Design and Performance Analysis of a Contention‐Based Reservation Protocol for a Local Area Optical Internet

In this paper, we propose and analyze a new multiple access protocol for a local area optical Internet based on a wavelength division multiplexing technique which uses a passive star coupler. The proposed contention‐based reservation protocol can support variable‐length as well as fixed‐length messages for transporting Internet packets with one reservation of a minislot at the beginning of a packet transmission. The minislot is used to reserve the data channel on the basis of the slotted ALOHA protocol and the control node ensures subsequent message transmission on the same wavelength. Thus, all messages need not be broken down to many fixed‐length packets, and consecutive messages are transmitted through the same wavelength. Moreover, the proposed protocol reduces the collision probability of minislots and improves wavelength utilization. We determine the maximum throughput and verify the results with simulation.     

含一缺陷层的一维液晶填充光子晶体缺陷模电场和温度调控特性

基于液晶折射率对温度和电场的特性,采用传输矩阵法,研究了含一缺陷层一维液晶填充光子晶体缺陷模的电场和温度调控特性。研究结果表明：当温度T在（273k,340k）内一定时,随着垂直入射光与电场方向间夹角θ在（0,π/2）内增大,缺陷模波长向短波方向漂移,最大调控波长为373?。当夹角θ在（0,π/2）内一定时,随着外界温度T在（273k,340k）内升高,缺陷模波长发生改变,变化量先负后正,最大调控波长为219?。当θ= 0.7505时,不管外界温度T在（273k,340k）内如何变化,缺陷模波长保持不变。温度对缺陷模波长的影响比垂直入射光与电场方向间夹角θ对缺陷模波长的影响更弱。     

Continuous wave operation of long wavelength (λ≃11μm) inter-miniband lasers

A long wavelength (λ≃11 μm) quantum cascade laser based on inter-miniband transitions in semiconductor superlattices is reported. The device operates continuous wave up to a temperature of 85 K, with a maximum output power of 75 mW at 25 K. Both record values for unipolar lasers of comparable wavelength     

Heating patterns in biological tissue phantoms caused by millimeterwave electromagnetic irradiation

Distribution of millimeter wavelength electromagnetic energy absorption in surface layers of biological tissue models was studied using methods of Infrared Thermography. 0.1 mm thin-layer phantoms were irradiated in the near field using different types of horn antennas in the 37-78 GHz frequency range. Heating patterns were recorded during microwave irradiation, and surface SAR distributions mere calculated. The temperature resolution was better than 0.05 K. It was found that horn antennas produced nonuniform heating patterns in irradiated objects. These nonuniform patterns were due to a geometrical resonance resulting from a secondary wave-mode interaction between an irradiated object and the corresponding critical cross-section of the horn antenna. Local SAR values in hot spots exceeded the spatially averaged values by over 10 times, and the widths of these hot spots at 5 times the average SAR were often 1 mm or less. The location, quantity, number and size of the local field absorption maxima of irradiated objects strongly depended on the frequency of electromagnetic irradiation, with equivalent Q-factors of 500 or more. These findings provide an explanation for a number of frequency-dependent effects of millimeter wave electromagnetic irradiation     

Symbol synchronization using baud-rate sampling anddata-sequence-dependent signal processing

An algorithm for symbol timing recovery using baud-rate sampling is presented. Using this algorithm, the decoded data sequence is scanned for particular data patterns that yield samples which need only to be added or subtracted to give an estimate of the required timing function. The statistics of occurrence of these data patterns are calculated for random binary data. The variance of the timing function estimates is calculated for pulses with raised-cosine spectra that have been degraded by quadratic delay distortion and is shown to be lower, in most cases, than for other synchronizers using baud-rate sampling     

用于激光无线能量传输的MPPT集成仿真系统

在激光无线能量传输（LWPT）中,传能激光波长、光功率和光电池温度对光电池的输出特性有显著影响,最大功率跟踪（MPPT）技术可解决上述等因素造成的功率失配问题,提升系统的DC-DC效率。构建了针对LWPT的MPPT集成仿真系统,耦合了波长、光功率和温度对GaAs光电池输出特性的综合影响,可以同时分析光电池在功率匹配、功率失配和MPPT调制等多种条件下的输出特性。基于该仿真系统,研究了光电池在不同波长、光功率和温度条件下的物理规律。波长增大时,在850 nm左右转换效率η_max达到最大值为50%,波长继续增大,光子能量小于GaAs禁带宽度导致η_max迅速下降。功率增大时,η_max基本不变,最大功率匹配电阻R_Lmax减小。温度升高时,η_max和R_Lmax均持续下降。此外,研究了光电池在功率失配时的输出特性,此时光电池的转换效率对比功率匹配时均有不同程度的下降。根据光电池的输出特性在仿真系统设计了MPPT电路,利用时间扰动算法进行最大功率跟踪。光电池在MPPT系统调制后均可工作在功率匹配时的最大功率点,且光电池能源利用率达到99.93%。研究结果对用于激光输能有重要指导意义。     

Diagnosis of single stuck-at faults and multiple timing faults in scan chains

A diagnosis technique to locate single stuck-at faults and multiple timing faults in scan chains is presented. This technique applies single excitation (SE) patterns, in which only one bit is flipped in the presence of multiple faults. With SE patterns, the problem of unknown values in scan chains is eliminated. The diagnosis result is therefore deterministic, not probabilistic. In addition to the first fault, this technique also diagnoses the remaining timing faults by applying multiple excitation patterns. Experiments on benchmark circuits show that average diagnosis resolutions are mostly less than five, even for the tenth fault in the scan chain.     

采用双Sagnac环滤波器的可切换多波长光纤激光器

提出了一种基于双Sagnac环滤波器的可切换多波长掺铒光纤激光器,该滤波器由基于保偏光纤和少模光纤的Sagnac环并联构成,结构简单,利用其梳状滤波特性,实现了掺铒光纤激光器的多波长输出。采用传输矩阵法详细分析了双Sagnac环的传输特性,进一步搭建了线性腔掺铒光纤激光器,实验中通过调节偏振控制器,改变腔内偏振态,在室温下得到稳定可切换的单、双、三波长激光输出,且激光器输出波长的位置可调。研究结果表明,输出激光波长的边模抑制比大于34 dB,稳定性测量中波长漂移量小于0.05 nm,具有良好的稳定性,可应用于波分复用及全光通信系统等领域。     

不同防蓝光眼镜对屏幕显示效果的影响比较

为了定量分析不同防蓝光眼镜的使用对屏幕显示画面彩色三要素的影响,分别采集6 500K和5 000K色温下的OLED屏幕与LED背光的LCD的光谱分布,以及当前销量较大的5种不同材质防蓝光眼镜透射率数据,通过OriginPro拟合、色度软件分析、Matlab计算,定量比较5种防蓝光眼镜对不同色温下两种屏幕1931CIE XYZ色坐标、主波长、饱和度及光通量的影响,结合人眼分辨率对计算结果进行分析。结果表明,5种眼镜对屏幕色坐标Z值降低效果相差最大值高达1 881倍,相同色温同一眼镜对LED背光的LCD屏的防蓝光效果略强于OLED屏;5种防蓝光眼镜对色温为5 000K的LED背光的LCD屏幕主波长影响不大;能过滤掉色温6 500K的OLED屏幕99.626%蓝光的眼镜,可使其饱和度增加22.7倍。能过滤掉色温6 500K的LED背光LCD屏幕99.59%蓝光的眼镜,可使其色温下降为原来的0.322倍,均严重影响屏幕的显示效果。该研究方法与结论可为相关产品的使用和研发提供借鉴。     

1．3μmDH-SLD的性能与工作电流和温度的关系

全面地测试并分析了掩埋双异质结型超辐射激光二极管模块的输出光功率、光谱和消光比与注入电流及温度的变化关系。得到：DH—SLD显示了软阈值特性,其输出光功率随注入电流的增大而增加,随管芯温度的升高而降低。温度不变时,当注入电流小于110mA(约)时,峰值波长随注入电流的增大而减小,当注入电流大于110mA(约)时,峰值波长随注入电流的增大有所增大;峰值波长随温度升高而增大。3dB带宽随注入电流的增大而减小,随温度的升高而略有增大。消光比随注入电流和温度的升高而变化。     

Data synchronization with timing

This paper proposes and analyzes data synchronization techniques that not only resynchronize after encoded bits are corrupted by insertion, deletion, or substitution errors, but also produce estimates of the time indexes of the decoded data symbols, in order to determine their positions in the original source sequence. The techniques are based on block codes, and the estimates are of the time indexes modulo some integer T, called the timing span, which is desired to be large. Several types of block codes that encode binary data are analyzed on the basis of the maximum attainable timing span for a given coding rate R (or, equivalently, redundancy ρ=1-R) and permissible resynchronization delay D. It is found that relatively simple codes can asymptotically attain the maximum timing span among such block codes, which grows exponentially with delay, with exponent D(1-R)+o(D). Thus, large timing span can be attained with little redundancy and only moderate values of delay     

Influence of laser wavelength instability, polarization fading and phase fluctuation on local heterodyne detection wavelength scanning BOTDR

In this paper, the influence of laser wavelength instability, polarization fading and phase fluctuation on local heterodyne detection wavelength scanning Brillouin optical time domain reflectometer (WS-BOTDR) is theoretically analyzed, and a local heterodyne detection WS-BOTDR system is built for experimental verification. The experimental results show that with the increase of sensing distance, the adverse effect of laser wavelength instability, polarization fading and phase fluctuation on local heterodyne detection WS-BOTDR is gradually aggravated, which will lead to the broadening and distortion of the wavelength power spectrum (WPS), resulting in large errors in demodulated Brillouin central wavelength (BCW) and temperature. The average temperature measurement errors at the positions of 1 km, 5 km, 9 km non-heating section and 9.45 km heating section are 1.76 °C, 3.42 °C, 3.89° C and 4.3 °C, respectively.     

Element spacing limitations of Dolph-Pritchard optimum endfire arrays

It is generally accepted that the Dolph-Pritchard technique for computing optimum or Chebyshev radiation patterns for single-lobe endfire arrays is valid for any array element spacing less than one-half wavelength. However, it can be shown that multiple-lobe radiation patterns will be obtained using this technique for element spacing less than one-half wavelength. A maximum element spacing for single-lobe radiation patterns can be derived, and this spacing is a function of the major-lobe-to-sidelobe amplitude ratio as well as the order of the Chebyshev polynomial. In general, for large amplitude ratios this maximum spacing approaches one-quarter wavelength.     

利用多吸收峰降低全固态激光器温控功耗

半导体激光器（LD）的工作波长是随温度变化的,对LD进行温控是扩展全固态激光器（DPSSL）正常工作温度范围的常用方法,但常用的控温方法在-50~70℃的宽温区范围存在体积大、能耗高、效率低等问题。通过实验测试得到GaAs量子阱激光器的波长温度漂移系数为0.25 nm/℃,分析了Nd:YAG晶体吸收谱的多峰特性。提出采用高温时工作波长为808 nm的GaAs量子阱激光器作为泵浦源,利用Nd:YAG晶体的795.7 nm和808 nm的两个吸收峰,通过分段加热控温降低温控功耗的方案。实验结果显示:全固态激光器在两个吸收峰处得到的输出脉冲特性基本相同,在温度较低时,分段控温的加热功率减小了4.7 W,接近不分段最大加热功率的一半。     

Synchronization of passively mode-locked erbium-doped fiber lasersand its application to optical communication networks

We synchronized two passively mode-locked erbium-doped fiber lasers using a phase lock loop with a large dynamic range and bandwidth, which is realized by using a novel acoustooptic-modulator-grating scheme. Cross-correlation of the two lasers shows the interlaser jitter is under 2 ps (same as the laser pulse width) for period as long as hours. To prove the quality of phase locking, we apply synchronized lasers in two all-optical network applications, one of which requires the lasers to have the same wavelength and the second requires the lasers to be at different wavelengths. In the single wavelength application, the synchronized lasers drive a cascade of two low-birefringence, polarization maintaining, optical logic gates with switching timing window of 4 and 5 ps, respectively. We obtain nonlinear transmission of ~50% at a switching energy of 8 pJ and contrast ratio of 16 dB, which are comparable performance as that obtained using a single laser. In the different wavelength application, we use 0.8 ps pulses to switch 2 ps pulses in a two-wavelength nonlinear optical loop mirror demultiplexer with timing window of 5.5 ps. Stable switching is reached at a efficiency as high as 90% at switching energy of 0.8 pJ, and a contrast ratio of 20 dB. Excellent agreement is found between the experimental data and the simulated results, which exclude the timing jitter     

Temperature Effects on Photoluminescence Properties of Porous Silicon

The temperature effects on the photoluminescence（PL） properties of porous silicon（PS） have been observed in the early stage. However, the obtained results are different. Through repeated experiments, some different and useful information are got, which benefits us in that PL properties of porous silicon can be fully made use of. Firstly, samples with porosity of 76% and 49% were chosen to study the exciting temperature effects on the PL spectrum. For the samples with low porosity, the decreasing temperature causes the peak wavelength to be red-shifting and that of the samples with high porosity to present the blue-shifting trend. The light intensity of both reaches the maximum at - 10℃. These experimental results can be well explained with the synthesized center PL model based on the quantum confinement model, other than the PL efficiency function σ（λ）. Thereafter, PL properties of PS samples fabricated separately under the temperature of -10 ℃, 0 ℃ , 10 ℃, 20 ℃ and 30 ℃ were studied. The results indicate that with the decrease of the etching temperature, the PL intensity increases from 406.7 to 716.6 and the peak wavelength blue-shifts from 698.9 nm to 671.8 nm. The WHFM of the PL spectrum dramatically narrows. At the same time, the images observed by AFM show that with the decreasing temperature, the holes are becoming deeper and the porosity is higher, which suggests that the decreasing temperature accelerates the etching rate.     

Transient temperature profiles within the active region of uniformly doped and high—Low doped Schottky IMPATT's

Results of an analytical investigation of transient and steady-state temperature and current profiles within the active region of a variety of IMPATT structures are presented. The analyses are based on thermal models which assume power dissipation distributions with an axial dependence proportional to the electric field intensityE(z)and a radial dependence proportional to the local current densityj(r). Examples are presented in which the local current density is assumed to decrease with the local temperature according to the expressionj(r) = a [V - V_{0} - b(T(r) - T_{0})]. The temperature gradients within the active region depend strongly on the doping profile. These analyses show that the maximum temperature at the edge of the active region can be as much as 25 percent higher than at the center of the avalanche region, especially for high-efficiency high-power structures where the ionization is highly localized and the electric-field intensity in the drift region is sufficiently high to prevent unsaturated drift velocities and depletion-layer modulation. Breakdown calculations using temperature-dependent ionization coefficients and axial temperature profiles suggest that actual temperatures within a device can be significantly higher than those measured experimentally by using a predetermined breakdown voltage versus temperature calibration curve. Curves are presented which show normalized current density and axial and radial temperature profiles within the active region of selected devices for various values of time.     

Solvent and Temperature Effects on Spectral Properties of Two Poly （3-alkyl） thiophene Derivatives

Two alkyl substituted polythiophene derivatives : poly (3-hexylthiophene) ( P3 HT) and poly ( 3- decyhhiophene) (P3DT), have synthesized by oxidation coupling polymerization of 3-alkylthiophene using iron (Ⅲ) chloride as catalyst in chloroform. While both polymers in pure chloroform solution have maximum absorption at approximately same wavelength of 440 nm, they behave differently with respect to changes observed on their UV-visible and photoluminescence spectra when the quality of the poor solvent is changed in good solvent (chloroform) / poor solvent (methanol) mixtures. With increasing volume fraction of methanol in mixtures, the absorption spectra of P3HT and P3DT red-shift, peaking at maximum wavelength of 495 nm (P3HT) and 510 nm(P3DT). Furthermore, the absorption spectra of the two polymers in chloroform blueshift as the temperature rises. P3HT shows 4.73 nm blue-shifts at 50 ℃ in contrast to the case at 20 ℃, while P3DT blue-shifts about 5.04 nm. The photoluminescence spectra of the two polymers in mixed solution are also investigated, which show that the luminescence spectra shift to longer wavelength with an accompanying drop in the PL intensity as methanol is increased. The absorption and emission spectra of the two polymers in a poor solvent and a thin film are similar, which indicate that a similar longer conjugation length in the two cases. It could conclude that the polymers exist almost the same conformations and aggregations in both a poor solvent and a thin film. P3DT exhibits more sensitive spectra properties (big red-shifts in both absorption and luminescence spectra in poor solvents and large blue-shifts at high temperature) with contrast to P3HT, which imply that long side alkyl may improve the chromic properties of the polymer.     

An interdigitated printed antenna for PC card applications

A quarter-wavelength diversity patch configuration for the 2.4-GHz ISM band PC card application is reported. The structure is based on partly interdigitation of two quarter wavelength separated patches through a set of fingers for achieving the required space diversity on single side printed substrate with an easy matching on 50 Ω, high cross-polarization and within a given maximum space of 30 mm×50 mm. Measured antenna patterns for the developed structure are the same as for a classical patch and the bandwidth for a VSWR less than two is 2% with a maximum gain of 1.5 dB. This antenna has been incorporated in a high-speed wireless LAN PC card system     

Experimental analysis of temperature dependence of oscillationwavelength in quantum-well FP semiconductor lasers

We experimentally evaluated the temperature dependence of the oscillation wavelength in 1.3-μm GaInAsP-InP strained multiple-quantum-well (MQW) semiconductor lasers compared to bulk lasers. The temperature dependence of the oscillation wavelength can be characterized by two newly introduced coefficients α₁ and α₂ which are the gain peak wavelength shift coefficients under the constant current condition and under the constant temperature condition, respectively. These two coefficients of various MQW structure lasers are the same as those of bulk lasers. This result means that the oscillation wavelength shift coefficient dλ/dT is only a function of the characteristic temperature T₀. The higher T₀ induces the large temperature dependence of the oscillation wavelength, When the characteristic temperature T₀ is equal to the characteristic temperature T_ltr of the transparency current I_tr, the oscillation wavelength shift coefficient dλ/dT takes the maximum value which is determined by the thermally induced bandgap narrowing effect dλ _g/dT. One possibility to solve the paradox between a high characteristic temperature T₀ and the small temperature dependence of the oscillation wavelength is the introduction of the temperature-independent leakage current