微集水种植技术对北方旱作农业区土壤水分影响

利用微集水种植技术,在我国北方旱作农业地区开展节水灌溉种植,研究不同微集水种植技术对该地区土壤水分的影响。研究结果表明：在不同降水年份,相对于传统种植模式,各微集水种植模式能够明显提高土壤蓄水保墒效果,在玉米生育期内,微集水处理在0-160cm土层的蓄水量要好于传统种植模式。     

Evaluation of a small basin water-harvesting system in the arid region of Jordan

The performance of a small runoff-basin water-harvesting system (negarim) was evaluated under a typical Mediterranean arid environment in Jordan. Rainfall, runoff, catchment area, soil water storage, and crop evapotranspiration were analyzed as elements of one system. Three micro-catchment areas (25, 50, and 75 m²) and three surface treatment methods (natural, plastic cover, and compaction) were used. Runoff efficiency was evaluated for 16 storms. Storage efficiency was evaluated for eight periods by monitoring soil water balance in the crop root zone. The overall efficiency of the water-harvesting system was determined as the ratio of the amount of water stored and used by the crop to the amount of rainfall received in the catchment area. The overall efficiency of the system varied from over 85% to as low as 7% depending on the size of the catchment and the root zone capacity. Gains in runoff improvement were lost when the soil moisture in the cultivated area was near field capacity. The required ratio of the catchment area to the cultivated area was found to be strongly related to the root zone storage capacity and the rate of consumptive use as well as rainfall-runoff characteristics.     

红砂岩侵蚀区典型水土流失治理模式减流减沙效应

阐明小区尺度下不同水土流失治理模式的减流减沙效应,可为大尺度上的水土流失治理提供科学依据。以红砂岩侵蚀劣地为研究对象,采用野外径流小区长期定位试验的方法,分析自然降雨下典型水土流失治理模式的减流减沙效应及其对降雨要素、降雨雨型的响应规律。结果表明:试验观测期间,裸露地表径流系数为0. 66,土壤侵蚀量为0. 07 t/hm2,生态或经济开发治理后减流减沙效应均能达90%以上。地表裸露坡面产流产沙受降雨量、雨强影响显著,生态恢复模式降低了降雨要素对坡面产流产沙过程的影响,经济开发模式受降雨量影响显著。大雨强、短历时的降雨雨型是坡面产流产沙的主要雨型,对裸露坡面产流产沙的贡献将近50%,生态或经济开发治理后该雨型对产流产沙的贡献明显提高,增幅以经济开发模式大于生态恢复模式。因此,生态恢复和经济开发均是治理红砂岩水土流失的有效途径,应将生态恢复和经济开发治理相结合,使水土流失治理模式不仅具有水土保持功能,同时提升生态服务价值,促进当地的经济发展。     

红壤坡地降雨产流的数学模拟及其过程分析

本文采用一维运动波理论建立了自然降雨下红壤坡地产流模型,应用Preissmann隐式格式对模型进行了数值求解,通过实测资料进行验证,计算值与实测值的相对误差最大不超过17%,说明该模型是合理的,可以描述不同雨型下不同水土保持措施的红壤坡地产流规律。将试验实测的降雨过程输入到本文建立的模型中计算,得到不同雨型下的产流过程。通过分析表明：百喜草覆盖与敷盖措施的起始产流时间明显滞后于裸露地,而洪峰流量也明显小于裸露地,说明百喜草覆盖与敷盖措施都有明显的削峰滞后作用。     

南方红壤区马尾松林下水土流失与降雨量关系研究

为了更好地研究马尾松林水土流失规律,从水土流失主要控制因子——降雨因子出发,通过对红壤侵蚀区不同林下配置模式马尾松林径流试验小区2009—2011年的产流、产沙与降雨量的关系研究。得到如下结论：①各小区的产流量和产沙量均与降雨量呈显著性相关,回归模型主要以一元二次回归最优,个别小区以幂函数和对数函数最优,其中以马尾松地表裸露小区模拟方程可决系数最大;②各雨型在同一郁闭度条件下,除去郁闭度为0％的小区外,各小区基本满足乔＋地表裸露〉乔＋百喜草〉乔＋胡枝子,伴随着降雨量的增加,各小区的径流系数总体上呈增加的趋势,尤其在暴雨和大暴雨以上的雨型更加明显;③产沙方面,各雨型条件下,除去郁闭度为O％的小区和个别郁闭度为24％的小区外,基本上满足乔＋地表裸露〉乔＋胡枝子〉乔＋百喜草。     

华南红壤区坡面产流产沙对植被的响应

植被对坡面水蚀具有重要影响,其减水、减沙效益广受关注。以广东省五华县源坑水小流域2011—2014年的径流小区次降雨水沙观测数据为基础,分别在次降雨、月、年及不同降雨区间讨论植物类型差异、月际植被盖度变化、年际植物生长及不同次降雨量对坡面产流、产沙的影响。研究结果表明:(1)在次降雨尺度,植物小区平均减沙效益、减水效益分别为24.77%、12.95%,其减沙效益大于减水效益;(2)在各降雨区间,相较于裸土小区,桉树、松树和糖蜜草小区分别在次降雨量为20~30 mm、20~40 mm和20~50 mm的降雨区间具有较为显著的减沙效益。松树和糖蜜草在次降雨量为10~50 mm的降雨区间均具有显著的减水效益。但在次降雨量50mm的降雨区间植物的减沙、减水效益均不显著。(3)在月尺度上,各径流小区产流、产沙量均无显著差异。但由于月际植被盖度的变化,不同月份植物减沙效益数值顺序存在一定变化,但植物减水效益数值顺序较为稳定均呈现为糖蜜草松树桉树。(4)在年尺度上,桉树,松树和糖蜜草的减沙、减水效益区间分别为7.00%~38.66%、2.98%~8.76%,7.74%~37.30%、6.67%~19.67%和8.35%~45.33%、10.00%~23.36%。各径流小区年均次降雨产流、产沙数值顺序均呈现裸土小区桉树小区松树小区糖蜜草小区。各植物小区的减水效益与减沙效益相一致,表明相较于植物通过改变水沙关系减沙而言,植物主要是通过减水来减沙。     

基于不同降雨特征的空闲坡耕地产流产沙特征解析

阐明空闲坡耕地产流产沙特征,可为坡耕地水土资源综合治理提供科学依据。以第四纪红黏土发育红壤为研究对象,采用野外径流小区长期定位试验的方法,分析天然降雨条件下的空闲坡耕地产流、产沙特征及其对降雨特征的响应机制。结果表明：空闲坡耕地的土壤侵蚀等级为强烈等级以上,产流、产沙存在逐年降低趋势,与年降雨历时存在一定的负相关,但不显著;产流、产沙主要集中在4-9月,可分别占到全年总量的96.73%和99.35%;小雨雨型几乎无产流、产沙,暴雨雨型以上降雨的产流、产沙贡献率大,其贡献率均在80%以上;降雨量、降雨历时、降雨动能以及降雨侵蚀力对产流的驱动模型呈二次曲线函数关系,最大30 min雨强的驱动模型则呈幂函数关系;降雨动能、降雨侵蚀力以及最大30 min雨强对产沙的驱动模型均呈现幂函数关系,而降雨量和降雨历时的驱动模型分别为一次线性函数和二次曲线函数关系,产流驱动模型的可决系数均大于产沙驱动模型,产流与产沙的关系表现为幂函数关系。     

微集水种植对北方旱区土壤水分分布影响

与传统耕作种植相比,微集水种植技术能够让水分更好的向土壤内渗透,改变土壤水分分布,提高土壤水分含量。不同的微集水种植技术的蓄水保墒效果不同,垄上覆膜沟内覆盖秸秆处理的蓄水保墒效果最好,该处理的集水构造不但能使降水更好的向土层深处渗透,而且秸秆覆盖处理还能减少土壤表层水分的无效蒸散,提高土壤蓄水量。     

人工降雨和放水冲刷试验下红壤坡面径流与泥沙特征分析

南方红壤丘陵区是我国水土流失最严重的区域之一,严重的水土流失会导致土壤退化,也会影响农业生产的可持续发展,因此,研究红壤坡面侵蚀规律对南方红壤丘陵区水土流失防治意义重大。以红壤坡面为研究对象,应用人工降雨和放水冲刷试验,选择5°,10°,15°,20°四个坡度,设计0.8,1.2,2.1,2.6 mm/min四种降雨强度(相对应的放水流量分别为1.4,3.0,5.7,7.0 L/min),对红壤坡面的径流和泥沙特征进行了研究。结果表明:2种试验条件下,红壤坡面初始产流时间均随着坡度和降雨强度(放水流量)的增大而减小,尤以5°坡和0.80 mm/min降雨强度(1.40 L/min放水流量)下变化幅度最为明显,且在坡度较小时(5°和10°),人工降雨试验产流快;2种试验条件下红壤坡面径流量稳定时间为15~20 min,人工降雨试验红壤坡面泥沙量稳定时间为10~15 min,放水冲刷试验红壤坡面泥沙量稳定时间为15~20 min;径流和产沙总量随降雨强度(放水流量)和坡度增加而增大,在降雨强度(放水流量)和坡度较小时变化幅度较大;降雨试验的径流总量超过放水试验,产沙总量在降雨强度(放水流量)和坡度较小时,放水试验多,但随着降雨强度(放水流量)和坡度的增加,降雨试验多;5°坡在不同的降雨强度和放水流量下,径流和泥沙总量变化幅度最大,故应重视5°坡的水土流失预防。研究结果有助于全面了解红壤侵蚀规律,并为南方红壤丘陵区开展土壤侵蚀治理提供数据支撑。     

ANALYSIS OF SOLUBLE CHEMICAL TRANSFER BY RUNOFF WATER IN FIELD

In order to determine the main factors influencing soluble chemical transfer and corresponding techniques for reducing fertilizer loss caused by runoff in irrigated fields, a physically based two-layer model was developed with incomplete mixing theory. Different forms of incomplete mixing parameters were introduced in the model, which was successfully verified with previous published experimental data. According to comparison, the chemicals loss of fertilizer is very sensitive to the runoff-related parameter while it is not sensitive to the infiltration-related parameter. The calculated results show that the chemicals in infiltration water play an important role in the early time of rainfall even with saturated soil, and it is mainly in the runoff flow in the late rainfall. Therefore, prevention of shallow subsurface drainage in the early rainfall is an effective way to reduce fertilizer loss, and the coverage on soil surface is another effective way.     

Experimental Study on Slope Runoff,Erosion and Sediment under Different Vegetation Types

The relationships between precipitation, vegetation and erosion are important yet unresolved issues in the field of earth surface processes. Vegetation plays an important role in controlling soil erosion. Through field simulated rainfall experiments, we analyzed the characteristics, regulation of, and correlation among the slope rainfall-infiltration-runoff, erosion and sediment under different vegetation types. The results showed that the forest effectively improved soil structure, had stronger runoff and sediment regulation and was influenced less by rainfall intensity than those under other vegetative conditions. In addition, the efficiency and pattern of the regulation of runoff and sediment varied with vegetation types as did the mechanism of action. The soil and water conservation function of forest was water storage and sediment reduction by plant root systems to reduce erosion power, increase infiltration, decrease runoff and reduce flow speed. The function of grassland was direct sediment interception based on surface vegetation canopy for runoff and sediment regulation. The root contribution to runoff and sediment reduction was relatively greater than the shoot contribution under forest conditions, whereas, the effect of shoots and roots on soil loss was almost equivalent under grassland conditions. The different spatial structures of vegetation affected runoff and sediment regulation in different ways, and plant root systems were crucial for soil and water conservation. The cumulative sediment yield of the slopes increased as a statistically significant power function of cumulative runoff. The coefficient and curve shape of function were dependent on vegetation type, soil properties, rainfall intensity and surface roughness. The process of slope runoff and sediment was divided into development, active and stable stages. These stages correlated with each other to constitute a complete rainfall-runoff and erosion-sediment process, which exhibited their own features at each stage. This study furthers understanding of the relationships between vegetation, soil erosion and precipitation.     

边坡降雨入渗与坡面径流影响因素敏感性分析

影响边坡降雨入渗的因素很多,如雨强、土体渗透性、土体初始含水率、坡度、坡面糙率等。以非饱和降雨入渗与坡面径流有限元耦合模型为计算方法,应用正交试验设计数值试验,从坡面产流时间tp、坡脚径流水深h、坡体入渗量Q和入渗量与降雨量之比C的角度,对上述五种影响因素进行敏感性分析。结果表明,影响tp的主要因素是雨强、土体渗透性;影响h的主要因素依次是雨强、坡面糙率、土体渗透性;对Q影响较大的因素依次是土体渗透性、雨强、初始含水率;对C有较大影响的依次是土体渗透性、雨强、初始体积含水率。     

坡面水流水动力模型研究

随着城市规模的快速增长,立交桥等陡坡道路建设过程中面临的积水问题越来越受到重视。为研究变坡水槽降雨径流的水力学特征,借鉴一维坡面流的基本方程,以 Roe 格式近似黎曼解方法为基础,建立了模拟自然降雨条件下不同坡度坡面流运动情况的数学模型,通过人工降雨实验验证了16 种工况下流速的拟合情况。实验结果显示,实测值和计算值之间的相对误差在0. 6% ～17. 4%之间波动,总体上维持在15%以内。计算值和实测值表明,坡面流速、水深跟降雨强度和坡度均成正比关系,符合实际情况。同时,两者之间表现出较好的拟合度,说明了该模型具备模拟坡面薄层水流的能力。     

Catchment Storage and its Influence on Summer Low Flows in Central European Mountainous Catchments

The objective of this study was to determine the role of spring catchment water storage on the evolution of low flows in central European mountainous catchments. The study analysed 58 catchments for which catchment storage, represented by snow, soil water and groundwater storages, was determined by the HBV hydrological model over a 35-year period. The spring catchment storage was related to several streamflow indices describing low flow periods using the mutual information criterion. The mean runoff in the summer and autumn periods was mostly related to rainfall sums from the respective season. The median relative contribution of rainfall to the total mutual information value was 48.4% in summer, and 44.2% in autumn period, respectively. The relative contribution of soil water and groundwater storages was approximately 25% for each of the components. In contrast, the minimum runoff, its duration and deficit runoff volume, were equally related to both catchment storage and seasonal rainfall, especially in the autumn period.

     

不同次降雨条件对黄土区主要地类水沙动态过程的影响及其机理研究

通过野外人工模拟降雨试验，对不同次降雨条件下黄土丘陵区主要地类坡面水沙过程进行对比研究，分析降雨因素与产流产沙过程的关系，并对林草植被的水土保持机理做了有益探讨。结果表明，降雨因素是影响径流和产沙的主要动力因素之一，在不同降雨条件下，各地类小区产流产沙过程线均表现出较为强烈的波动趋势，产沙过程较产流过程波动更为剧烈，在植被覆度较低的黄土丘陵区，降雨强度是产流产沙的主控因子。不同地类的产流量和产沙量的变化，随着降雨强度的增强而增加，随着植物被覆度的增加，由于林草植被措施具有蓄水固土作用，减沙效益显著，降雨的影响相对降低。因此将陡坡耕地退耕还林还草是解决水土流失、恢复黄土高原良性生态环境的必由之路。     

水土保持措施下的土壤入渗研究及次暴雨地表产流计算方法

从土壤水分下渗能力曲线出发，从理论和实验分析两方面说明水土保持措施下土壤入渗性能的改良作用。考虑到流域实际的下渗能力，建立了将下渗能力曲线，不稳定降雨过程和前期土壤含水量有机联系起来的流域场暴雨地表径流计算模式。     

三峡库区小流域降雨入渗和产流产沙特征试验研究

三峡库区暴雨集中,历时短,强度大,是造成土壤侵蚀的重要因素。为开展对三峡库区小流域降雨入渗和产流产沙特征研究,通过建立三峡库区小流域微缩模型,分别实施降雨强度为60,90,120 mm/h的3场人工模拟降雨,对小流域模型降雨入渗规律和径流侵蚀过程进行了分析。研究结果表明:径流量均随降雨强度的增加而增加,而降雨强度增加入渗的作用仅在一定范围内是有效的;随着降雨的进行,产流强度和入渗率都趋于稳定状态,入渗率服从对数函数规律,产流强度呈幂函数变化;3场降雨中累计产沙量和累计径流量的关系均满足幂函数形式,含沙量和侵蚀量之间呈较好的线性关系。该研究成果可为这一区域的水土流失防治提供重要的科学依据。     

洱海典型小流域丰水期农业面源氮污染来源解析

农业面源污染是近年来导致洱海水质不断恶化的主要因素。选取洱海地区典型小流域,分析了林地、耕地以及居民区地表径流中硝酸盐氮与铵态氮的氮、氧同位素特征,进而解析其来源。结果表明:林地径流中硝酸盐氮来源于大气降雨和土壤的比例分别为8.53%和91.47%,铵态氮来源于大气降雨和土壤的比例分别为19.78%和80.22%;耕地径流中硝酸盐氮来源于大气降雨、土壤和化肥的比例分别为5.90%,68.76%,25.34%,铵态氮则主要来源于土壤;居民区径流中硝酸盐氮来自于大气降雨、生活污水和动物粪便的比例分别为3.32%,55.42%,41.26%,铵态氮则主要来源于生活污水与动物粪便。研究成果为控制洱海流域农业面源污染提供了有效途径。     

Factor value determination and applicability evaluation of universal soil loss equation in granite gneiss region

Six types of runoff plots were set up and an experimental study was carried out to examine natural rate of soil and water loss in the granite gneiss region of northern Jiangsu Province in China. Through correlation analysis ofrunoffand soil loss during 364 rainfall events, a simplified and convenient mathematical formula suitable for calculating the rainfall erosivity factor (R) for the local region was established. Other factors of the universal soil loss equation (USLE model) were also determined. Relative error analysis of the soil loss of various plots calculated by the USLE model on the basis of the observed values showed that the relative error ranged from-3.5% to 9.9% and the confidence level was more than 90%. In addition, the relative error was 5.64% for the terraced field and 12.36% for the sloping field in the practical application. Thus, the confidence level was above 87.64%. These results provide a scientific basis for forecasting and monitoring soil and water loss, for comprehensive management of small watersheds, and for soil and water conservation planning in the region.     

信江流域水沙变化及其对降雨侵蚀力的响应

信江流域是鄱阳湖的第三大入湖流量支流,其水沙变化直接影响鄱阳湖水文情势。本文基于信江流域7个气象站降雨资料和梅港水文站1960-2014年的径流和输沙资料,采用Mannn-Kendall非参数检验、双累积曲线等方法,研究了流域水沙变化及其对降雨侵蚀力的响应。结果表明：信江多年平均径流量为179.8×108m3,年际呈不显著的上升趋势（P>0.05）。多年平均输沙量为198.9×104t,年际呈极显著下降趋势（P<0.01）。多年平均降雨侵蚀力11 270MJ·mm/（hm2·h）,年际呈不显著的上升趋势。输沙量与降雨侵蚀力双累积关系曲线在1999年出现拐点,与基准期（1960-1998年）相比,变化期（1999-2014年）降雨侵蚀力使年均输沙量增加14.0×104t,对输沙量变化的影响程度为10.8%;人类活动导致年均输沙量减少143.5×104t,对输沙量变化的影响程度为-110.8%,二者综合作用导致输沙量减少。水库建设和大规模水土保持措施的实施是信江流域输沙量减少的主要原因,研究成果可为流域水土流失防治、水土资源利用提供参考。