Three dimensional displacement measurement using Moiré interferometry

Moiré interferometry is used to simultaneously measure the in plane and out of plane displacement components. The high sensitivity of displacement measurement is maintained and high contrast fringes are obtained without recourse to additional filtering.     

Large in-plane displacement measurement in dual-beam speckle interferometry using temporal phase measurement

Abstract

Measurement of in-plane displacements of a diffuse object by observing the temporal fluctuation of the speckle pattern in a dual-beam illumination speckle interferometer is illustrated. To conceive the temporal changes the object is displaced in its plane continuously. A high-speed camera is used to acquire a number of frames of the image of the object motion sequentially. Through Fourier transformation and inverse Fourier transformation of the frames stacked together, the total phase is determined. Finally, the magnitude of the in-plane displacement of the object motion is extracted. The range of displacement that can be measured using this novel method lies between few microns and over 100 μm on the upper end. Theory together with experimental results are presented in this paper.     

Simultaneous measurement of in-plane and out-of-plane displacement derivatives using dual-wavelength digital holographic interferometry

The paper introduces a method for simultaneously measuring the in-plane and out-of-plane displacement derivatives of a deformed object in digital holographic interferometry. In the proposed method, lasers of different wavelengths are used to simultaneously illuminate the object along various directions such that a unique wavelength is used for a given direction. The holograms formed by multiple reference-object beam pairs of different wavelengths are recorded by a 3-color CCD camera with red, green, and blue channels. Each channel stores the hologram related to the corresponding wavelength and hence for the specific direction. The complex reconstructed interference field is obtained for each wavelength by numerical reconstruction and digital processing of the recorded holograms before and after deformation. Subsequently, the phase derivative is estimated for a given wavelength using two-dimensional pseudo Wigner-Ville distribution and the in-plane and out-of-plane components are obtained from the estimated phase derivatives using the sensitivity vectors of the optical configuration.     

High-speed and high-sensitivity displacement measurement with phase-locked low-coherence interferometry

A novel high-speed and high-sensitivity displacement measurement sensing system, based on the phase-locked low-coherence interferometry, is presented. The sensing system is realized by comprising the Michelson fiber-optic interferometer. In order to obtain quadrature signals at the interferometer outputs, a 3×3 fused silica fiber-optic directional coupler is used. Therefore, the usage of the interferometer phase modulation as well as the usage of the lock-in amplification has been avoided. In this way, the speed of such a realized sensing system is significantly increased in comparison with the standard phase-locked interferometric systems that can be found elsewhere in the literature. The bandwidth of the realized sensing system is limited by the first resonance frequency of the used piezo actuator to 4.6 kHz. The estimated noise floor in the displacement measurement is approximately 180 pm/√Hz.     

Study of the X-ray optical anisotropy of materials via X-ray interferometry

A new method for studying the X-ray optical anisotropy of materials which is based on the X-ray interferometric technique of measurement is described. Unlike the existing methods, in which the sample under study is placed in the path of one of the interfering beams, the test samples in the proposed method are placed directly in the path of two interfering beams; this eliminates the effect of other factors on the displacement of the interference moirefringes. In this method, moirefringes simultaneously occur during the same exposure both in the absence and in the presence of samples with different orientations of the optical axes. A relative displacement of moirefringes is observed in three different columns of the same beam, which makes it possible not only to simultaneously observe and immediately identify the presence of X-ray optical anisotropy but also to measure the values of refractive indexes n _o and n _e for a given sample (n _o is the refractive index for an emission with the polarization perpendicular to the principal cross section, and n _e is the refractive index for a beam with the polarization in the plane of the principal section and parallel to the optical axis). The new method is used to record the X-ray optical anisotropy of a cellophane film and to measure the values of refractive indexes n _o and n _e for cellophane. It is found that the cellophane film is an X-ray optically positive anisotropic medium.     

Measurement of longitudinal displacement using lateral shearing cyclic path optical configuration setup and phase shifting interferometry

We present a technique for the measurement of longitudinal displacement using a lateral shearing cyclic path optical configuration (CPOC) setup and phase shifting interferometry. In the technique, a plane mirror mounted on a linear translation stage, placed slightly away from the focal plane of a lens, introduces a longitudinal focal shift to the incident focusing beam. The resulting spherical wavefront emerging from the lens is sheared into two orthogonally polarized beams using the CPOC setup. By applying polarization phase shifting interferometry (PPSI), the longitudinal focal shift of the beam focus is calculated by determining the slope of the optical path difference variation between the sheared beams. Similarly, the additional focal shift introduced due to longitudinal translation of the mirror, by an unknown amount, is determined using PPSI. Half of the difference between the two longitudinal focal shifts measured gives the longitudinal displacement of the mirror. The technique can be used for an extended range of distance measurement. The novelty of the technique is the introduction of CPOC for the distance measurement. The advantages of the technique compared to other related methods are discussed.     

On the measurement of dynamic fracture toughnesses — a review of recent work

The influence of dynamic effects on test procedures for measuring the crack arrest toughness and the impact fracture toughness is analyzed. It is shown that these dynamic effects can be significant: For cracks at arrest the stress condition is still dynamic and not static although the crack velocity has become zero. Dynamic effects become small only for small crack velocities or small crack jumps or for specially designed specimens. It is shown that the stress intensity factor history for cracks under impact loading cannot be adequately derived from instrumented impact data via static evaluation procedures. Only for large times to failure, resulting for small impact velocities and/or ductile material behavior do static approaches represent acceptable approximations. Reliable crack arrest and impact fracture toughness data can only be obtained by evaluation procedures which take the dynamic effects into account, e.g. by utilizing the reduced dynamic effects crack arrest test specimen or by applying the concept of impact response curves.

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Résumé On a analysé l'influence des effets dynamiques sur les procédures d'essais pour mesurer la ténacité à l'arrêt d'une fissure et la ténacité à la rupture par impact. On montre que ces effets dynamiques peuvent être significatifs: pour des fissures qui s'arrêtent, les conditions d'essais sont toujours dynamiques et non statiques, bien que la vitesse de la fissure soit devenue égale à 0. Les effets dynamiques deviennent petits seulement pour de faibles vitesses de la fissure ou pour de petits resauts de la fissure ou encore dans le cas d'éprouvettes spécialement conçues. On montre que l'histoire du facteur d'intensité de contrainte pour des fissures soumises à une charge d'impact ne peut être convenablement déduite de données d'impact instrumenté évaluée selon une procédure statique. Ce n'est que pour de longues périodes de temps avant rupture, qui résultent de faible vitesse d'impact et/ou d'un comportement ductile du matériau que les approches statiques conduisent à des approximations satisfaisantes. Les données fiables de ténacité à l'arrêt d'une rupture ou à la rupture par choc ne peuvent être obtenues que par des procédures d'évaluation qui prennent en compte les effets dynamiques, par exemple en utilisant une éprouvette d'essai d'arrêt de rupture à effets dynamiques réduits ou en appliquant le concept des courbes réponses à l'impact.

     

Opaque optics thickness measurement using a cyclic path optical configuration setup and polarization phase shifting interferometry

Thickness measurement of an opaque optics using a cyclic path optical configuration (CPOC) setup and polarization phase shifting interferometry (PPSI) is presented. The CPOC setup is used to simultaneously focus two orthogonally polarized counterpropagating converging beams at its hypotenuse arm. The opaque optics is placed at the hypotenuse arm of the CPOC setup such that one of its surfaces reflects back one of the counterpropagating focusing beams. Because of the thickness of the opaque optics, the other focusing beam suffers a longitudinal shift in the beam focus. Applying PPSI, the longitudinal shift in the beam focus which is twice the thickness of the opaque optics is determined. The results obtained for a silicon plate of thickness 0.660 mm with a measurement uncertainty of 0.013 mm are presented.     

A qualitative investigation of holographic interferometry techniques applied to the measurement of the general displacement field

A qualitative assessment of the performance of several holographic interferometry techniques for the formation of full field fringe patterns representative of individual displacement components is made. Typical interferograms obtained from surfaces undergoing various types of displacements are shown and discussed. Areas where practical problems exist are indicated and an estimation of the accuracies of the techniques given.     

Primary calibration of ultrasonic hydrophone using optical interferometry

A primary calibration method for ultrasonic hydrophones which uses a Michelson interferometer to determine the particle displacement in an ultrasonic field is discussed. The acoustic pressure is derived from this measurement and used to determine the free-field sensitivity of a hydrophone in the frequency range 0.5-15 MHz. The random uncertainty of the method is typically 1%, whereas the systematic uncertainty varies from 2.3 to 6.6% over the frequency range. To obtain this accuracy, the performance of the system has been carefully examined and appropriate correction factors derived. The greatest difficulty in the method lies in determining the frequency response of the optical detection system, and two different approaches have been used to measure this response. Several acoustical effects have also been studied and the calibration procedure modified to take account of them. The calibration results are in agreement with those of other methods and with the theoretically predicted frequency response of a hydrophone. The method has been used to determine the temporal stability of a hydrophone over a period of two years.     

Comparative investigations of the measurement capabilities of atomic-force microscopy and optical interferometry methods

Cross measurements of surface relief of nanometer dimensions using atomic-force microscopy and optical interferometry methods are described. The investigations enable the regions where it is best to use these methods for different kinds of objects to be determined.     

Implementation of tridirectional large lateral shearing displacement interferometry in temperature measurement of a diffused ethylene flame

A tridirectional large lateral shearing displacement interferometric system has been proposed and used to reconstruct the temperature field of a quasi-axisymmetric diffused ethylene flame in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) hypotheses. In comparison with the thermocouple results, the 2D reconstructed results affords a quantitative analysis with an average discrepancy between 20 and 40 K in the full field, except in the closer part inside the peak temperature location where a high soot volume fraction exists. The 3D reconstructed results affords qualitative analysis and exhibits some asymmetrical characters, but an obvious error occurs at 1 cm height where it is not suitable to use the universal correction coefficient.     

Guidelines for specifying optical homogeneity of laser rods using interferometry

The effect of the neodymium doping on the optical homogeneity of laser rods has been reviewed for specifying and measuring optical homogeneity of these materials for high yield laser operation. It is concluded from the results that phosphate glass laser rods are more strain-free and more nearly optically perfect than the yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) laser crystals.     

Slope measurement of bent plates using double grating shearing interferometry

A grating-based shearing interferometeric setup for slope measurement of bent plates has been proposed. The specimen under test is illuminated by a collimated beam from the laser. Light reflected from the specimen passes through two identical holographic gratings placed in tandem. The grating frequency has been so chosen that the diffracted orders from each grating are separated out distinctly. Two first-order beams diffracted from each of the gratings superpose in space. In the resulting interferogram, the fringes due to slope information of the object are visualized. Mathematical formulation for experimental determination of slope values has been undertaken. Validation of the experimental results with theoretical predictions in case of cantilever beam provides good correlation. The main advantage of the technique has been the realization of very compact geometry without the need for spatial filtering arrangement commonly associated with the grating-based techniques used to date.     

Thickness measurement of transparent glass plates using a lateral shearing cyclic path optical configuration setup and polarization phase shifting interferometry

We present a measurement technique to determine the thickness of a transparent glass plate (GP) by using a lateral shearing cyclic path optical configuration (CPOC) setup and polarization phase shifting interferometry (PPSI). In the technique, the GP introduces a longitudinal shift in the focus of the beam and, as a result, a spherical wavefront emerges from the lens, which is otherwise set for producing a collimated beam. Using CPOC, two laterally sheared orthogonally polarized beams are generated from the incident spherical wavefront. By applying PPSI, the slope of the optical path difference variation between the laterally sheared interfering beams is evaluated, and the radius of the spherical wavefront and the longitudinal shift of the beam focus are calculated. The thickness of the GP is determined from the standard relation between the longitudinal shift of the focus introduced by the GP and the thickness of the GP. Results obtained for a GP of 9.810mm thickness are presented.     

Prospects for using combined-function sensors in precision displacement measurement

A survey is presented of prospects for using sensors that combine the functions of scanning, balancing, and interpolation. The survey covers the advantages and shortcomings of electromagnetic, piezoelectric, and magnetoelectric scanning and balancing interpolators. Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 1, pp. 19–22, January, 1999.     

The measurement of thin film stress using phase shifting interferometry

Abstract

A new technique for determining the stress of thin films is described. This technique combines digital phase shifting interferometry with image-processing software. A circular disc polished on one side is used as the coated substrate during film deposition. The average stress in thin films can be derived by comparing the deflection of the substrate before and after film deposition. The deflection of the substrate by the deposited film is obtained by the phase map. Using the Zernike polynomial fitting algorithm, a three-dimensional contour map is generated from the polynomial coefficients to visualize the deformation of the thin film and to examine the tensile or compressive stress after film deposition. Four oxide films prepared by ionbeam sputter deposition are investigated for their film stresses. The experimental results show that the stress values are concordant with measurements using other methods.     

Simultaneous measurement of three orthogonal components of displacement by electronic speckle-pattern interferometry and the Fourier transform method

The measurement of three-dimensional displacement by electronic speckle-pattern interferometry with three object beams and one reference beam is presented. Multiple interference fringes corresponding to different sensitivity vectors are recorded in a single interferogram and separated by means of the Fourier transform method to give three components of displacement. The relationship between the ratio of the speckle size to the pixel size of a TV camera and the measurement error is investigated experimentally and compared with the research of others. The optimum condition leading to a minimum measurement error occurs when the speckle size is approximately equal to the pixel size. With this condition satisfied, the measurement error varies from 1.5% to 6.0%.