Modelling water resource systems: issues and experiences

Since their first serious introduction in the early 1 960s, systems analysis methods have held out a promise of providing information that can help improve decision making. This paper surveys a number of actual applications of optimization and simulation modelling that illustrate the variety of problems studied, the variety of approaches used to study them, and the variety of outcomes or results of such studies. Some studies have been very successful, some have not. Given the varying but generally beneficial results of such studies, it seems clear that research on, together with application of, systems analysis techniques to water resources and environmental problems should continue. The paper concludes with some suggestions for facilitating the development and effective application of this methodology.     

污水资源化探讨

通过了解国内、国外污水资源化的利用现状情况,阐述了污水资源化的必要性及解决对策,指出全民应重视污水资源化问题,将节水与治污相结合,以使污水再生利用得以顺利进行,从而构建完善的污水资源化利用体系。     

Solar-based atmospheric water generator utilisation of a fresh water recovery: A numerical study

In many regions in the world, the climate conditions are suitable for generating drinkable water; however, they have one or more types of water scarcity. An alternative method for fresh water recovery from atmosphere had been studied in this paper. The studied method is designed for Arabic Gulf countries or similar by using solar-based thermoelectric generator utilisation. The existence of solar energy and humid air gives a good chance for effective productivity. Nowadays, the mathematical model is able to give a good representation of the different cases. The use of recent numerical modelling is robust enough to give accurate results with cost and time saving. For simplification; the cases in this paper were supposed to be the fluid flow region, it means that the simulation will not be involved in the multi physics. The cases have been simulated in 3D using commercial CFD software called Star-CCM+. For the proposed system, four parameters were studied, which were the pressure drop over the flow bath, the water productivity per square metre as the goal parameter and the influence of ambient temperature as well as humidity. The ambient conditions were considered as the design parameters. The three different climatic regions are Red Sea, Arabic Gulf, and southern Europe (south Spain). Only summer climatic conditions are considered. It is found that the pumping power required for air fan did not exceed 9.1 W. Fresh water productivity of the unit was up to 3.9 L/h/m².     

区域水资源的可持续发展

对水资源短缺的现状进行了分析,着重提出了水资源在流域管理和区域管理方面的问题,从水资源可持续发展的角度,提出了水资源合理利用的方法,从而保证经济和社会的可持续发展。     

关于地下水资源评价问题的若干思考

介绍了地下水资源的概念,结合地下水资源的评价内容,分析了地下水资源评价与地下水资源管理的关系,对地下水资源评价与地下水资源管理分离的后果进行了论述,指出地下水资源评价是地下水资源管理的条件,而地下水资源评价中又融合着地下水资源管理的成分。     

Modelling the urban water chain: Incentives and cost recovery in wastewater treatment in developing countries

To improve surface water quality in developing countries new approaches to design wastewater treatment schemes have been developed. We identify a compliance problem in these schemes which threatens their success. To analyze this problem, we integrate a compliance game into a model of the urban water chain. We illustrate the model with a numerical example on small scale leather processing. We find that the compliance problem indeed threatens the overall success of the treatment scheme and show under which conditions this is so. With an empirical calibration our model is a ready to use tool to provide quantitative results that can inform planners of urban wastewater treatment schemes.     

国内外建筑垃圾资源化现状及发展趋势

从政策法规和工艺技术两方面综述了国内外建筑垃圾资源化的现状,并分析其发展趋势,阐明了我国推行建筑垃圾资源化的重要性与必要性。     

冷却塔的冷却水温对军团病菌和设备费用的影响

概略介绍了空调系统使用冷却塔引起民的军团病菌污染。通过投资效益分析方法,说明确定合理的冷却塔水温运行范围可以实现减少军团病危险的环境效益和冷却塔费用的经济效益。     

Minimizing water cost in water resource management of Athens

This paper considers the minimization of the cost of water through an integrated water resources planning and management model, implemented within the decision support system for the management of the Athens water supply system. The mathematical framework employs a simulation-optimization scheme, where simulation is applied to faithfully represent the system operation, whereas optimization is applied to derive the optimal management policy, which simultaneously minimizes the risk and cost of decision-making. Real economic criteria in addition to artificial costs are appropriately assigned to preserve the physical constraints and water use priorities, ensuring also the lowest-cost transportation of water from sources to the point of consumption. The proposed model is tested on the hydrosystem of Athens, in order to minimize the expected operational costs for several system configurations.     

福州市水资源供需平衡的对策

水资源规划的核心是水资源平衡,水资源平衡是需求和供给的平衡,需水量预测包括工业、农业、城镇生活和河道生态需水量四个部分。通过分析用水统计数据,研究用水结构特点,进行需水量预测,提出水资源供需平衡规划及对策。     

青岛市水资源承载力预测评价研究

水资源承载力的评价对发展地区经济具有重要意义,因此水资源的可持续利用理应受到人们的关注.通过对比水资源承载力的各评价方法,建立了综合评价模型,确立了评价的指标体系,利用均方差决策综合分析方法计算了评价指标的权重.最后,对青岛市水资源承载力按照不同时间段进行了预测评价分析,并根据当地实际,提出了提高当地水资源承载力的对策.     

长治市水资源现状及其可持续利用对策

随着经济的快速增长和城市的迅速膨胀,水体污染日趋严重,水环境进一步恶化,只有通过兴修水利工程,改变传统的农业灌溉方式,进行污水处理和建立中水使用系统,成立水务局,进行水系统的联合调度,加强对水资源的统一管理和优化配置,建立节水型社会,才能实现经济社会的可持续发展。     

我国水资源问题及其解决对策

分析了我国面临的水资源问题,从需水控制、污水资源化及水资源可持续利用等方面探讨了我国现阶段应当研究解决的水资源问题,旨在有效解决我国水资源的供需矛盾。     

青岛市发展循环经济与水资源利用

结合发展循环经济的3R基本准则和水资源利用的概念,分别介绍了青岛市的水资源现状及存在的问题,并针对性地提出了解决青岛市水资源缺乏与利用矛盾的途径和方法及实施措施,以期改善或彻底解决青岛市水资源短缺问题。     

水资源规划及其应用

通过对水资源规划的内容及其基本方法的分析,介绍了目前GIS、决策支持系统、水资源-宏观经济-生态环境系统耦合在水资源规划和管理中的应用,指出了水资源规划的总目标,以满足社会对水的需求.     

Reducing the environmental footprint of wastewater screenings through anaerobic digestion with resource recovery

Screenings produced as the first stage of wastewater treatment and currently disposed of to landfill, are rich in volatile organic solids, nitrogen and phosphorus which could be recovered through anaerobic digestion. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests on screenings demonstrated a methane yield of 0.33 m³ methane/kg volatile solids (VS) and a VS destruction of 50%. Consequently, the effect of a range of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and organic loading rates (OLRs) was evaluated in lab‐scale continuously fed mesophilic digesters. The highest methane yield of 0.416 Nm³ methane/kg VS added was observed with an HRT of 15 days and an OLR of 2.5 kg VS/m³/day, when up to 65% of the VS were destroyed. If treated by anaerobic digestion, every dry tonne of screenings digested would divert 466 kg from landfill, save 4.6 tonne equivalent carbon dioxide (CO_{2 eq}) and deliver 3.4 MWh of renewable energy.     

岚县污水处理厂中水资源评价

以岚县2×300 MW矸石电厂建设项目水资源论证中关于中水水源论证为例,利用不同的方法确定城镇的污废水量,并结合污水收集能力评价中水的生产规模,根据中水水质评价结果和建设项目的水质要求,评价建设项目利用中水的可能性与利用途径,最终给出建设项目可利用中水的量。     

The evolution of urban water systems: societal needs,institutional complexities,and resource costs

ABSTRACT

Urban water systems provide critical services to meet the supply, sanitation, and drainage needs of urban societies. Evolving needs have resulted in increasingly expansive infrastructure, raising questions about the sustainability of such large infrastructure investments. In this study, we demonstrate the historical interplay between growing urban water needs, the services developed to meet them, and their total resource cost. We hypothesize that needs evolve hierarchically, with predictable outcomes in the form of service progression. To test this hypothesis, we use a suite of metrics at the US national scale indicative of our proposed hierarchy levels. At the city scale, we assess the cost implications of this progression of services. We use the emergy framework to quantitatively reconstruct the historical resource requirements of supply, sanitation, and drainage services and show how evolving needs lead to mounting resource costs. Lastly, we discuss implications of continually increasing complexity for meeting future water needs.     

水资源管理学发展趋势研究

通过对国内外水资源管理研究、实施情况和水资源可持续管理的分析,指出我国水资源管理存在的问题,提出了我国水资源管理学在新的历史时期的研究方向,对保障我国用水健康循环和国家可持续发展具有重要意义。     

论我国城镇水资源可持续发展的强化措施

论述了国内外水资源及其消耗状况.从行政管理、法律、教育、工程等多方面出发,提出了可持续发展的水资源保护战略、小城镇建设中的水资源利用及保护、污水回用与资源化、水循环再生工程等综合防治强化措施,供同行参考.