近58年大汶河流域降水量演变特征分析

为进一步系统识别气候变化背景下大汶河流域降水量演变特征,基于大汶河流域32个雨量站1956~2013年逐日降水资料,分析了大汶河流域降水量年内分配与年际变化特征及趋势性、随机性、突变性、周期性的变化规律。结果表明,大汶河流域降水量年内分配不均,连续最大四个月均出现在6~9月,所占比例超过70%;年际变化较大,各分区多年平均降水量极值比分布在3.71~5.26之间;降水量呈现不显著下降趋势;降水序列并非完全独立,表现为正持续性;降水量在1964年发生不显著突变,降水量变化周期以14年为主。     

上海城区雨岛效应及其变化趋势分析

选用1959~2007年上海市龙华站降水、气温资料及青浦、嘉定降水资料,运用累积曲线、距平统计和相对偏差对比等方法对上海地区降水量进行统计分析,并对上海市城区、郊区降水的时空特征进行对比。结果表明,上海城市气温和降水变化基本一致,城区、郊区降水存在显著差异,雨岛效应主要集中于5~10月汛期,21世纪城区、郊区降水差距有减小趋势。     

辽宁省年最大24h降水时空特征

为分析辽宁省最大24h降水时空特征,选取辽宁省46个雨量站1964~2013年的年最大24h降水量资料,利用EOF和REOF方法分析了辽宁省年最大24h降水量空间分布和时间变化。结果表明,辽宁省年最大24h降水量多年均值由东南部向西北部递减,总体呈带状分布,最大24h降水量的历史极值也大体由东南向西北递减;最大24h降水量在全省一致偏多或偏少,不同区域反向变化;辽宁省8个分区的最大24h降水量变化过程无相关性,区域特征明显。     

莆田市1956~2012年降水量及径流变化分析

基于莆田市1956~2012年降水及径流资料,采用ARCGIS空间分析、线性倾向估计、滑动平均、累计距平、Mann-Kendall突变检验法及小波分析,对莆田市降水及径流变化特征进行了全面分析。结果表明,该地区降水空间分布不均,整体呈西北山区向东南沿海递减,年降水量整体呈增长趋势,但变化不显著,气候倾向率为13.5mm/10a,降水突变点为1961、1996年,存在25、20、8年周期变化;径流深地带分布趋势与降水量分布相似,多年平均径流深呈上升趋势,但不显著,变化倾向率为17.3mm/10a,突变点为1989年,存在20、25、12年周期性变化。     

济南市南部山区雨洪特性分析

济南市南部山区多年平均降水量为648mm,雨水资源丰富。采用皮尔逊Ⅲ型曲线法建立降雨频率模型,模拟南部山区降雨量与频率之间的关系,模型中理论频率曲线和实际情况拟合较好,误差在±10%以内。年降雨量在640mm以上的频率是50%,雨水利用潜力巨大。对济南市南部山区降雨特性及雨水利用进行研究有很重要的理论和经济意义。     

淮河流域近58年降水特征分析

为了更明确、具体地了解淮河流域降水的时空分布特征,基于1959～2016年淮河流域170个高密度站点逐日降水资料,采用Spearman秩次相关和对趋势分析较准确的成对斜率回归中值等统计方法,分析了流域不同级别降水的降水量、降水日数和降水强度等指标的时空分布特征。结果表明,淮河流域年降水南北差异较显著,由西北向东南递增,年降水量和降水日数最大的地区均位于流域最南部大别山地区,其值为最小值的2倍左右;平均日降水强度及年暴雨量和暴雨日数的分布相似,东部沿海地区和西南部山区为大值区,西北部海拔流域最高的地区为最小值分布区,在流域中部由西北向东南方向逐渐增多;平均暴雨强度的一个大值区位于流域中部偏西的河南驻马店地区,淮河流域极端强降水的发生地也集中在此地周围;流域整体年降水量有轻微下降趋势,降水日数明显减少(东北部地区尤其显著,干旱风险增加),导致平均日降水强度显著增加。这主要是由10mm以下的小雨尤其是0.1～1mm的微量降水的频数显著减少导致的,而50mm以上的暴雨各指标在流域整体上均无显著的变化趋势;流域春秋两季降水量呈减少趋势,夏冬两季降水量呈增加趋势,属于春秋变干、冬夏变湿的地区。     

辽西北地区45年来年降水量时空分布特征

辽西北地区是辽宁省的重点旱区。选择该地区39个雨量站1966~2010年共45年的年降水资料,利用EOF分解和小波分析方法,研究了该地区降水的时空特征。结果表明,辽西北年降水量由东南向西北递减;45年来全区平均年降水量无显著增加或减小趋势,主要表现为丰枯周期变化;EOF分解的前三个特征向量累积方差达到74.9%,代表的空间变化型分别为全区降水一致型、东南与西北相反型、东部与西部相反型;第一特征向量时间系数随年份的变化与降水距平的年际变化极为相似,存在明显的17、9、4年周期;第二特征向量时间系数存在29~33、12年周期;第三特征向量时间系数存在29~33、6~7年的周期变化。     

1960~2013年云南省降水时空变化特征分析

鉴于分析云南省降水时空变化特征对该地区旱涝灾害预警和水文模型研究具有重要意义,基于云南省29个气象站点1960~2013年的逐日降水资料,采用滑动平均、线性倾向估计、Mann Kendall突变检验、滑动t检验和普通克里格插值等方法分析了该地区降水变化特征、降水变化趋势及空间分布情况。结果表明,年际降水量以7.7 mm/10a的幅度逐渐减少,在2008年发生突变;空间分布不均,整体由东北向西南呈带状递增分布,并形成2个孤岛状的降水集中区。夏、秋、冬三季降水量均逐渐减少,春季增加;季突变时间存在差异性;夏、秋两季空间分布情况与年际类似,春季自南向北逐渐减少,冬季自中部分别向东南和西北呈带状递增分布,同时还具有自南向北呈带状递减分布的特征。     

安徽省近60年台风降水特征分析

基于中国水情年报和安徽省15个降水观测站1957～2016年台风期间降水资料,分析台风登陆中国后7d内在观测站形成的日降水大于或等于5mm的降水事件,提取了各站、各区域年台风降水量、次数等台风降水特征,分析了安徽省台风降水特征的时空分布规律。结果表明,台风降水量年际、年代际差异显著,安徽省多年平均年台风降水量为165mm;江南、江淮和淮北三个区域多年平均年台风降水量分别为216、154、137mm,具有从南到北递减规律;15个降水观测站多年平均年台风降水量为125～347mm,平均年台风降水发生3.2～4.7次;安徽省7～9月台风降水量为128mm,占年台风降水量的78%;安徽省台风降水量具有山区多平原少,迎风坡多背风坡少的特征。     

基于TFPW-MK法的太湖流域湖西区降水时空变化分析

基于太湖流域湖西区13个雨量站近50年(1964~2013年)逐日降水量资料,采用TFPW-MK法分析该地区降水时空变化规律。结果表明,湖西山丘区年平均降水量为1 469mm,平原区为1 397mm;湖西山丘区汛期(5~9月)平均降水量高于平原区,分别为975、732mm;湖西区近50年各序列存在不同程度的自相关性,降水呈显著上升趋势(Z=1.36),其中湖西平原区降水呈极显著上升趋势(Z=1.66);湖西区汛期平均降水量占全年平均降水量的66%,汛期降水空间分布与全年降水空间分布基本吻合,均呈自西南向东北递减趋势;但湖西区近50年来全年与汛期平均降水量变化趋势并不完全一致,如东部小河新闸、宜兴、大浦口全年降水趋势为不显著减少,汛期降水趋势则为不显著增加;西南部茅东闸、平桥全年降水趋势为不显著增加,汛期降水趋势则为不显著减少。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.