乳酸-苹果酸体系化学镀Ni-P合金复合稳定剂的研究

为提高化学镀镍磷合金镀液的使用寿命,研究了乳酸-苹果酸为主配位剂的化学镀Ni-P体系中KI、α-α′联吡啶、含硫有机物等稳定剂对镀液稳定性、镀速、镀层性能的影响.通过正交试验研究了稳定剂彼此复配后形成的复合稳定剂的协同效果,得到了一种稳定性高、镀层综合性能好、镀速适中、镀层孔隙率低、镀态硬度高的复合稳定剂.试验结果表明:使用该稳定剂时,镀液沉积速度保持16～17μm/h,PdCl2催化试验达6 h不变色,镀层孔隙率为0.33个/cm2,镀态硬度达600HV以上,镀液使用寿命达9～1O周期,各项性能指标均能满足工业应用要求.     

促进剂及其优化对化学镀Ni-Sn-P层性能的影响

为了提高Ni-Sn-P化学镀层的沉积速率与镀液的稳定性,采用化学镀Ni-P合金复合稳定剂,研究了促进剂丙酸、甘氨酸、丁二酸对化学镀Ni-Sn-P镀层性能的影响,通过正交试验对3因素进行了优化,对镀速、孔隙率及显微硬度进行了测定.结果表明:甘氨酸、丙酸和丁二酸对镀层加速越快,镀层孔隙率越低、硬度越高;甘氨酸、丙酸对化学镀Ni-Sn-P加速显著;甘氨酸和丁二酸对镀层硬度都有所提高,而丙酸对Ni-Sn-P镀层硬度影响较小;甘氨酸、丙酸和丁二酸使化学镀Ni-Sn-P镀层的孔隙率都有不同程度降低,其中甘氨酸和丙酸作用显著;当甘氨酸为25 mg/L、丙酸为4 mL/L、丁二酸为2.5 g/L时,镀速提高至14～15 μm/h,硬度为480～550 HV0.5 N,孔隙率几乎为0.     

Ni-Fe-P三元合金的快速化学镀制备工艺研究

采用化学镀方法,在A3钢表面制备Ni-Fe-P三元合金,通过SEM,EDS,XRD,OM等表征手段对合金镀层成分、结构和形貌进行分析,并使用增重法、氯化钯加速法分别对镀层的沉积速率、镀液的稳定性进行分析。探讨了主盐、还原剂、络合剂、稳定剂、pH值、温度等工艺参数对沉积速率、镀层形貌、成分、镀液稳定性的影响,获得了镀速快、镀层均匀、镀液稳定性好的工艺配方。在采用复合络合剂的体系中,当主络合剂柠檬酸钠的浓度为60g/L,辅助络合剂氨基乙酸的浓度为5g/L时,化学镀沉积速率可以达到20.2mg.cm-2.h-1,并且镀液保持了较好的稳定性。     

稳定剂对线路板化学镀钯的影响

为提高线路板上化学镀钯的稳定性,通过镀液稳定性测试、膜厚测试以及扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)分析和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析等手段研究了稳定剂对镀液稳定性、镀速、镀层形貌以及镀金后镍腐蚀的影响.结果 表明:丙烯酸浓度在0.050～0.300 mol/L范围内,随着浓度的增加,化学镀钯沉积速率总体上呈下降趋势;无机盐C浓度在1.000～7.000 mg/L能够大幅提高镀液稳定性,随含量的提高沉积速率呈现下降趋势.以丙烯酸浓度0.300 mg/L和无机盐浓度1.000 mg/L进行复配时,镀液稳定性强,沉积速率稳定,得到的钯镀层均匀细致,能够有效抑制镀金时产生镍腐蚀.     

添加剂对四羟丙基乙二胺-乙二胺四乙酸二钠体系化学镀厚铜的影响

为解决目前四羟丙基乙二胺(THPED)-EDTA·2Na盐化学镀铜体系存在的镀速慢、稳定性不佳等问题,重点考察了不同添加剂对THPED-EDTA·2Na盐化学镀铜的影响。结果表明:硫脲(3 mg/L)、2-巯基苯并噻唑(2-MBT)和有机物M(含巯基的咪唑类化合物)对镀液的稳定效果较好;硫脲会极大地降低沉积速率,且镀层较差;2-MBT可以提高沉积速率,但稳定镀液的能力有限;有机物M兼有加速剂、稳定剂和光亮剂的功能,对镀液的稳定效果最好,且镀层光亮细致;吐温-80和亚铁氰化钾均能改善镀层外观质量,但对沉积速率及镀液稳定性的影响不大;通过正交试验,以有机物M与2-MBT,吐温-80和亚铁氰化钾复配,确定了最优复合添加剂配方:2-MBT 7mg/L,有机物M 20 mg/L,亚铁氰化钾10 mg/L,吐温-80 20 mg/L;在适宜工艺条件(温度40℃,p H值12.5)下,镀速达到16.3μm/h,镀液稳定时间可达146 min,所得镀层平整、光亮、细致,沉积层为立方晶系铜,PCB孔覆背光级数达到9级,满足PCB工业生产要求。     

紫铜基体化学镀Fe-Ni-P-B工艺研究

为了获得高镀速、高硬度和强耐腐蚀性的化学镀Fe-Ni-P-B合金镀层,采用电化学方法研究了转速、pH值、稳定荆、表面活性剂对Fe-Ni-P-B合金镀层沉积速度、硬度、结合力、孔隙率、耐蚀性、腐蚀电流、腐蚀电位和表面形貌的影响.结果表明,最佳添加剂及工艺参数为:8 mg/L碘酸钾(稳定剂),50 mg/L磺基水杨酸(表面活性剂),转速60 r/min和pH值为12.本工艺是获得多种性能俱佳的化学镀Fe-Ni-P-B合金镀层的实用方法.     

45钢Ni-P/SiC化学复合镀层结合力初探

采用化学复合镀技术在45钢表面制备了Ni-P/SiC复合镀层,通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜以及EDS能谱分析考察了镀层的微观组织以及镀层中获得的SiC的沉积量随镀液中SiC浓度的变化,利用划痕仪分析了镀层与基体的结合力.结果表明:镀层与基体界面处无夹杂孔洞存在、结合致密,SiC颗粒在复合镀层中分布均匀,复合镀层中SiC的沉积量随镀液中SiC浓度的增加而增加,镀液中SiC的浓度为6 g/L时镀层中SiC的沉积量达到最大值10.6%,Ni-P/SiC复合镀层与基体的结合力和镀液中SiC的浓度呈抛物线关系,镀液中的SiC浓度为6 g/L时,其结合力最小,为63 N.     

影响化学镀铜液稳定性和沉积速率的添加剂的筛选

目前,化学镀铜液的稳定性、沉积速率和镀层质量尚有一定欠缺,采用胶体钯为活化剂,以EDTA为主配位剂、酒石酸钾钠为辅助配位剂、甲醛为还原剂的镀液体系,对ABS板进行化学镀铜。通过试验确定了合适的添加剂,考察了基础溶液中分别加入盐酸胍、亚铁氰化钾、2,2’-联吡啶、复合稳定剂A(由2-巯基苯并噻唑、镍氰化钾、聚乙二醇、聚甲醛、硫脲等复配而成)后对镀液性能的影响,研究了每种添加剂含量对ABS树脂板镀层性能的影响。结果表明:亚铁氰化钾、2,2’-联吡啶使镀液的性能得到改善;添加剂A明显改善了镀液的稳定性和铜的沉积速度,镀液温度可以提高到50℃,生产效率提高,消除了甲醇的危害,改善了操作环境,得到的化学镀铜层具有良好的力学性能。     

化学镀镍稳定剂的筛选

目前,关于稳定剂对化学镀镍的影响研究不系统且不够深入.在化学镀镍基础镀液中分别加入硫脲、硫代硫酸钠、碘酸钾、DL-半胱氨酸、苯骈三氮唑和苯并咪唑等稳定剂,在45碳钢表面化学镀镍,采用施镀前后的质量变化计算镀速,采用磷钼钒黄分光光度法测定镀层磷含量,采用EDTA标定法测定镀液稳定常数,采用锉刀试验测试镀层结合力,研究了各种稳定剂对镀速、镀层结合力、镀层磷含量、镀液稳定性的影响.结果表明:含硫稳定剂在施镀过程中会产生含硫物质,会破坏镀液稳定性,不宜使用;添加50.0 mg/L碘酸钾或10.0 mg/L苯骈三氮唑稳定剂时,镀液稳定常数最高,为0.98;添加4.0 mg/L苯并咪唑稳定剂时镀速最快,达17.75 μm/h;添加50.0 mg/L碘酸钾稳定剂时,镀层磷含量最高,达12.22％.     

化学镀Ni—P—B合金的工艺和耐蚀性的研究

研究化学镀Ni-P-B合金的工艺,对镀液的稳定性以及镀层的结构和耐蚀性进行了分析和研究。实验表明:采用含有稳定剂CdSO_4的镀液施镀,可得到结合力强和非晶态结构的Ni-P-B合金镀层,并具有优良的耐蚀性。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.     

新闻(英文)

正China and Greece Sign the Standardization Cooperation Agreement Witnessed by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras,AQSIQ Minister Zhi Shuping and ELOT Chairman and Executive Director Angelos Tolkas signed the SAC-ELOT Standardization Cooperation Agreement.The Agreement is one of the critical cooperation documents signed during Li Keqiang’s visit in Greece,encouraging China and Greece to