose the displacement of the center of the laser spot at different heights in the gas jet. The spot images of the laser beam passing through the gas jet at three vertical heights z = 10d, 20d, 30d, and different radial positions are obtained. The radial spatial asymmetry of the gas jet is also found in the experiment. Finally, the calculated concentration distribution curve and the fluent simulation curve, it is found that the two results are very similar. Our findings show that the error between the concentration distribution of this method and the simulated concentration distribution reaches 2.43%.     

Heat of vaporization of mixtures

General expressions for the heat of vaporization of mixtures at constant pressure; at constant temperature; and at constant pressure, temperature, and composition are proposed. The last one is related to the liquid-vapor interface where steady vaporization or condensation is taking place. Numerical examples by the proposed expressions are shown for binary mixtures of HCFC22(R22) and (HCFC123(R123) © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 25(1): 12–24, 1996