SENSORY EVALUATION OF CRUDE TOASTED CANOLA AND SESAME SEED OIL

'Alto'variety canola seed and yellow sesame seed were toasted at 180, 200, 220, 240 and 260C for 8 min and 10 min, respectively. Control oils from nontoasted seeds were also evaluated. Oils from ground canola and sesame seed were extracted with hexane at 25C for 10 h. Two ranking tests for odor preference were performed by a Korean panel. Among the canola oils, oil for seeds toasted at 240C was significantly better, and oil from seed toasted at 200C was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) worse than the others. Oils from sesame seed toasted at 220 and 260C were significantly better and untoasted and toasted sesame seed oil at 180C were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) worse than the other sesame seed oils. A second ranking test was performed to find the best oil among the canola and sesame seed oils. The toasted sesame seed oil at 260C was significantly better, and the toasted canola oil at 200C was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) worse. Among the other toasted oils, canola oil toasted at 240 and 260C and sesame seed oil toasted at 220 and 240C were not significantly different from each other. The ranking test showed that toasted canola oils were not significantly different from toasted sesame seed oils except toasted sesame seed oil at 260C.     

微波干燥对芝麻品质特性的影响

研究微波干燥温度和干燥时间对芝麻的水分含量、发芽率及其油脂的酸价和过氧化值的影响,并利用固相微萃取-气质联用仪对处理后芝麻的挥发性成分进行了研究。结果表明:在低于90℃温度下干燥的前20 min内,芝麻含水量下降迅速,超过20 min后随着时间的延长,芝麻的水分散失速度逐渐变慢;微波干燥对芝麻的发芽率有破坏作用。干燥的前20 min内,温度低于80℃时,干燥温度升高对芝麻油酸值和过氧化值的影响不显著（p>0.05）,而温度高于80℃时,其对芝麻油酸值和过氧化值有显著影响（p<0.05）;随着干燥温度升高,干燥芝麻的主要挥发性成分烷烃类、萘类、酚类成分含量降低,醛类含量升高。      

Effects of Bleaching on the Properties of Roasted Sesame Oil

ABSTRACT: Improvement in quality of roasted sesame oil was studied. Roasted sesame oil was bleached at 70 °C, 85 °C, or 100 °C for 20 min with acid-activated clay at 0.5%, 1.0%, or 3.0% (w/w) and then centrifuging at 12096 × g at 4 °C for 10 min. The color of the roasted sesame oil became lighter and the viscosity of oil decreased by bleaching. Bleaching caused a significant increase in the smoke point of the oil, from 170 °C to a range of 183 °C to 191 °C. Bleaching increased palmitic acid and decreased linoleic acid contents of roasted sesame oil. Bleaching decreased free fatty acid (FFA) and conjugated dienoic acid (CDA) contents and carbonyl values (CV) of roasted sesame oil. The more the acid clay was used, the lower were the FFA and CDA contents and CV of the oil. Amount of acid clay in bleaching of roasted sesame oil had higher effects on the color, viscosity, smoke point, FFA and CDA contents, and CV of roasted sesame oil than the bleaching temperature. Bleaching did not show a significant effect on tocopherol contents of the sesame oil. Bleaching tended to decrease sesamolin contents and increase sesamol contents in the roasted sesame oil. As the amount of acid clay and the bleaching temperature increased, the contents of sesamin and sesamolin in the oil decreased while sesamol contents increased.     

Effects of Sesame Oil Addition to Soybean Oil During Frying on the Lipid Oxidative Stability and Antioxidants Contents of the Fried Products During Storage in the Dark

ABSTRACT: Effects of sesame oil addition to soybean oil during frying on the lipid oxidative stability and antioxidants contents of fried products during storage in the dark were studied. Flour dough pieces (2 cm × 2 cm × 0.1 cm) were fried at 160 °C for 1 min in sesame oil-added soybean oil. Concentrations of sesame oil in the frying oil were 0%, 10%, and 20% by volume. Fried products were put into a glass bottle, and the bottles were tightly sealed and stored at 60 °C in the dark for 18 d. Lipid oxidation of fried products was determined by fatty acid composition changes and conjugated dienoic acid (CDA) and p -anisidine (PA) values. Tocopherols and lignan compounds in the fried products were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Relative content of linolenic acid decreased, and CDA and PA values increased during storage of the fried products in the dark. Fatty acid composition change and CDA and PA values during storage were lower in the products fried in sesame oil-added soybean oil than in the products fried in soybean oil without sesame oil. The results clearly showed that addition of roasted sesame oil to soybean oil at 10% and 20% during frying decreased the lipid oxidation of fried products during storage in the dark for 18 d by extension of induction period and decrease in decomposition of oxidized lipids. Fried products contained 134 to 267 ppm tocopherols and 0 to 148 ppm lignans before storage; however, their contents decreased during storage in the dark. Lignan compounds were more stable than tocopherols, and the rate of tocopherols degradation was lower in the products fried in sesame oil-added soybean oil than in the products fried in soybean oil without sesame oil, which could be because of protection of tocopherols from degradation by lignan compounds.     

Proximate composition and functional properties of African breadfruit kernel and flour blends

African breadfruit seeds (ABS) were toasted at 80 and 120°C for varied period of times. The effects of the toasting temperature and time on selected functional properties of the seed flours were determined. Flour blends were prepared from the toasted ABS and wheat flours. The chemical composition and functional properties of the blends were determined. Toasting increased the water absorption capacity (WAC) of ABS flours with increased toasting time at both toasting temperatures. The oil absorption capacity (OAC) on the other hand, increased up to 20 min of seed toasting at both 80 and 120°C and thereafter decreased. At both 80 and 120°C, the foaming capacity (FC) of the seeds decreased with increased toasting time, with greater decreased at 120°C. The protein, fat, ash and crude fibre contents of the flour blends increased while carbohydrate and moisture contents decreased with increased levels of toasted African breadfruit flour (TABF) in the blends. The TABF showed significantly higher (P<0.05) WAC, OAC, FC and emulsion activity (EA) than wheat flour (WF). These properties increased with increased amounts of TABF in the blends. All the flour blends exhibited a least gelation concentration of 8% (W/V). The bulk density (g/cm³) and wettability values of flour blends varied from 0.74 to 0.84 and 19 to 31, respectively. Heating increased the swelling capacity of the flour blends.     

Oxidative Stability of Soybean and Sesame Oil Mixture during Frying of Flour Dough

ABSTRACT: Effects of roasted sesame seed oil on the oxidative stability of soybean oil during frying of flour dough at 160 °C were studied by determining fatty acid composition and conjugated dienoic acid (CDA), p -anisidine (PA), and free fatty acid (FFA) values. Concentration of sesame oil in frying oil was 0%, 10%, 20%, or 30% (v/v). Tocopherols and lignan compounds in the frying oil were also determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. As the number of fryings performed by the oil increased, linolenic acid content in frying oil decreased, and the decreasing rate was lower in frying oil containing sesame oil than in the oil containing no sesame oil. CDA and FFA values of frying oil increased during frying and their relative values to the initial value were lower in frying oil containing sesame oil than in the oil containing no sesame oil. This indicates that the addition of sesame oil improved thermooxidative stability of frying oil, possibly due to the presence of lignan compounds in sesame oil. Tocopherols and lignan compounds in frying oil decreased during frying. As the amount of sesame oil in frying oil increased, degradation of tocopherols increased and lignan compounds degradation decreased. Tocopherols were suggested to protect lignan compounds in sesame oil from decomposition during frying.     

Effect of Seed Roasting Conditions on the Antioxidant Activity of Defatted Sesame Meal Extracts

ABSTRACT: Antioxidant activities of defatted sesame meal extract increased as the roasting temperature of sesame seed increased, but the maximum antioxidant activity was achieved when the seeds were roasted at 200°C for 60 min. Roasting sesame seeds at 200°C for 60 min significantly increased the total phenolic content, radical scavenging activity (RSA), reducing powers, and antioxidant activity of sesame meal extract; and several low-molecular-weight phenolic compounds such as 2-methoxyphenol, 4-methoxy-3-methylthio-phenol, 5-amino-3-oxo-4-hexenoic acid, 3,4-methylenedioxyphenol (sesamol), 3-hydroxy benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy benzoic acid, vanillic acid, filicinic acid, and 3,4-dimethoxy phenol were newly formed in the sesame meal after roasting sesame seeds at 200°C for 60 min. These results indicate that antioxidant activity of defatted sesame meal extracts was significantly affected by roasting temperature and time of sesame seeds.     

OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF EXTRACTED SESAME OIL FROM RAW AND PROCESSED SEEDS

Sesame oil was prepared from raw and processed seeds. Processing conditions were roasting at 200C for 20 min, steaming at 100C for 20 min, roasting at 200C for 15 min + steaming for 7 min and microwaving at 2450 MHz for 15 min. Oxidative stability of the resultant hexane-extracted oils was determined during storage under Schaal oven test conditions at 65C for up to 35 days. Methods employed included determination of fatty acid composition, iodine value (IV), peroxide value (PV), conjugated dienes (CD), para-ansidine value (p-AV) and 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value. The oils from raw and roasted-steamed seeds had better oxidative stability than other processed oils. In addition, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to evaluate the extent of oxidation of sesame oils by measuring the relative changes of aliphatic to olefinic (R_ao) and aliphatic to diallylmethylene (R_ad) protons of the oils. A gradual increase in the (R_ao) and (R_ad) values was observed during the entire storage period.     

Effect of Salt Concentration on Quality of Restructured Pork Chops

Restructured pork chops containing approximately 15% fat were manufactured from fresh hams and boston butts taken from sows. The effects of salt level (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%) and freezer storage time (0 and 30 days) on quality attributes of restructured pork chops were studied with three replications. Triangle test differences were significant for all comparisons except 1.0% and 1.5% salt groups stored for 30 days. 2-Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values increased linearly with increasing salt levels for both 0 and 30 days storage. Salt addition also linearly increased Instron slicing strength values, and improved flavor, juiciness, and textural properties. The addition of salt decreased raw color evaluations, Instron shearing values and cooking losses. Following 30 days freezer storage, treatments containing salt had higher TBA values and lower color scores than the control treatment containing 0% salt. Salt addition at levels between 0.5 and 1.0% is recommended for restructured pork chops.     

奇亚籽油储藏稳定性研究及货架期预测

为研究奇亚籽油储藏稳定性,以液压法制备的奇亚籽油为原料,探讨储藏温度、氧气和光照条件对奇亚籽油过氧化值、酸价、K₂₃₂、K₂₆₈和TBA的影响,并应用一级动力学模型结合Arrhenius方程建立过氧化值、酸价两个氧化指标随储藏温度、储藏时间变化的货架期预测模型,预测奇亚籽油货架期。结果表明：奇亚籽油的氧化稳定性受光照、氧气和温度的影响,在避光、密封、低温的储藏条件下能有效降低过氧化值、酸价等的增长速率,延长储藏时间;通过模型推算得出密封、避光条件下奇亚籽油在25℃条件下的货架期为94 d。     

验证芝麻酚的抗氧化性质

现代技术研究表明，芝麻中含有多种具有抗氧化作用的物质。芝麻经过正己烷脱脂、乙醇提取等方法处理，可以得到含有芝麻酚的提取物。然后利用2-硫代巴比妥酸检测提取物的抗氧化能力。     

Influence of seed roasting process on the changes in composition and quality of sesame (Sesame indicum) oil

The composition and quality changes of sesame oils prepared at different roasting temperatures (180–260°C) from sesame seed were evaluated and compared with an unroasted oil sample. There were no apparent differences in characteristics, such as acid value, iodine value, saponification value and refractive index, of sesame oils prepared at a roasting temperature between 180 and 220°C. The colour units and total polar content of oils increased in relation to an increase in roasting temperature. The phospholipid content was reduced from 690 mg kg^?1 in unroasted oil to 0 mg kg^?1 in the oil prepared using a 260°C roasting temperature. The fatty acid content of the oil was reduced markedly, especially in oleic and linoleic acids, when the roasting temperature was over 220°C. The amounts of chlorophyll and sesamolin decreased with increasing roasting temperature. However, the highest level of sesamol and γ-tocopherol was found in oils prepared with a 200–220°C roasting temperature. The sesame oil prepared at a 200°C roasting temperature had the best flavour score when compared with the other samples.     

储藏条件对茶叶籽油品质的影响

以茶树的果实茶叶籽经初榨精炼得到的茶叶籽油为原料，模拟工厂实际情况，研究不同光照、温度及包装材质对茶叶籽油储藏过程中品质的影响。结果表明不同温度、光照及不同材质的容器储存条件下，茶叶籽油储藏385 d罗维朋比色红值、黄值、酸值及过氧化值增加均超过100%,饱和脂肪酸质量分数升高4.70%～10.80%,不饱和脂肪酸质量分数下降2.54%～20.36%,角鲨烯质量分数下降24.87%～50.30%,维生素E质量分数下降29.63%～66.67%。茶叶籽油储藏影响因素大小依次是温度、光照及包装材质。茶叶籽油储藏的最好的条件是低温避光玻璃材质，因此茶叶籽油的避光低温储藏是其必要的条件。不同储藏条件下的茶叶籽油罗维朋比色与品质显著相关，罗维朋比色可间接判断油的品质。本研究结果为茶叶籽油及其他油品的储藏及利用提供参考。     

EFFECTS OF SESAME LIGNAN EXTRACT ON LINOLEIC ACID, LIPID OXIDATION, COLOR AND TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF GROUND PORK, AND SAUSAGE PRODUCTS

Sesame lignan extract was prepared from roasted sesame oil and added at 0.02, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.20% (w/w) to linoleic acid and ground pork products. Cooked ground pork containing more than 0.02% of lignan extract showed TBA values lower than those containing butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) during storage. Sausages containing 0.05% of lignan extract had lower thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values when stored at 4C for 14 days; they also showed higher CIE color values than the control meat sample (P < 0.05). There were no differences in textural properties such as hardness, cohesiveness and chewiness between the control and the sausages containing lignan extract when determined by Instron Testing Machine. Thus, lignan extract prepared from roasted sesame oils was highly antioxidative when used in cooked ground pork at > 0.02% or in sausages at > 0.05%.     

Quality changes in 12% moisture content canola stored in silo bags under Canadian Prairie conditions

A study was conducted for two storage years (2011–12 and 2013–14) to determine the changes in grain quality while storing 12% moisture content (m.c., wet basis) canola seeds in silo bags under Canadian Prairie conditions. Canola seeds were stored in three silo bags (67 tonnes per bag) and unloaded at three different times (one bag at a time) which represent 20 weeks of storage (unloaded in late winter), 28 weeks of storage (unloaded in spring) and 40 weeks of storage (unloaded after summer storage). Canola seed quality parameters (germination, free fatty acid value (FAV), and moisture content), and intergranular composition (CO₂ and O₂ levels) at different locations in silo bags were analysed every two weeks. Temperature of canola seeds at various locations in the silo bag was recorded every 30 min. The germination of canola seeds at most parts of the silo bags stayed above a safe level up to late winter (20 weeks of storage). At the top layer of the silo bags, germination of canola seeds decreased to below 30% during summer storage (after 40 weeks of storage). Moisture content of canola seeds increased at the top layer in both storage years. The FAV values remained at safe levels until 20 weeks of storage, and increased more than two times the initial values after summer storage. The commercial grades after first, second and third unloading (after 20, 28 and 40 weeks of storage) were Grade 1, Grade 2 and Feed Grade, respectively, in year 1. Whereas for year 2, these were Grade 1, Grade 1 and Grade 2 after first, second and third unloading, respectively. The grain quality analysis and commercial grading results indicated that ambient temperature had a major role in quality of canola during storage.     

高温加热对牡丹籽油脂肪酸和理化性质的影响

通过研究牡丹籽油经不同温度（90、120、150、180、210、240 ℃）加热30 min后脂肪酸组成、含量以及 理化性质的变化,探究高温加热对牡丹籽油品质的影响。结果表明：牡丹籽油在高温加热后会生成脂肪酸异构体、 环状脂肪酸以及中、短碳链脂肪酸,且温度越高种类越多。虽然上述高温加热后牡丹籽油各理化指标均符合食用油 标准,但是随着温度的升高,牡丹籽油不饱和脂肪酸含量下降,富含营养价值的α-亚麻酸含量在温度超过180 ℃时 迅速下降。可见,在理化指标上牡丹籽油具有良好的热稳定性,但是从营养角度其不适合用于高于180 ℃的高温煎 炸等烹调方式。     

Modelling the Effect of Toasting Time on the Functional Properties of Brachystegia eurycoma Flour

The effect of toasting time on the functional properties of Brachystegia eurycoma flour was investigated. The water absorption capacity, swelling power and solubility index of the flour, increased with increase in toasting time, while the oil absorption capacity and amylose content of the flour decreased with increase in toasting time. The peak viscosity, final viscosity, break down and setback viscosity increased from 134.67 to 176.24 RVU, 460.33 to 650.43 RVU, 57.83 to 120.33 RVU and 405.70 to 581.17 RVU respectively, as the toasting time increased. The pasting temperature decreased from 88.25 to 78.32 °C, as the toasting time increased from 0 to 12 min. Regression models that could be used to adequately express the relationships existing between the functional properties of the flour and toasting time were established.     

Intelligent Estimation of the Canola Oil Stability Using Artificial Neural Networks

In the present study, a multi-layer perceptron neural network and radial basis function (RBF) network were used to estimate the oxidative stability of canola oil during storage. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used to model oxidative stability of canola oil during storage, and comparison was also made with the results obtained from a regression analysis. The oxidative stability of canola oils was considered as dependent variable, and independent variables were selected as time (in week), variety, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C20:0, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, and C22:1 fatty acid content. The results were compared with experimental data and it was found that the estimated oxidative stability by RBF neural network is more accurate than multi-layer perceptron network and regression model. It was also found that the oxidative stability of canola oil decreased with increase in storage time and C18:3 fatty acid content.     

不同包装材料对半干青鱼常温贮藏过程中品质的影响

以半干青鱼为研究对象,测定感官评分、水分含量、pH、菌落总数、硫代巴比妥酸(thiobarbituric acid,TBA)值、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen content,TVB-N)等指标,探究了普通聚乙烯包装和乙烯-乙烯醇共聚物(ethylene-vinyl alcoh...     

Effect of Washing Treatment on Quality of Minced Mullet Flesh

Washing treatments were evaluated for quality improvement of minced mullet. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) number generally decreased with increased washing temperature from 5–35°C and increased at higher temperatures. At 35°C, a wash water pH of 6.0 or above resulted in decreased TBA number. Response surface analysis indicated maximum whiteness index, minimum TBA number, and minimum cooking loss with washing at 29–33°C for up to 10 min with a water to flesh ratio from 23–26. Highest springiness was indicated with washing ratio of 25 to 30 at 28–31°C The simultaneously optimized washing conditions for highest minced mullet quality were 31.4°C for 7.5 min at a ratio of 24.