Numerical study of macrosegregation formation of ingot cast in normal sand mold and water-cooled sand mold

Formation of macrosegregation of 5 t steel ingots cast in sand molds with and without water-cooled copper tube is simulated by solving macroscopic mass,momentum,species and energy conservation equations with the consideration of shrinkage formation.Predicted macrosegregation pattern of the ingots shows a fair agreement with the experimental data.Both calculations and experiments reveal that some positive segregation patches are formed at the bottom of ingot.With the water-cooled copper tube inserted in the ...     

A Numerical Study of the Effect of Multiple Pouring on Macrosegregation in a 438-Ton Steel Ingot

In present paper, a ladle–tundish–mold CFD model and a macrosegregation model were utilized to investigate the effects of the multiple pouring(MP) process on the macrosegregation in a 438-ton steel ingot. Firstly, the model was partially proved as compared to the measured carbon distributions along the transverse sections in the riser of ingot. Then, the comparison between the single pouring(SP) and MP process has been carried out to study their influences on the macrosegregation in ingot. Besides, the predicted macrosegregation results in MP process which introduced the improved riser fixed with an insulating sleeve were compared with that in traditional MP process. The traditional MP process leads to certain favorable initial carbon distribution in the mold, which has some favorable influence on suppressing the positive segregation in ingot. The holding time of the low carbon in the riser is the main factor to suppress the positive segregation in ingot. Improved insulating sleeve can prolong the holding time of the low carbon in the riser and release the positive segregation in the riser of ingot. Improvement of the insulating effect of the riser is an efficient method to control macrosegregation in large steel ingot.     

大型钢锭表面夹杂物分布模拟研究

采用基于热焓-多孔介质法、湍流模型、动量和质量守恒方程建立了36 t大型钢锭锭模内钢液流动、传热和凝固的数学模型。采用Lagrange方法通过跟踪单个夹杂物在钢液中的运动,探明表面夹杂物在大型钢锭中的规律性分布,讨论了不同冒口保温条件对夹杂物的去除效果。结果表明,凝固早期,钢液流动强烈,夹杂物容易被先凝固的固相区域捕捉。随着凝固过程的进行,钢液流动减弱,夹杂物以上浮运动为主。加强冒口处保温可大大提高夹杂物的去除率。     

Numerical simulation of central shrinkage crack formation in a 234-t steel ingot

Central shrinkage crack is a common defect encountered in steel ingot casting. It is necessary to limit the degree of crack in case of further propagation in forging. A 234-t steel ingot was dissected to check the internal quality, and a central shrinkage crack band of 1,400 mm in height and 120 mm in width, was found at a distance of 450 mm under the riser bottom line. Then, thermo-mechanical simulation using an elasto-viscoplastic finite-element model was conducted to analyze the stress-strain evolution during ingot solidification. A new criterion considering mush mechanical property in the brittle temperature range as well as shrinkage porosity was used to identify the shrinkage crack potential, where the degree of shrinkage porosity is regarded as a probability factor using a modified sigmoid function. Different casting processes, such as pouring speed, mould preheating and riser insulation, were optimized with the simulation model. The results show that fast pouring, proper mould preheating and good riser insulation can alleviate shrinkage crack potential in the ingot center.     

231t超大型钢锭水冒口解剖试验研究

通过对231 t钢锭水冒口进行解剖试验,研究了超大型钢锭水冒口C、Mo元素偏析规律、组织形态、夹杂物等级,以找到改进工艺、提高钢锭质量的方法。     

400t级巨型钢锭偏析及夹杂物分布研究

主要分析400 t级巨型钢锭的偏析及夹杂物分布情况,对水口、冒口等典型部位取样做化学成分分析及夹杂物评级。通过分析发现冒口与水口端偏析现象比较明显,但偏析量相对较小,而S、O的残余含量特别低,A类夹杂物评级基本为0级,D类夹杂物评级≤0.5级,同时钢锭肩部属循环死角,夹杂物容易聚集,对于巨型钢锭或无损检测要求特别高的产品,建议将钢锭肩部切除掉,以提高产品质量。     

Numerical Simulation of Macrosegregation in Steel Ingot CastingEI北大核心CSCD

Many key forging components of heavy equipment are manufactured by large steel ingots. Macrosegregation in steel ingots is a key defect formed during the solidification process. Over the past few decades, numerical modeling has played a more and more important role in the study of macrosegregation. Various models have been developed and applied to different ingot casting processes. This paper focused on the application of macrosegregation models to the steel ingot. Firstly, the formation mechanism and influencing factors of macrosegregation were introduced. Then, the existing macrosegregation models and their recent development were summarized. Macrosegregation models accounting for such mechanisms as solidification shrinkage- induced flow and mushy zone deformation were analyzed, respectfully. To model macrosegregation due to solidification shrinkage, the key was to solve the free surface. A simple derivation showed that the multi-phase (including gas phase) models were equivalent to the VOF-based segregation models in dealing with the shrinkage-induced flow. Finally, our recent research work on numerical modeling of macrosegregation in steel ingots was illustrated, including application of the developed multi-component and multi-phase macrosegregation model to a 36 t steel ingot, and numerical simulation of multiple pouring process. The carbon and sulphur concentrations at about 1800 sampling points, covering the full section of a 36 t ingot, were measured. By detailed temperature recording, accurate heat transfer conditions between the ingot and mould were obtained. Typical macrosegregation patterns, including the bottom-located negative segregation and the pushpin-like positive segregation zone in the top riser, have been reproduced both in the measurements and the predictions, The carbon and sulphur concentrations predicted by the three dimensional multi-component and multi-phase macrosegregation models agreed well with the measurements, thus proving that the model can well predict the macrosegregation formation in steel ingots. As for the multi-pouring process simulation, the results show a high concentration of carbon at the bottom and a low concentration of carbon at the top of the mould after the multi-pouring process with carbon content high in the first ladle and low in the last ladle. Therefore, the multiple pouring process could get the initial solute distribution with the opposite form of segregation. Such carbon concentration distribution would reduce the negative segregation at the bottom and the positive segregation at the top of the solidified ingot, thus proving the ability of the multiple pouring process for the control of macrosegregation.     

特大型球墨铸铁钢锭模的铸造工艺

介绍了重量38t的大型钢锭模球铁件的生产工艺。采用底注式浇注系统,锭模内孔型芯采用焊接钢管芯骨,外层30mm为呋喃树脂砂层。铸件顶部延长200mm作为本体冒口,其顶面还设有4个安全小冒口。浇注后钢管芯骨内注入冷却水,对铸件下段进行强制冷却。利用球墨铸铁石墨化膨胀进行自补缩解决了铸件内部的缩孔、缩松缺陷,使生产的铸件达到质量要求。     

垂直定向凝固条件下通道偏析形成过程的数值模拟

建立了描述合金凝固过程热－溶质对流和宏观偏析形成过程的数学模型。模型中耦合求解了凝固过程中质量、动量、能量和溶质守恒方程；同时，基于固液两相区中温度和成分的耦合关系建立了固相分数场的更新方法。利用该模型模拟了底部冷却的二维矩形区域内Fe-C合金凝固过程中通道偏析的形成和发展过程。模拟结果表明，垂直定向凝固条件下通道偏析形成于液相线前沿附近，而不是两相区内部。这一结果很好地支持了文献中基于实验观察提出的通道偏析形成机理。     

Advances in multi-scale modeling of solidification and casting processes

The development of the aviation, energy and automobile industries requires an advanced integrated product/process R&D systems which could optimize the product and the process design as well. Integrated computational materials engineering (ICME) is a promising approach to fulfill this requirement and make the product and process development efficient, economic, and environmentally friendly. Advances in multi-scale modeling of solidification and casting processes, including mathematical models as well as engineering applications are presented in the paper. Dendrite morphology of magnesium and aluminum alloy of solidification process by using phase field and cellular automaton methods, mathematical models of segregation of large steel ingot, and microstructure models of unidirectionally solidified turbine blade casting are studied and discussed. In addition, some engineering case studies, including microstructure simulation of aluminum casting for automobile industry, segregation of large steel ingot for energy industry, and microstructure simulation of unidirectionally solidified turbine blade castings for aviation industry are discussed.     

钢锭铸锻一体化开坯工艺数值模拟

针对13 t的12Cr2Mo1V钢锭开坯后探伤不合格问题,提出了铸锻一体化开坯数值模拟分析方法。首先在THERCAST软件中完成钢锭的浇铸和凝固过程的仿真分析,然后通过数据共享将铸造数据结果导入到锻造分析软件FORGE中,完成最终的开坯仿真分析。分析表明:通过铸锻一体化开坯数值模拟分析方法,有效地预测了锻件疏松出现的部位。钢锭最初的疏松出现在中心部位,其Niyama值较大,随着锻造过程的进行,中心部位的疏松区域逐渐消失,其Niyama值变小。通过调整开坯过程的重要工艺参数,如锻造比、相对送进量、温度控制等,制定合理的开坯工艺来减轻或消除疏松、缩孔影响,使显微空隙及疏松通过锻压焊合。     

Numerical simulation of macrosegregation in large multiconcentration poured steel ingot

Abstract

A continuum model for the transport phenomena in solidification systems is used to investigate the formation of macrosegregation in a 360 t multiconcentration poured steel ingot. A numerical scheme with explicit time stepping in solidification problems is employed to solve coupled temperature and concentration fields, and equations of momentum. The proposed scheme is tested against an experimental concentration field reported in the literature. The influences of the concentration in each ladle and the ladle pouring time upon macrosegregation are studied. The simulation results show that, with a shorter time for the last ladle, macrosegregation is not significantly reduced with MCP compared with conventional single concentration pouring. A longer ladle time produced a marked reduction in the extent of positive segregation at the top of the ingot. Any positive segregation in excess of the industrial requirement limit is shifted to the riser. If the last ladle is poured after a longer time, growth of channel segregates is initiated by local remelting.     

基于三相模型的Al-4%Cu合金三维半连铸圆锭的宏观偏析数值模拟

本文采用基于 Eulerian-Eulerian方法的等轴晶、柱状晶以及熔体三相完全混合的凝固模型计算了三维半连铸Al-4%Cu铝合金圆锭的宏观偏析。基于热溶质对流的基础上,模型考虑了等轴晶的移动,以及柱状晶对浮游等轴晶的捕获,等轴晶和柱状晶的相互竞争生长行为。模拟结果表明铸锭底部出现了明显的锥形负偏析区(CET转变区域),铸锭中心正偏析带,毗邻中心的负偏析区,以及铸锭1/2半径处正偏析带,总的偏析形态呈现W型,与铸锭实际情况基本一致。此外,铸造速度相较于浇注温度对铸锭宏观偏析具有更大的影响。     

电磁搅拌对灰铸铁宏观偏析的影响

研究了电磁搅拌对Fe—C合金宏观偏析的影响。结果表明,在强烈搅拌下,大块石墨富集试样外表面,在试样的纵向和径向存在明显的宏观偏析。界面前附加环流的存在是径向偏析产生的原因。此外,生长速度对宏观偏析也产生影响。     

厚板用35t巨型扁钢锭的研制

根据国内特厚板生产需要，开发了目前我国最大的一次成材的35t巨型扁钢锭。设计中采用了大宽厚比、波浪边、大面起拱、带肩部的收缩帽口等特殊设计手法，并采用真空脱气、低过热度浇铸以及本体慢、帽部快的铸速控制。铸后钢锭组织致密，成分偏析小，成材后钢板组织性能均匀。     

发热保温冒口套在真空感应熔炼炉浇注中的应用研究

通过实验研究并在分析了真空感应熔炼炉浇注完成之后钢锭的冷却方式的基础上,总结出真空浇注钢锭缩孔形成原因并进行了采用发热保温冒口套进行补缩的试验研究工作。试验结果表明,当把发热保温冒口套的尺寸控制在H180 mm×φ200 mm的范围内,发热冒口套不仅减少了钢锭的内部铸造缺陷,使心部螺旋状缩孔基本消失,还提高了钢锭的致密度,细化了晶粒,从而提高了钢锭的成品率及综合性能,使最终轧制拉拔的成品焊丝性能有了不同程度的提高。     

Transient thermal stress development in direct chill cast ingots with application of a wiper

A full 3D transient model of direct chill casting is developed to predict the thermal stress during the startup phase for AA5182. Simulations show that tensile stress starts to develop at ingot surface and gradually migrates to ingot center. By varying the position of wiper below the mold, the maximum residual stress in the ingot center is reduced by up to 35% compared to that without the use of a wiper. The closer the wiper is inserted below the mold, the larger is the stress reduction effect, but at a greater risk of remelting surfaces below the wiper. In order to prevent this, forced-convection air cooling is recommended on ingot surface below the wiper. The current study recommends application of a moving wiper, from a lower to the bottom of the sump, to combine the benefit of reducing thermal stress and centerline segregation without surface bleeding-out.     

Q420钢中非金属夹杂物的分析

分别在模铸生产的Q420钢锭的冒口和本体顶部、中部、底部取样,以分析钢锭中非金属夹杂物的成分和分布。结果表明,钢锭中夹杂物指数在2.09~4.98个/mm2之间波动,本体中部的显微夹杂物含量小于其他位置。钢锭中的大型夹杂物总量介于5.7~22.5 mg/10 kg之间,其成分主要是SiO2和Al2O3,并含有少量的Na2O和K2O,主要来源于浇注用保护渣,钢锭本体底部的大型夹杂物远高于钢锭其他位置。     

Numerical Simulation of Titanium Alloy Ingot Solidification Structure during VAR Process Based on Three-Dimensional CAFE Method

建立三维多尺度数学模型计算Ti-6Al-4V合金铸锭真空自耗电弧熔炼(VAR)过程中的温度场、流场及凝固组织的形成。该模型包括宏观质量、动量及能量守恒方程和介观晶粒形核生长模型。在传热与流动计算的基础上,模拟铸锭VAR过程中的三维凝固组织的形成。对比计算结果与实验观察可知,两者在晶粒结构与晶粒生长方式方面吻合较好。当考虑VAR过程中熔池表面的辐射换热后,铸锭顶部的柱状晶被很好地呈现。最后,考察了自然对流对铸锭凝固组织的影响,计算结果表明自然对流对柱状晶-等轴晶转变(CET)及晶粒尺寸影响较大,表现为促进CET及细化晶粒。     

利用AutoCAD—AME软件进行铸钢件冒口设计

开发了一套对铸钢件进行冒口设计的软件，此软件利用ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ—ＡＭＥ软件建造的铸钢件三维几何图形，对铸钢件各个部分的模数、重量、体积和表面积进行计算，并以模数法进行铸钢件冒口ＣＤＡ。此软件的开发对进行基于三维的铸造工艺ＣＡＤ／ＣＡＥ的研究起到了积极的作用。