RDX/RF纳米结构复合含能材料的孔结构研究

在黑索今(RDX)/间苯二酚-甲醛树脂(RF)纳米结构复合含能材料制备的基础上,研究了RF气凝胶和RDX/RF纳米结构复合含能材料的孔结构,计算了含10%、30%、50%、70%、80%RDX的复合材料RDX/RF的比表面积、总孔体积、平均孔径,并对RF气凝胶和不同复合材料的吸附脱附等温线、中孔分布和微孔分布进行了比较。用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对其微观形貌进行了表征,利用X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)对复合材料中RDX颗粒的晶粒度进行了研究,在34~38 nm之间。研究表明:RDX/RF复合材料的孔径在50 nm以下,随RDX含量的增加,比表面积、总孔体积变小,平均孔径则变大;通过RF气凝胶和RDX/RF纳米复合含能材料的吸附脱附等温线、中孔、微孔分布以及中孔微分总孔体积、微孔微分总孔体积的变化比较,认为RDX的填充对气凝胶的中孔影响较大。     

干燥方式对RDX/RF复合含能材料结构性能影响

采用超临界干燥方式和冷冻干燥方式制得RDX/RF气凝胶和干凝胶.利用扫描电镜(SEM),BET比表面积分析,X射线粉末衍射(XRD),差示扫描量热法(DSC)对其结构进行了表征.结果表明: 超临界干燥方式得到的RDX/RF气凝胶具有典型纳米孔洞结构和高比表面积特性.冷冻干燥导致干凝胶骨架结构坍塌,比表面积显著降低.RDX/RF气凝胶中RDX的平均晶粒度在34～38 nm之间,干凝胶中RDX的平均晶粒度在50～100 nm之间.RDX/RF气凝胶和干凝胶的热分解峰分别提前了14～25 ℃和2～7 ℃.     

RDX/RF纳米复合含能微球的乳液溶胶-凝胶制备

采用溶胶-凝胶技术与乳化技术相结合的方法制备了RDX/RF纳米凝胶复合含能微球。凝胶纳米复合含能微球的大小主要受表面活性剂和反应温度以及时间的影响。通过扫描电镜(SEM)、比表面积仪(BET)、X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)、差热分析仪(DTA)等研究了凝胶复合含能微球的结构性能。结果显示:RDX/RF纳米凝胶复合含能微球大小在50～200nm之间,RDX炸药粒子在RF凝胶基体的纳米孔洞中均匀结晶析出。RDX/RF凝胶复合含能微球中RDX的平均晶粒度在30～50nm之间,凝胶微球的比表面积为56.3m2/g。粒径减小后,复合材料的热分解峰提前约33℃。     

RDX-RF-NI三元体系纳米复合含能材料制备工艺研究

为提高能源材料的燃烧、能量及爆炸性能,在武器能源中引入纳米功能复合材料,对RDX-RF-NI三元体系纳米复合含能材料制备工艺进行研究.采用溶胶-凝胶法制备基于间苯二酚甲醛树脂(RF)凝胶的RDX-RF-Ni三元体系纳米复合含能材料,并进行实验验证.研究结果表明:以RF凝胶为基,同时采用水合肼(N2H4·H2O)还原溶液中的硫酸镍(NiSO4),可以制备出RDX-RF-Ni复合材料,RDX含量可以达到65%.     

HMX／AP／RF纳米复合含能材料的sol-gel法制备

首次用溶胶一凝胶(sol-gel)方法成功制备了HMX/AP/RF纳米复合含能材料.采用SEM扫描电镜、BET比表面积分析、XRD粉末衍射和DSC差示扫描量热法对复合材料的结构进行表征.结果表明:HMX/AP/RF气凝胶具有纳米网孔结构,比表面积为27.13m2/g,相比空白RF气凝胶明显下降;HMX/AP/RF气凝胶中晶体的平均晶粒度为48～93nm,HMX/AP/RF气凝胶的热分解峰较原物质HMX相比有所提前.     

凝胶模板法制备RDX/B/Fe_2O_3纳米复合含能材料

采用溶胶凝胶法制备Fe2O3凝胶模板,加入黑索今(RDX)和硼(B)粉,制得RDX/B/Fe2O3复合湿凝胶,利用超临界CO2流体干燥工艺对其进行干燥,得到RDX/B/Fe2O3纳米复合含能材料。讨论了湿凝胶制备和超临界CO2流体干燥工艺中对凝胶结构和粒子大小的影响因素,获得了最佳制备工艺条件:Fe3+浓度0.20mol·L-1,n(Fe3+)∶n(C3H6O)=1∶15,超临界流体的温度40℃和压力10 MPa,干燥釜升压时CO2流入的速率15L·h-1,干燥釜平衡换气时CO2流体的流速2L·h-1。在此条件下制备得到纳米复合含能材料RDX/B/Fe2O3(质量比为90∶2∶8),利用扫描电镜,差示扫描量热分析了样品的微观形貌和热分解特性,测试了机械感度。结果表明,所得纳米含能材料粒度为30~50nm;RDX/B/Fe2O3分解放热起始温度比原料RDX提前了7℃,放热量提高了885J·g-1,机械感度H50=40.8cm。     

高级脂肪酸酯类化合物包覆RDX的研究

为了解高级脂肪酸酯类化合物对黑索今(RDX)性能的影响,以RDX为主体,分别添加质量分数为3%和5%的2,3-二羟甲基-2,3-二硝基-1,4-丁二醇四月桂酸酯(BHDBTL)、2,3-二羟甲基-2,3-二硝基-1,4-丁二醇四硬脂酸酯(BHDBTS)和2,3-二羟甲基-2,3-二硝基-1,4-丁二醇四(12-羟基硬脂酸酯)(BHDBTHS)包覆RDX,制备了6个钝感RDX配方。用红外光谱(IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、激光粒径分析、差示扫描量热分析(DSC)表征了包覆前后RDX的结构和性能,并依据GJB772-1997测试了其机械感度。结果表明,被5%BHDBTL,BHDBTS,BHDBTHS包覆的RDX比表面积分别由0.0374m2·g-1增大至0.173m2·g-1、0.344m2·g-1、0.328m2·g-1;包覆后RDX的分解热提高,当包覆剂为5%BHDBTHS时,RDX的分解热由1479.1J·g-1提高至1912.5J·g-1;当包覆剂为5%的BHDBTL、BHDBTS和BHDBTHS时,包覆后RDX的撞击感度分别为28%、48%、52%,摩擦感度分别为20%、60%、48%。     

铸造黏结剂间苯二酚-甲醛气凝胶的研究进展

有机气凝胶基于其纳米结构和组成,有望取代传统聚合物用作造型材料黏结剂。以间苯二酚-甲醛有机气凝胶为黏结剂制得的铸型强度高、透气性及保温性能好,型芯易移除,同时热分解产物无污染,作为新型的型(芯)砂黏结剂在砂型铸造生产中具有广阔的应用前景。综述了国内外关于间苯二酚-甲醛(RF)气凝胶作为铸造砂型(芯)黏结剂的研究进展,并对其未来发展趋势进行了分析。     

RDX/Al/SiO_2纳米复合含能材料的制备及性能

为了在降低黑索今(RDX)机械感度的同时提高其热分解性能,以四甲氧基硅烷为前驱物,氟硼酸为催化剂,用溶胶-凝胶法制备了RDX-Al质量分数分别为30%、50%、70%(RDX与Al质量比均为6∶1)的三种RDX/Al/SiO_2纳米复合含能材料。用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)及X-射线衍射(XRD)对其形貌及结构进行了表征;用热重分析(TG)、差示扫描量热(DSC)研究了样品的热性能;按GJB772A-1997的方法测试了样品的机械感度。结果表明:RDX/Al/SiO_2是以SiO_2为凝胶骨架,Al与RDX进入到凝胶骨架中形成的纳米复合含能材料;该复合材料中RDX的最小平均粒径为65.09 nm,且其粒径随RDX-Al含量的增加而增大;当RDX-Al的质量分数为30%时,与纯RDX相比,该复合材料中RDX的分解温度较纯RDX提前22.4℃,与原料RDX相比,样品的特性落高提高108.6 cm,爆炸百分数降低60%。     

纳米CuO·PbO的制备及对RDX热分解的催化作用

为了研究纳米CuO·PbO对推进剂燃烧的催化作用,以CuCl2·2H2O和Pb(NO3)2为原料,采用室温固相化学反应法制备出不同铜、铅摩尔质量比的纳米CuO·PbO粉体,产物粒径约15nm。用DSC测试了纳米CuO·PbO对RDX热分解特性的影响。结果表明:纳米CuO·PbO对RDX热分解有明显的催化效果,它使RDX的分解峰温降低了10.5℃,放热量增加了618J·g-1(约55.7%),活化能降低了46.05kJ·mol-1。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Method for Measuring Velocity of Warhead Fragments Based on Photoelectric Detection

For measuring velocity and impacting position of single fragment of warhead, a non-contact measuring method is proposed, in which a six-light-screen array, a position indicator, a multi-channel chronograph and a computer are used.The principle of measurement is described. The key device of the system is a light screen array sensor which consists of six light screens allocated with certain geometrical parameters. When the fragment flies through the light screen array, the time of passing through each of the screens is recorded by the multi-channel chronograph. According to the time data and the geometrical parameters of the array, the velocity vector and the location of the fragment can be calculated immediately. The presented method can be used to locate the fragment and to measure the real velocity on its flying direction. It can also be used to measure the velocity of a fragment swarm after the system is engineered further.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

数码电子雷管中影响点火头性能因素分析

阐述了数码电子雷管中,点火药剂细结晶三硝基间苯二酚铅（LTNR）的制备工艺;从点火药剂的种类、加入黏合剂的质量分数、桥丝直径、点火头的电阻值、防潮漆的蘸涂等方面对点火头性能的影响因素进行了探讨;通过震动试验、并联起爆试验、延期精度检测与考核,试验结果表明：一次性合成的细结晶LTNR是制造数码电子雷管点火头较为理想的点火药剂,按技术要求生产的点火头性能指标能够满足行业标准要求。     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.