基于绿化用途的长三角区域主要城市困难立地空间识别

城镇蔓延和人类高密度的聚居导致建设用地与绿化用地之间的矛盾日益尖锐,形成棕地、废弃地、受损湿地等典型城市困难立地.针对传统遥感影像解译速度缓慢、效率较低、人力物力需求量大等问题,基于Google Earth Engine平台,利用Landsat TM/OLI遥感影像,采用分类回归树方法,对2000年至2019年长三角城...     

长三角城市群乡村植被特征与生物 多样性保育策略

长三角一体化绿色发展是中国的重大战略,乡村生态状况是长三角城市群生态健康发展的基础。针对长三角城市群乡村植被生物多样性保育和生态系统服务功能提升需求展开研究,调研了28个乡村共256个植物群落样地,分别进行了科属种构成和生活型分析;通过群落聚类,划分出47个群落类型和8个植被型,分析了植物群落构成和分布特征;进行了物种生物多样性分析,并将长三角乡村植被特征与城市区域和自然区域的植被特征进行比较;最后,从物种保护、生境维护、群落保育和生态美学引导等方面提出了长三角乡村植被生物多样性保育与构建的具体对策。     

A review of ET measurement techniques for estimating the water requirements of urban landscape vegetation

Increasing urbanisation combined with population growth places greater demands on dwindling water supplies. This is especially the case in arid and semi-arid areas like Australia, which is known as the driest inhabited continent on earth. Sustainable irrigation management necessitates better understanding of water requirements in order to decrease environmental risks and increase water use efficiency. Although the water requirements of agricultural crops are well established in field and laboratory studies, little research has been conducted to investigate the water requirements of urban green spaces. In addition, most previous research investigations have focused on the water requirements of turf grasses and not on other landscape plant species. Landscape plants can include various species of trees, shrubs and turf grasses with different planting densities and microclimates. Such complicated environments make measuring the water requirements of urban landscapes difficult.

This paper reviews previous studies and techniques for measuring the water requirements of urban landscapes and describes how optimum irrigation management strategies for urban landscape vegetation can assist in better water conservation, improved landscape quality and reduced water costs. The authors conclude that WUCOLS is a practical approach that can provide an initial estimate of urban landscape water demand but ideally this should be further refined based on the health and aesthetic condition of the urban vegetation. The authors recommend calibration of the WUCOLS estimates with an in-situ method such as a soil water balance.     

Underground water resources in Kazakhstan

The assessment of natural resources and the ecological demand for underground water in Kazakhstan is based on a water-balance equation which considers underground lateral flow, hydrogeoecological regions and river basins. We propose a methodology to estimate the underground water resource for this region. The flow of water in all the rivers of Kazakhstan is estimated at 102.3 km³/year, of which 57.6 km³/year originates in the territory of the country, and 44.7 km³/year in the adjacent countries. With potential increase of the underground water usage up to 15.5 km³/year, the surface water volume could be decreased to 5 km³/year. Optimization of water resource use should be based on the introduction of the water-efficient process of reinjecting and recycling the water supply in all branches of industry, and a reduction in losses during distribution.     

长三角城市群生态空间游憩服务的供需 特征及格局分析

生态空间不仅是保护区域生态环境安全的重要屏 障,也兼具重要的游憩服务功能,若孤立处理2种功能的关 系,必然会导致过度开发或被动保护。揭示区域生态空间游 憩服务的供需匹配特征及空间格局,对优化区域生态空间游 憩服务的总体布局,推动生态空间合理利用具有重要作用。 以长三角城市群为研究对象,从生态空间游憩服务的总体格 局、省级层次供需特征、市县级层次供需关系3个层次,对区 域生态空间游憩服务的供需平衡状态进行分析。研究发现, 长三角城市群人均生态空间资源较高,但生态空间游憩服务 的供需错位现象突出。不同出行半径范围内生态空间游憩服 务显现出较为明显的供需失配现象,空间分布存在明显的南 北分异特征。研究结果表明,仅依赖优化区域交通网络扩大 生态空间服务半径,北部城市的供需失衡现象会更加恶化。 长三角城市群各市县应采取差异化策略,加强生态游憩服务 跨区域供需协同网络：南部生态资源富足区应延展其游憩服 务辐射范围,填补供应空白;城市近郊区应关注连续性游憩 廊道建设,整体提升供应水平;北部连片供给失衡区则应进 一步挖掘农林复合空间的生态游憩潜力。     

Transition to a water-cycle city: sociodemographic influences on Australian urban water practitioners' risk perceptions towards alternative water systems

Transition to a sustainable water future such as the water-cycle city will necessitate shared, diversified risk management, which acknowledges the subjective risk perceptions of all stakeholders, including water practitioners. Such risk perceptions might vary with personal and professional characteristics. This study explores the influence of these characteristics on Australian urban water practitioners' risk perceptions of four alternative water systems, varying in scale of operation and water source, i.e. seawater desalination, indirect potable reuse, sewer mining and stormwater harvesting systems. Analysis of sociodemographic and risk perception data (N = 620) collected from a national online survey revealed that risk perceptions can vary with age or number of years' experience, educational qualification, stakeholder group and area of work within the water sector, reflecting different communities of practice. To facilitate adoption of a suite of sustainable urban water systems, these different risk perceptions must be identified, acknowledged and managed. Targeted social learning through experimentation is a useful approach to achieve this.     

A dimensionless approach for the urban-scale evaluation of domestic rainwater harvesting systems for toilet flushing and garden irrigation

A dimensionless methodology to evaluate the water saving obtainable from large-scale implementation of domestic rain water harvesting (RWH) systems in urban areas is presented. The methodology combines the use of regressive relationships for water saving evaluation based on the results of the dimensionless rainwater tank water balance and of catchment-wide information obtained from geospatial databases. The adopted RWH scheme included internal use of rainwater for toilet flushing and external use for garden irrigation. An application to a portion of the city of Rome, Italy showed the methodology to allow systematic and accurate evaluation of RWH system performance at the selected urban scale. Results pointed out high water saving potential for toilet flushing ranging between 38–65% for tank sizes within 1–50 m³. Furthermore, more than one third of the systems provided water saving benefit for irrigation larger than 20% by using a 50 m³ tank.     

Water and sediment transport mechanisms in a large river‐connected lake

Using the finite volume method, a 2‐D water‐sediment coupled model was developed to investigate the transport mechanisms of water and sediment in Poyang Lake, the largest river‐connected lake in China. Simulating water and sediment transport processes in an average water year revealed that the total volume of water and the amount of suspended sediment transported from the five main rivers upstream of Poyang Lake were approximately 1.56 × 10¹¹ m³ and 1.25 × 10⁷ t, respectively. The outputs of water and sediment from the lake to the downstream Yangtze River were approximately 2.17 × 10¹¹ m³ and 1.53 × 10⁷ t, respectively. During the wet season, especially between July and September, nearly 1.06 × 10¹⁰ m³ of water and 1.89 × 10⁶ t of suspended sediment were transported upstream from the Yangtze River into the lake due to the high external water levels, which accounted for 4.88% and 12.35%, respectively, of the total annual transport from the lake into the Yangtze River.     

关于发展节水型园林绿地的思考

针对北方城市水资源紧缺、城市园林绿地灌溉用水量逐年增加、城市生态环境用水供需矛盾突出的现实,分析了园林绿地灌溉的特点,指出当前园林绿地灌溉普遍存在方法落后、用水浪费的现象.提出应调整植物种植结构,发展节水、抗旱型绿地,积极推广先进适用的节水灌溉新技术、改善和提高绿地灌溉条件,严格规范灌溉系统的规划设计与施工,研究探索废污水回收利用和收集汛期降雨、灌溉城市绿地的新途径,以加强城市水资源综合利用,缓解北方城市用水紧张局面.     

现代江南城市中“河-路”空间关系的分析与评价--以苏州市为例

河道与道路空间是构成江南古城镇空间构架的基础,近年来传统河街空间关系瓦解,城市中河道与道路的紧密联系丧失。课题以苏州地区为样本,将现代江南城市中“河路”空间关系归纳为：“路近河”“路临河”“路夹河”“路跨河”“河路背离”几种空间类型。传统河路空间关系已不适应现代城市发展需要,应对错位的河路空间关系进行修复,最大限度地恢复河道与道路的空间关联,由此再现传统江南水乡特色空间形态。     

Blue-green architecture: A case study analysis considering the synergetic effects of water and vegetation

Blue–green infrastructure is a network of natural and near-natural areas that has a positive effect on the quality of urban environment. This multifunctional planning approach addresses different issues and objectives depending on whether the focus is on the blue (water) or the green (vegetation) elements. Green-motivated projects aim to densify urban vegetation and include the growing sector of building greening. A good climatic effect of vegetation can be achieved by sufficient irrigation. In many cases, this approach results in additional water requirements. Blue-motivated projects consider water accumulation in cities (e.g., by heavy rainfall) as a waste product and look for solutions for local drainage and evaporation. These planning approaches offer only one-sided solutions and create no sufficient interfaces between water availability and water demand. Based on four case studies, this work examines the extent to which blue–green projects take advantage of the possibilities for the synergetic use of resources. The projects are analyzed graphically by applying the daily tools of architects as a scientific method. A graphic presentation of the blue and green components makes existing solutions and missing links visible. Analytical results show that buildings can be considered to be an interface for blue–green systems. Moreover, the possible synergies are often overlooked during the planning process. This fact highlights the need for a new planning approach that interlinks blue and green aspects that are already in the early planning stages.     

浙江省绍兴市街景蓝绿空间多维度评价

在新时代城乡人居环境高质量发展的背景下,从二维和三维两方面测度城市街景蓝绿空间感知状况,有助于为街道空间品质提升和城市绿化建设提出科学的参考依据和优化策略。以江南水乡浙江省绍兴市为例,使用街景图片数据和全卷积神经网络语义分割法,识别二环内沿街蓝绿空间,并基于遥感影像的归一化差分植被指数和归一化差分水体指数比较二维平面与三维空间的蓝绿空间的差异,结果表明：1）绍兴市整体沿街绿色空间感知度较高,但存在较大的空间分异;2）沿街蓝色空间虽然充裕,但由于路边植被、围栏等形成视觉障碍,存在不少“临水不见水”的现象;3）沿街绿色空间和蓝色空间的比例在二维和三维方面分别呈中等程度相关和弱相关。基于此,就绍兴市沿街蓝绿空间的提升与改进提出了相应的建议。     

城市绿地景观设计与节水

针对我国城市水资源紧缺、城市园林绿地灌溉用水量逐年增加、城市生态环境用水供需矛盾突出的现实,提出园林绿地景观建设的生态化设计与节水,同时以西安城市为例,研究了绿地生态设计与节水的具体方法与措施,从而完善城市绿地节水性景观设计.     

Modeling water use in schools: A disaggregation approach

Modeling urban water use plays a key role in water resource planning and management. From the literature it was found that a vast amount of research has been conducted on modeling residential water use and limited attention has been given to modeling non-residential urban water use. However, it has significant importance for effective water resources management in any urban area. This study aims to model urban water use in schools in the eastern part of Melbourne. A total number of 375 schools were considered in this study. These schools were first grouped into different categories based on the annual volume of water use. Multiple Linear Regression models were then developed for each of these groups. Model performance was measured using the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (E). It was found that the developed models have the capacity to estimate water use in schools satisfactorily, achieving E values greater than 0.5 in most cases.     

Urban water demand management: prospects and challenges for the developing countries

As the traditional supply-driven urban water management is not sustainable, water utilities should embrace water demand management (WDM) measures to meet increasing water demand. Developed countries are using different technological and management measures to reduce urban water demand as a part of their integrated urban water management strategy. However, all these measures might not be directly applicable for the developing countries. Furthermore, the developing countries might not have access to the technologies and skilled manpower as well as institutional set-up to apply these measures properly. In this context, this paper reviews the different tools, techniques and measures of urban water demand management (UWDM) applied in the developed countries and critically analyses the prerequisites, prospects and constraints likely to be faced in developing countries in adopting these techniques and measures. Furthermore, it outlines a set of activities that will best help the developing countries in attaining the full benefit of UWDM.     

Public engagement with water conservation in London

Understanding water demand and consumers' capacity for change is essential in underpinning water demand management and water efficiency programmes. This paper presents the outcomes of a qualitative study, which used discussion groups relating to water infrastructure with environmentally aware citizens in five London boroughs in the Lower Lea River Basin. The results showed a subtle interaction between users, water and technology. Users are generally unaware of their own water consumption. Individual perceptions of changes in water behaviour are constrained by habit and lack of knowledge about what changes can be made and how. Knowledge of environmental information was described as the inspiration behind making any changes. The paper concludes that access to information about water resources, infrastructure and conservation measures should be enhanced because although information sources are abundant, participants claimed they were inaccessible without considerable effort. Finally, an emphasis should also be put on helping the public form a more substantial part in environmental decisions.     

长三角城市群人口老龄化时空变化分析

人口老龄化是城市发展和城市管理考虑的重要因素。长三角城市群是人口老龄化的高峰地区。根据第五次、六次人口普查数据,分析了长三角城市群人口老龄化的空间分布特征与变化情况。研究表明,老年人口数量在长三角地区呈现北高南低的分布特点。沿沪宁、沪杭甬发展轴,人口老龄化空间分布呈逆核心边缘结构。人口老龄化水平区域差异的直接原因是人口迁移和老年人口的自然增长。经济发展水平、政府政策、城市规划、社会保障和文化等是重要影响因素。     

基于天地图的县级城市地面沉降信息管理技术研究

沿海地区由地面沉降问题引起的地质灾害严重影响着城市可持续发展。本文提出了基于天地图面向县级城市地面沉降信息管理方法。首先提出并设计了基于天地图的城市地面沉降信息管理框架;其次,设计了城市地面沉降历史观测数据入库和管理模型,最后,以长江三角洲某县级城市为例,设计并开发实现了县级城市地面沉降信息管理系统,能够实现历史沉降观测信息的在线入库、可视化管理、动态预测和In Sar数据分析等,具有良好的应用前景。     

基于社会-生态功能复合与SPCA的城市 绿地生态网络重要源地识别

：构建基于社会-生态功能复合的城市生态源地综合 评价指标体系，以上海市闵行区城市绿地为对象，运用GIS、 RS、Invest及景观连接度模型等方法计算指标，采用SPCA确 定指标权重，通过空间加权计算和重分类识别重要源地。结果 表明：1)在424个备选源地中，极重要、重要、一般、不重要 和极不重要等级面积占比分别为16.2%、16.1%、25.3%、 23.0%和19.4%；2)共识别极重要、重要源地139个，总面 积18.61km2，平均面积0.134km2，占备选源地总面积的 35.6%，占全区总面积的5.0%；3)区域绿地是重要源地的主 体，其次是公园绿地和附属绿地；4)在规划实践中，可依托区 域绿地开展绿林农湿多要素复合，提升源地总体规模和服务功 能。研究成果可为上海及长三角其他城市精准识别城市绿地生 态网络重要源地提供借鉴。