城市绿色基础设施 韧性设计范式转型探索

Urban green infrastructure is a fundamental physical structure that supports the construction of resilient cities based on nature. Currently, the conventional design paradigm oriented by deterministic control is not conducive to promoting urban resilience, and the design paradigm of green infrastructure is in urgent need of transformation. Based on literature review, this article discusses the establishment of resilient design paradigm: first, it proposes the common ground of the resilient design paradigm by establishing a framework for the resilience mechanism of urban green infrastructure; then it summarizes the resilience driving mechanism to provide the key basis for the resilience design paradigm; and finally, this article devises the resilient design paradigm based on adaptive approaches and proposes the whole-process dynamic cyclic model to guide the configuration optimization of urban green infrastructure. The establishment of the design paradigm relies on the shift in mindset, concept, design procedure, project management, quality inspection, etc., which requires the joint efforts by designers, engineers, researchers, decision makers, and the public. This article is expected to provide references not only to the construction of green infrastructure to support the high-performance of urban resilience, but also to the theory development of resilient city and the resilient design paradigm of landscape design.     

Key control handles in integrated urban wastewater systems for improving receiving water quality

ABSTRACT

There is an increasing interest in modelling and control of integrated urban wastewater systems (UWS). Nevertheless, given the multiple interactions between the sub-systems – catchment, sewer system, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and receiving water system – the selection of effective control handles for improving receiving water quality is a major challenge. In this paper, a systematic study to identify the most important control handles in an UWS is presented. The Benchmark Simulation Model for Urban Wastewater Systems (BSM-UWS) is selected as a virtual case-study. Morris screening is used to perform global sensitivity analysis. Results indicate that, for the BSM-UWS layout, while river dissolved oxygen quality (T_exc,DO) is influenced by multiple control handles both in the sewer system and WWTP, river un-ionized ammonia quality (T_exc,NH3) is mainly influenced by WWTP control handles. The study highlights the need to perform simulations for at least 1 year when determining key control handles for UWS.     

LAFENTERPRISES’ ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITY IN CONSTRUCTION OF RESILIENT URBAN WATER SYSTEMS IN CHINESE CITIES

This article focuses on enterprises’ role and responsibility in improving urban resilience of water environment of Chinese cities, starting with the research efforts of Beijing Enterprises Water Group in recent years, the application of water pollution remediation technologies, then to the current status, key tasks, and problems in China’s water environmental remediation, as well as how to change people’s awareness of grey water facilities and infrastructures and promote public engagement. Mao Jianhua, the interviewee, argues that it is important to understand that the regional situations vary in China, water environmental problems are complicated resultants of industrial structure, infrastructure construction, and social management; to deal with China’s water environmental issues, we shall develop phased roadmaps combining with social-economic development. He believes that a working water environmental remediation is guaranteed by grey infrastructures and is facilitated or improved by ecological infrastructures. He also emphasizes that public engagement plays a decisive role in improving the resilience and sustainability of urban water environment.     

Metabolism-modelling approaches to long-term sustainability assessment of urban water services

There is a discernible need for a holistic, long-term and sustainability approach in decision-making in water and wastewater utilities around the world. Metabolism-based modelling, which can quantify various flows within an urban water system (UWS), has shown its effective usability for a more comprehensive understanding of the impacts of intervention strategies and can be used by any water utility for future planning of UWS. This study presents the main principles of a holistic Sustainability Assessment Framework which can be simulated by using two analytical, conceptual, mass-balance-based models to quantify relevant key performance indicators (KPIs) associated with the metabolic flows of the urban water cycle. These two models are WaterMet² (WM2) and dynamic metabolism model (DMM), developed recently under the aegis of the EU TRUST (Transitions to the Urban Water Services of Tomorrow) project. There are clear differences between the two models which make them useful in different contexts and circumstantial situations. DMM is a mass-balance consistent model which quantifies and presents annually-aggregated performance values for system wide energy consumption, emissions, environmental impacts and costs for the entire UWS though it is also possible to derive corresponding indicators for individual sub-systems (e.g. water distribution and wastewater transport). WM2 is the opposite of this, it is a distributed metabolism model which simulates water related and other resource flows throughout the UWS components with a higher resolution both spatially (e.g. multiple water resources and service reservoirs) and temporally (e.g. daily and monthly), and thereby is useful in contexts where utilities would like to focus on further details of the UWS metabolism with the aim to understand and solve specific problems. Overall, these two complementary metabolism-based approaches enable any water utility to quantitatively explore and understand the influences of different external drivers and intervention strategies on future performance profiles linked to any physical, environmental and economic criteria.     

地震灾害下城市生命线体系恢复力双维度综合评估

针对现有生命线恢复力研究中单一维度评估的缺陷,引入基础设施网络均衡理论,设计综合考虑生命线网络物理状态和输送能力的体系性能时程响应函数PRF,同时构建包含灾害概率、灾害后果、恢复速率三个主要因素在内的,贯穿技术和组织双维度的生命线体系恢复力评估框架,实现地震灾害下城市生命线体系恢复力双维度综合评估。在以江苏省连云港市区供水网络为例的案例研究中,依据评估框架构建体系恢复力仿真流程,采用场景地震,对环状和网状两种供水体系的震害恢复力进行对比分析,结果显示,尽管网状供水网络的性能水平高于环状网络,但对体系恢复力的提升作用并不明显。而且城市供水体系恢复力随着恢复资源投入量的变化曲线显示,恢复资源的投入量存在最优值,能够以高效费比实现体系恢复力最大化。     

Media discourse on ageing water infrastructure

Urban infrastructure in the United States is ageing, but media portrayal of this phenomena has been insufficient. Failures such as water main breaks are a daily occurrence in many cities. In addition, citizens are regularly reminded of the costs through increases in water and sewer rates. To explore media discourse on this issue, a content analysis of print media articles on water main breaks (Breaks), and water and sewer rate increases (Rates) for the period 1999–2012 was conducted. The analysis of approximately 500 randomly drawn articles on each topic found that media coverage of water infrastructure is an episodic affair with little attention to ongoing issues. Rates articles contained more details and a focus on governance, while Breaks articles addressed business concerns and were concentrated in older cities. The article concludes that media stories are not providing sufficient information to serve the needs of democratic governance of urban infrastructure issues.     

Making the implicit,explicit: time for renegotiating the urban water supply hydrosocial contract?

Today's modern cities' ‘big-pipes in, big-pipes out’ potable water supply approach does not offer society the resilience for adaptation to future climate challenges. One approach towards building resilience would involve cities adopting diverse, alternative water supplies; such as recycled wastewater, greywater and stormwater, within a fit-for-purpose philosophy, incorporating a mix of centralised and decentralised technologies. Globally, modern cities have limited on-ground experience with such complex approaches, despite ad-hoc policy rhetoric to the contrary and multiple technological options. Through considering the implicit and technocratic hydrosocial contract underpinning the current ‘big pipes’ approach, it appears the judgement and advice of ‘water experts’ is a significant determinant regarding opportunities for realising more resilient water supplies. Contrasting primary and secondary survey data from water experts and communities across Australian cities in relation to their receptivity to alternative water supplies; it is evident that community members are far more receptive than water experts expect. Thus, this difference in perception is potentially a significant barrier to realising a resilient approach. Path-dependant decision-making and practice is pervasive throughout the urban water field, and while the physical artefact of the traditional water supply system remains largely invisible and disconnected from communities, it is the implicit hydrosocial contract that keeps water experts disconnected from communities. Based on evidence presented in this paper, shifting the current hydrosocial contract to a more resilient approach is vulnerable to business as usual. Recommendations are offered for fundamentally reshaping this contract through deliberative processes that work towards enabling co-governance, co-design and co-management of this alternative and complex water supply approach into the future.     

Network structure,complexity, and adaptation in water resource systems

Infrastructure systems are often complex. Many have both natural and built components. For such systems, including water resource networks, resilience is a common policy goal. In the formalised study of complex systems, the structure and function of networks can contribute directly to system resilience. One branch of complex systems studies, network science, describes how connectivity between individual components can explain some system-wide properties of growth and reliability. Water resource systems analysis has only begun to apply techniques from network theory and complexity science to assess adaptability and resilience. We present an analysis of connectivity in a network model of California's water infrastructure system using several network science techniques. Results indicate that nodes in California's water system are clustered but without scale-free properties. The network originates from a mixture of top-down (centralised) and bottom-up (dispersed interactions of parties) planning. This structure provides managers greater flexibility to use local and distant water sources. We use the analysis to illustrate how several disciplinary notions of resilience apply to civil infrastructure planning. We also explore how adaptability, not just complexity, influences resilience in planning. Creating systems that can respond to future changes must be an important policy goal in planning civil infrastructure.     

Assessing urban lifeline systems immediately after seismic disaster based on emergency resilience

Resilience is an emerging concept for analyzing the dynamic performance of critical infrastructures during the post-disaster recovery process. Although a number of studies examined how to assess long-term resilience (1 year +), very few have investigated short-term resilience (few days to several weeks following a disaster). This study presents the new concept of ‘emergency resilience’ and the framework for assessing this short-term resilience for urban lifeline systems in the emergency recovery stage. This framework can quantify differences in system performance (pre-disaster vs. post-recovery) using the new ‘recovery degree’ feature. It also integrates a new performance response function which is based on network equilibrium theory to assess emergency resilience in both the technical and organisational dimensions. In the case study of the water pipeline network in Lianyungang, China, the results showed that the levels of the recovery budget b and recovery resource r had different effects on emergency resilience R in seismic disaster. Furthermore, it is demonstrated how the concept and its assessment framework can provide a quick reference tool for optimal decision-making under various scenarios. This study also examined the effects of two anti-seismic reconstruction measures, namely meshed expansion and ductile retrofitting, on the expected emergency resilience of the water pipeline network.     

Guiding principles for infrastructure climate change risk and adaptation studies

As global climate mitigation actions increasingly appear to be unable to curb global emissions, there has been a corresponding increase in climate adaptation planning undertaken by governments and communities. Along with an increasing number of adaptation studies, there has been an increasing complexity of adaptation studies as practitioners attempt to plan the adaptation of whole communities, cities and in some cases nations. These studies are commonly underpinned by increasingly complex climate change vulnerability studies that also attempt to encompass concepts such as resilience and adaptive capacity. Owners and operators of infrastructure assets and networks also need to consider climate change. This need has been met by an increasing number of climate change risk and adaptation studies of major infrastructure. The approaches used for these assessments are commonly derived from assessments of whole communities and policy development studies, and apply terminology that is often inconsistent with established engineering asset management methods and approaches. As a result the uptake of these studies has been less than desirable in many cases. To this end, the work presented here proposes a set of principles for undertaking the assessment of climate changes impacts on assets and infrastructure.     

Statistical analysis of public perceptions of water infrastructure sustainability in shrinking cities

Population contraction has afflicted a number of U.S. cities, presenting problems as the infrastructure becomes overbuilt for shrinking populations. Civic authorities have options to make infrastructure sustainable in light of urban decline including decommissioning or raising service costs to sustain existing infrastructure. This paper conducts a survey and statistical analysis of public opinions towards water infrastructure decommissioning and raising costs in U.S. shrinking cities, to identify groups likely to oppose these alternatives and hamper sustainability efforts. The analysis found a range of socio-economic factors affecting residents' likelihood of opposition and that their impacts vary considerably across the population. One critical finding is that only approximately 50% of respondents are aware their city is shrinking and that these residents have significantly different views on sustainability options. The statistical findings provide important initial information on how residents are likely to respond to policies seeking to right-size infrastructure with regard to population.     

Investigation of sustainable and resilient design alternatives for water distribution networks

Nowadays there is a pronounced interest in the need for sustainable and resilient infrastructure systems to address the challenges of future infrastructure development. This paper presents a three-objective optimization model for the investigation of various sustainable and resilient design alternatives for water distribution networks. Although optimal design of water distribution networks is a thoroughly studied area, most researchers focused on efficient algorithms to solve the complex design problem. Cost has predominantly been the objective in previous studies with few models also considering resilience or environmental impacts (CO₂ emissions). This research combined all these parameters in a multi-objective model to obtain various sustainable and resilient design alternatives. The model is demonstrated on a three-loop benchmark network that was previously studied. The tradeoff between the objectives is further analyzed to identify the most beneficial solution from the pareto-optimal set of solutions. The dollar worth of enhancing resilience of the benchmark network by a unit is estimated to be in the range of $1.23 to $3.93 million, which translates to about 22% to 69% of the least possible life cycle cost. The results of this research reveal that resilience can be increased by paying a justifiable cost that will also compensate for CO₂ emissions.     

气候变化下的三角洲城市韧性规划研究

三角洲城市是一个特殊、复杂的生态-人工系统。水系冲击形成的地形地貌条件、大量建设产生的地基沉降现象以及城市蔓延造成的生境破坏,使得三角洲城市更容易受到由气候变化带来的潮汐、风暴潮以及暴雨的侵蚀。本文首先分析了三角洲城市更具脆弱性的原因,即特殊的自然基底与快速城市化的矛盾是产生三角洲城市脆弱性的内在原因,气候变化是加剧三角洲城市脆弱性的外在因素,认为韧性发展是未来三角洲城市发展优先考虑的对策。其次,讨论了韧性城市所具有的特征、模型、评估指标、多尺度生命周期、韧性演进等问题,重点从韧性城市的视角研究了曾经遭受气候灾害的若干三角洲城市的规划理念,推演了三角洲城市韧性发展的逻辑框架。第三,提出了三角洲城市韧性发展的目标,即通过规划调控协同三角洲城市系统各要素,持续推进整体应对气候变化扰动的能力。第四,提出了三角洲城市韧性规划调控的核心思想是多元与多样的基础设施、冗余与跨尺度的网络联系、自组织与自我更新的区域/街区/建筑/景观格局。最后,提出了六个在韧性规划实践中值得进一步研究的问题。     

Continuous and multidimensional assessment of resilience based on functionality analysis for interconnected systems

The increasing number of disruptions to critical infrastructure, like natural disasters, terrorist attacks or internal failure is today a major problem of society. Concern is even greater when considering the interconnected nature of critical infrastructure, which might lead to failure propagation, causing domino and cascade effects. To mitigate such outcomes, critical infrastructure must recover its capacity to function with regard to several criteria. Stakeholders must therefore analyse and improve the resilience of critical infrastructure before any disruption occurs, and base this analysis on different models so as to guarantee society’s vital needs. Current resilience assessment methods are mainly oriented toward the context of a single system, thus narrowing their criteria metrics, limiting flexibility and adaptation to other contexts and overlooking the interconnected nature of systems. This article introduces a new tool-equipped approach that makes it possible to define a model to evaluate the functionalities of interconnected systems. The model is then used to assess the resilience of these systems based on simple and generic criteria that can be extended and adapted. Several assertions related to the concept of resilience and some resilience indicators are also introduced. A case study provides the validation performed by experts from several domains.     

A framework for the future of urban underground engineering

A special and holistic approach is needed that captures aggregate attributes and emergent behaviors of the complex system of infrastructure systems in a region. Effective management of the impacts of future population growth, urbanization, and risks arising from continued evolution of our natural, physical and human/societal systems will require a systematic exploration and characterization of the urban subsurface, including much improved understanding and assessment of geologic risks. With recent cost escalations for underground construction projects, incentives are needed for the underground construction industry to develop and implement innovations in methods and technology, and smart integrated planning is needed to reduce costs both during construction and with life-cycle engineered design and operation of our subsurface facilities.The needed framework requires investigation of potential metrics that reflect the performance of aggregate functions of an urban environment so that we can holistically study system performance response under “normal” and “stressed” operation. Such a metric can support a cross-disciplinary exploration of urban resilience, and build knowledge as we develop and test theory and models that explore resilience of complex socio-technical systems. Econometrics with spatial and temporal granularity will help to understand the integrated functionality of our cities and to establish appropriate policies that will drive continuous improvement in the quality of urban life while providing natural, human, and physical urban environmental resilience. The underground in urban regions can become an important component of managing the increasing complexity of our physical systems, and can also make more significant contributions to improving the robustness and resilience of our future cities.     

Smart green cities: from modernization to resilience?

It is possible to detect a shift in the way we think about environmental issues, in particular climate change, from what academics call ‘ecological modernization’ to what can be termed ‘resilient cities’. This is both a consequence and a cause of city regions emerging as the pragmatic scale of governance. This article will use a case study of Greater Manchester in the northwest of England to show how thinking on the environment was centred around ‘ecological modernization’ with an emphasis on business opportunities associated with a move to a low-carbon economy. It will argue that this approach has been enhanced by a new focus on resilience. The case study will use examples of the Ecocities project, green infrastructure and flood risk to show how a concern for resilience has emerged. It will then revisit the issue of energy to show how the new concerns have influenced the low-carbon strategy.     

关键基础设施体系灾害毁伤恢复力研究综述

关键基础设施体系是现代社会赖以生存和发展的基石,对于保障社会运转和居民生活起着至关重要的作用。为提升基础设施体系在灾害中迅速恢复和维持预定功能的能力,关键基础设施体系恢复力逐渐成为近年来国内外的研究热点。文章首先总结不同研究领域下体系恢复力的不同定义,对关键基础设施体系灾害恢复力的概念及相关定性研究进行综述,并对恢复力概念与以往“易损性”、“风险”等概念的区别和联系进行分析。随后对关键基础设施体灾害恢复力的各类定量评估和优化方法进行综述研究,并对现有研究存在的问题进行了总结。最后对关键基础设施体系灾害恢复力未来可能的研究方向进行展望,指出基于体系依存性和级联效应的多层关键基础设施体系恢复力联合研究是未来重要的探索方向。     

Is Bangkok becoming more resilient to flooding? A framing analysis of Bangkok's flood resilience policy combining insights from both insiders and outsiders

The rapidly urbanizing cities in Southeast Asia experience increasing flood impacts due to the consequences of climate change. In these cities, policy efforts to build flood resilience are gaining momentum. The aim of this paper is to understand and assess flood resilience policy development, particularly in cities in developing countries. Bangkok is one of the cities that participates in the 100 Resilient Cities Programme (100RC) - the international policy platform for building resilient cities. In 2017, the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) launched the ‘Bangkok Resilience Strategy’ to translate the resilience concept to its urban context. A framing perspective is adopted to reconstruct the strategy, process and anticipated outcome of Bangkok's flood resilience policy. We studied data obtained from ‘insiders’ (involved policy makers, experts and consultants) and ‘outsiders’ (local communities, civil society organizations and news media). Findings indicate that the economic growth frame is prevailing in the development of Bangkok's flood resilience policy, prioritizing structural flood protection with little attention for flood adaptation measures and related social impacts among vulnerable communities. The role of local communities and civil society in the formulation of Bangkok's flood resilience policy is limited. This paper therefore recommends cities in developing countries and cities in the 100RC Programme to organize a more inclusive resilience building process for addressing social problems regarding urban poor communities along with increasing flood safety and protection.     

基于韧性景观理论的江心洲水系网络设施规划研究

近年来,极端天气导致的自然灾害频发,江心洲由于其特殊的地理位置,受自然灾害影响很大。为了构建良好的江心洲绿色基础设施系统,提出将韧性规划与江心洲的绿色基础设施相结合,以水系网络及其水岸空间为研究对象,通过韧性规划特有的"抵御""适应"与"恢复"作用过程,在面对干扰时保证绿色基础设施的正常运作。