滨海盐土中典型供水管材的腐蚀规律

为了获得滨海土壤中球墨铸铁、灰口铸铁和碳钢3种常见供水管材料的腐蚀规律,将试片埋在现场,采用多项指标综合评价法作评价。结果显示:3种管材在滨海土壤中主要发生局部腐蚀;土壤中的Cl-含量越高,腐蚀速率越高;夏季的腐蚀速率明显高于冬季,试片表面的腐蚀产物层初期会促进腐蚀,随后有保护作用且逐渐增强;3种管材的腐蚀产物主要为铁的氧化物、羟基氧化物和羟基氯化物,高Cl-环境下生成的β-Fe OOH和铁的羟基氯化物对3种管材的腐蚀均有促进作用。     

超级13Cr油管钢在不同浓度Cl-介质中的腐蚀行为

采用全浸腐蚀实验方法,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、失重法、极化曲线等分析手段,对超级13Cr油管钢在不同浓度(5%,15%,25%,35%,质量分数)的NaCl溶液中的腐蚀速率、腐蚀形貌、腐蚀产物及电化学特性进行了分析,研究了Cl~-浓度对其腐蚀行为的影响。结果显示:超级13Cr油管钢在Cl~-浓度低于35%的NaCl溶液中具有较好的耐腐蚀性能,Cl~-浓度对其腐蚀行为有一定程度的影响,随着Cl~-浓度的增大,材料的耐腐蚀性能降低,被腐蚀倾向增大。较高的Cl~-浓度加速了材料表面点蚀的生长,引发局部腐蚀,进而导致全面腐蚀。Cl~-浓度的增大使超级13Cr油管钢的腐蚀速率增大,但随着腐蚀程度的加重,腐蚀产物增厚及覆盖面积增大,阻碍了基体和溶液的接触,从而减缓了腐蚀速率的增速,其腐蚀产物主要是由Fe和Cr的氧化物构成。     

Cl~-浓度对SiC_P/Al复合材料电化学腐蚀行为的影响

采用浸泡模拟实验方法、电化学极化和电化学阻抗谱测试技术,研究了Cl~-浓度对SiC_P/Al复合材料电化学腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明:SiC_P/Al复合材料在Cl~-介质下钝化现象不明显,腐蚀过程主要为点蚀腐蚀。随Cl~-浓度增加,SiC_P/Al复合材料腐蚀速率增加,点蚀电位降低,且复合材料的腐蚀过程机制表现为由单纯电荷传递过程机制向电荷传递过程与腐蚀产物扩散共同作用的混合机制转变。电化学阻抗谱随Cl~-浓度增加呈现出2种类型:单一容抗弧类型、高频区容抗弧和低频区一条与实轴呈45°直线(经典Warburg阻抗)组合的复合类型。     

钢铁点蚀坑内腐蚀产物对点蚀扩展的影响

为了探讨钢铁点蚀坑内部生成的腐蚀产物对点蚀生长的影响,使用自制的2种铁微电极,通过电化学三电极体系,使之在阳极极化条件下发生溶解,一定程度上模拟点蚀生长的特征。结果表明:采用微型注射器可以将2种铁微电极表面黑色腐蚀产物沉积层冲洗到模拟点蚀坑外部,消除其对点蚀扩展的影响;通过对比冲洗前后的阳极溶解电流随时间的变化趋势,可以计算该腐蚀产物对模拟点蚀生长速率的影响;借助2种铁微电极的特殊性,提出了对其点蚀内部腐蚀产物影响进行量化的方法,将其用于修正点蚀内部金属离子的扩散系数,在一定程度上可完善点蚀的生长和预测模型。     

304不锈钢在盐湖卤水中的腐蚀行为

用腐蚀挂片试验方法研究了304不锈钢在盐湖卤水中暴露2a的腐蚀行为,井运用室内电化学试验方法研究了其电化学行为。结果表明：盐湖卤水浸泡2a后,304不锈钢腐蚀速率为0．0003mm／a,主要表现为点蚀,试样侧面加工缺陷处存在较深的点蚀坑;在卤水中浸泡768h后,304不锈钢表面钝化膜局部被破坏,出现点蚀孔。     

G105钢钻杆在不同浓度NaCl溶液中的高温高压腐蚀及常温电化学行为

目前,对G105钢钻杆在不同Cl-浓度下的腐蚀研究较少,通过高温高压釜模拟石油井动态高温高压环境,研究了G105钢钻杆在不同浓度NaCl溶液中的高温高压腐蚀行为,采用极化曲线研究了其常温电化学腐蚀行为。采用体式显微镜和扫描电镜(SEM)观察腐蚀产物膜形貌;采用X射线能谱分析仪(EDS)分析了腐蚀产物膜成分。结果表明:G105钢钻杆在含Cl-介质中发生孔蚀,严重时会出现明显的蚀坑;随着Cl-浓度的增加,钻杆的腐蚀速率和程度增加。     

Mg-11Li-3Al-0.5RE合金在碱性NaCl溶液中的腐蚀特性

用静态失重法、动电位极化曲线和电化学交流阻抗谱等方法研究了Mg-11Li-3Al-0.55RE合金在碱性NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为,结果表明:在碱性NaCl溶液中,随着Cl<'-浓度的升高,合金的平均腐蚀速率增大,腐蚀电流增大,体系中Rsol、Rt、Rf减小,腐蚀严重;当溶液的碱性增强时,合金的点蚀电位正移,表面膜钝化作用增强,Rf提高,同时Rt和Rsol增大,减缓了腐蚀的进行;在合金表面生成的腐蚀产物主要成分为Mg(OH)2、Al2O3和Li2O2;Mg-11Li-3Al-0.5RE合金的腐蚀以点蚀为主,逐渐向基体内部和四周扩大,形成较深的蚀坑.     

金属表面局部腐蚀与腐蚀产物沉淀动态过程数值研究

数值模拟可在一定程度上弥补传统检测方法的不足,针对现有格子Boltzmann腐蚀模型不足对其进行改进,所得模型可以描述包含多相多组分流动与传输、电化学反应、金属的溶解腐蚀以及腐蚀产物沉淀的腐蚀全过程。应用此模型,针对浸没于液体腐蚀环境的金属表面单坑点蚀情况进行了数值研究,获得了金属表面腐蚀坑的形貌变化与腐蚀坑内腐蚀产物沉淀的析出情况;分析了腐蚀反应速率、腐蚀溶液扩散系数对腐蚀程度以及腐蚀产物沉淀量的影响;分析了腐蚀产物饱和浓度、腐蚀产物扩散系数和沉淀反应速率对腐蚀产物沉淀的影响。数值模拟结果表明:对于金属表面的单坑点蚀过程,腐蚀程度随腐蚀反应速率的增大而增大,随反应物组分扩散系数的增大而增大;腐蚀产物沉淀的析出量随腐蚀产物的饱和浓度的增大而减小,随腐蚀产物扩散系数的增大而减小,随沉淀反应速率的增大而增大。     

AM60B镁合金在不同pH值酸雨中的腐蚀行为

重庆是我国镁合金产业化的重要基地,酸雨对镁合金的腐蚀非常严重.采用极化曲线和电化学交流阻抗法研究了不同pH值条件下AM60B镁合金在模拟酸雨中的腐蚀行为,用扫描电镜(SEM)观察了镁合金的腐蚀形貌,用x射线衍射仪(XRD)分析了腐蚀产物的组成.结果表明:随着溶液pH值的下降,AM60B镁合金的自腐蚀电位变负,腐蚀速率增加,同一腐蚀电位下阳极极化电流变大;电化学阻抗谱显示其容抗减小,膜电容下降,镁合金表面的保护膜被破坏;AM60B镁合金在模拟酸雨中的腐蚀以点蚀为主,形成了较深的腐蚀坑,腐蚀程度随着溶液pH值下降而增大,腐蚀产物主要由MgO和MgAl2(SO4)4·2H2O组成.     

硫酸盐还原菌对海泥中Q235钢腐蚀界面的影响

从钢基体与腐蚀产物界面的角度,深入研究了海泥中硫酸盐还原菌对Q235钢的腐蚀行为的影响.结果表明,最初的腐蚀产物为铁的(水合)氧化物,在硫酸盐还原菌代谢活动的影响下,腐蚀产物逐渐向贫硫,以及富硫的铁硫化物转化.后者的晶体缺陷较多且结构疏松,不能阻挡Fe2 的扩散和侵蚀性离子的渗入,导致腐蚀加速.微生物的代谢产物以及腐蚀产物的转变为点蚀的形成和扩展提供了条件,其点蚀的位置一般发生在晶界和珠光体区,并沿晶界或珠光体扩展.     

土壤中硫酸盐还原菌对1Crl3不锈钢腐蚀的影响

利用交流阻抗测试、扫描电镜观测、表面能谱分析、失重法以及微生物分析等方法，研究了硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)对在不同C1^-含量的土壤中的1Crl3不锈钢腐蚀的影响．结果表明：随着土壤中C1^-含量的增大，1Crl3不锈钢的腐蚀速率和最大点蚀深度随着土壤中C1^-含量的增加而增大，当C1^-的含量增大到1．0％时达到最大值．与灭菌土壤相比，在接菌土壤中1Crl3不锈钢腐蚀速率和最大点蚀深度大，说明硫酸盐还原菌和C1^-的共同作用增大了土壤中1Crl3不锈钢的点蚀敏感性．1Crl3不锈钢未发生点蚀时阻抗图谱表现为单容抗弧，发生点蚀时阻抗图谱表现为有两个时间常数的双容抗弧．     

Effects of alloying elements on the electrochemical characteristics of iron aluminides

Effects of alloying elements on the electrochemical characteristics of iron aluminides in the H2SO4, H2SO4+KSCN and HCl solutions were investigated using electrochemical tests. The corrosion morphologies in iron aluminides were analysed by utilising optical microscopy. It was found that the addition of Cr and Mo to iron aluminides increased the corrosion potential, pitting potential and repassivation potential. The active current density, passive current density and reactivation current density decreased as Cr and Mo were added. In the case of Mo addition, the passive current density was slightly higher in the H2SO4 solution than in solutions containing SCN- and Cl-. When B was added to samples, the corrosion potential and repassivation potential decreased, whereas the active current density, passive current density, reactivation current density and pitting potential increased. Iron aluminides containing Mo and Cr showed remarkably improved intergranular and pitting corrosion resistance to SCN- and Cl- solution. On the other hand, B addition accelerated granular and intergranular corrosion by precipitation of borides. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Failure analysis and mechanical performance of an oil pipeline

This paper presents a work scheme for failure analysis of buried oil pipelines. The scheme provides answers for two main questions at least: what were the causes that made the system fail and why the system failed in the way it did. The scheme is based on five stages and the results of these stages are related to each other and consistent with the type of failure, thereby providing objective conclusions. The proposed scheme was successfully applied to a case of a buried oil pipeline whose failure was a result of external corrosion. We established the occurrence of accelerated corrosion characterized by two corrosion mechanisms: one involving iron oxides and the other, iron sulfides. Furthermore, the ductile type failure has proved to be due to leakage, which is consistent with the reported evidence.     

Corrosion Behaviors of Steel A3 Exposed to Thiobacillus Ferrooxidans

The corrosion behaviors of steel A3 in synergistic action of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans （T.f） and electrochemically accelerated corrosion were studied by electrochemical, microbiology and surface analysis methods. The open circuit potential （Eocp） and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） of the steel A3 electrodes were measured in leathen culture medium without and with T.f （simply called T.f solution in the following paper） in immersion electrode way at the time of the 2nd, 5th, 10th, 20th and 30th days, respectively. It was found that Eocp of the electrode for immersion in leathen culture medium shifted negatively with the immersion time while that for immersion in T.f solutions shifted negatively, then positively and finally negatively. On the 20th day, the corrosion of steel A3 for immersion in culture medium was in pitting initiation stage while that for immersion in T.f solutions was in pitting growth stage. It was found that the corrosion of steel A3 was accelerated by T.f. The morphology of corrosion product of steel A3 immersion in T.f solutions observed through scanning electron microscopy （SEM） transformed from solid globules to tabular plates and to spongy globules and plates.     

316L奥氏体不锈钢点蚀的原位声发射监测

为了研究316L不锈钢自然点蚀的生长规律,发展基于声发射技术的小孔腐蚀监测方法,利用声发射技术原位研究了316L奥氏体不锈钢在pH=1.0和中性(pH=6.7)的3.5%NaCl溶液中的自然点蚀状况,同时监测了开路电位E_(OCP);通过扫描电镜对试验后样品的表面形貌进行表征,并通过Matlab平台对声发射信号进行聚类分析。结果表明:316L奥氏体不锈钢的自然点蚀具有不同的孕育周期,声发射信号的获取跟E_(OCP)的变化具有较好的对应关系。在点蚀快速发展阶段,声发射信号具有较高的绝对能量。在Matlab平台上建立了一套信号处理程序,并对声发射信号进行重新定义,对处理后的信号进行声发射信号参数分析,得到了3类较好的声发射信号聚类,来源于不同腐蚀现象或阶段。其中,在点蚀的快速发展阶段主要以高持续时间高计数和高持续时间低计数2类谐振信号为主。     

ECAP加工与热处理对工业纯铁点蚀行为的影响

通过多道次等通道转角挤压(ECAP)和退火热处理,制备不同组织结构状态的超细晶工业纯铁,采用透射电镜观察微观组织结构特征,并用电化学极化和阻抗谱技术表征超细晶纯铁在含氯离子的钝化介质中点蚀行为。结果表明:随着ECAP加工道次增加,低道次形成的高位错密度板条状结构转变为低位错密度等轴晶;ECAP样退火热处理后,位错减少、大角度晶界增加。ECAP加工道次对纯铁自钝化性能影响不大,开路电位和极化电阻变化均较小;耐点蚀性能与加工道次有关,点蚀电位随加工道次先下降后升高;退火处理后自钝化性能和耐蚀性提高,开路电位、极化电阻和点蚀电位均明显增大。     

Pitting corrosion of 2Cr13 stainless steel in deep-sea environment

Pitting corrosion of 2Cr13 stainless steel was investigated by deep-sea exposure test at various depths of 500 m,800 m and 1200 m in the South China Sea for 4 months.With the aid of electrochemical measurements in simulated deep-sea environments and grey relational analysis,the influence of deepsea environments on passive film and the mechanism of pitting corrosion were discussed.The results indicated that with the increase of sea depth,pitting depth of 2Cr13 stainless steel increased,which can be attributed to the change of chemical composition and the degradation of pitting resistance of passive film.Film growth was greatly retarded in the condition of low seawater temperature and low dissolved oxygen content of deep sea,resulting in an unstable and vulnerable film.Pitting depth was most influenced by hydrostatic pressure,which can increase the adsorption and penetration of Cl-ion,and promote the proliferation of point defects in passive film,leading to rapid deconstruction of protective oxides of the film.Pitting sensitivity of 2Cr13 stainless steel increased eventually with the combination of accelerated dissolution and suppressed self-healing of passive film in deep sea.     

Pitting corrosion of a Rare Earth Mg alloy GW93

Pitting corrosion of magnesium(Mg) alloys is greatly associated with their microstructure, especially second phases. The second phases in traditional Mg alloys such as AZ91 are electrochemically nobler than Mg matrix, while the second phases in Rare earth(RE) Mg alloy GW93 are more active than Mg matrix. As a result, the pitting corrosion mechanism of Mg alloy GW93 is different from the traditional ones. This paper aims to clarify the pitting corrosion mechanism of Mg alloy GW93 through the studies of Volta potential by Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy(SKPFM), corrosion morphology by Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM), and corrosion resistance by electrochemical tests. Results reveal that the pitting corrosion of GW93 includes three stages, first, dissolution of the second phases, followed by corrosion of Mg matrix adjacent to the dissolved second phases, and finally, propagation of corrosion pits along the depth direction of the dissolved second phases. Anodic second phases and enrichment of Clin the thick corrosion product films dominate the propagation of pitting corrosion.     

Synergistic effect of chloride ion and Shewanella algae accelerates the corrosion of Ti-6Al-4V alloy

The increasing utilization of titanium alloys in marine environments makes their microbiologically influenced corrosion study a timely matter.This work demonstrated that the corrosion of Ti-6Al-4V alloy was accelerated by a marine bacterium Shewanella algae in 2216E medium with different Cl level.Various electrochemical,pitting morphology and passive film analyses demonstrated that S.algae weakened the passive film,which made Cl-more aggressive.The synergy of those two factors caused considerable corrosion acceleration of the titanium alloy,leading to a maximum pit depth of 3.2 μm and corrosion current density of 26.5 nA cm-2 in 2216E medium with 3.50 ％ (w/w) Cl-.     

Compatibility of ferritic and duplex stainless steels as implant materials: in vitro corrosion performance

The pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion and accelerated leaching of iron, chromium and nickel of super-ferritic and duplex stainless steels, and for effective comparison the presently used 316L stainless steel, have been studied in an artificial physiological solution (Hank's solution) by the potentiodynamic anodic polarization method. The results of the above studies have shown the new super-ferritic stainless steel to be immune to pitting and crevice corrosion attack. The pitting and crevice corrosion resistances of duplex stainless steel were found to be superior to those of the commonly used type 316L stainless steel implant materials. The accelerated leaching study conducted for the above alloys showed very little tendency for the leaching of metal ions when compared with 316L stainless steel. Thus the present study indicated that super-ferritic and duplex stainless steels can be adopted as implant materials due to their higher pitting and crevice corrosion resistance.