Behaviors of coke deposition on SAPO-34 catalyst during methanol conversion to light olefins

The deposition of coke on SAPO-34 during methanol conversion to olefins at temperatures of 623–823 K was observed to be fast initially but moderate in the later stage. Micropores are blocked badly at coke contents of above 4 wt.%. The coke deposition influences olefins selectivity significantly and selectivities of ethylene plus propylene reach maximum at a coke content of about 5.7 wt.%. The coke formation can be attenuated by the presence of water, but the effect of water weakens gradually with the progress of the reaction. A model relating the coke content over SAPO-34 to cumulative amount of methanol fed to the catalysts is proposed and proved the validity to estimate the coke content on SAPO-34 at different reaction conditions. The coke deposited at different reaction temperatures has different compositions.     

Effect of temperature in the conversion of methanol to olefins (MTO) using an extruded SAPO-34 catalyst

The methanol-to-olefin (MTO) reaction was investigated in a bench-scale, fixed-bed reactor using an extruded catalyst composed of a commercial SAPO-34 (65 weight percentage, wt-%) embedded in an amorphous SiO₂ matrix (35 wt-%). The texture properties, acidity and crystal structure of the pure SAPO-34 and its extruded form (E-SAPO-34) were analyzed and results indicated that the extrusion step did not affect the properties of the catalyst. Subsequently, E-SAPO-34 was tested in a temperature range between 300 and 500 °C, using an aqueous methanol mixture (80 wt-% water content) fed at a weight hour space velocity (WHSV) of 1.21 h⁻¹. At 300 °C, a low conversion was observed combined with catalyst deactivation, which was ascribed to oligomerization and condensation reactions. The coke analysis showed the presence of diamandoid hydrocarbons, which are known to be inactive molecules in the MTO process. At higher temperatures, a quasi-steady state was reached during a 6 h reaction where the optimal temperature was identified at 450 °C, which incidentally led to the lowest coke deposition combined with the highest H/C ratio. Above 450 °C, surges of ethylene and methane were associated to a combination of H-transfer and protolytic cracking reactions. Finally, the present work underscored the convenience of the extrusion technique for testing catalysts at simulated scale-up conditions.     

MFI结构分子筛用于甲醇制低碳烯烃技术的研究进展

综述了MFI结构分子筛的改性方法及其在MTO工艺中的作用,主要介绍了高温水热处理、磷改性和金属改性的方法及德国Lurgi公司使用该催化剂的甲醇制取丙烯工艺开发情况。     

焙烧温度对Cu-Zn-Al-Mg甲醇合成催化剂结构与性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备Cu-Zn-Al-Mg甲醇合成催化剂,并用XRD、N2低温吸附、H2-TPR、SEM、TG-DTG等手段对催化剂进行表征,着重考察焙烧温度对催化剂结构与性能的影响.结果表明,随着焙烧温度的增加,铜锌间的相互作用增强,有利于催化反应进行;但过高的焙烧温度又会导致催化剂中CuO晶粒过大,不利于铜的分散.35...     

合成气直接制低碳烯烃铁基催化剂的研究进展

催化剂是合成气制低碳烃的重要影响因素。综述了合成气制低碳烯烃铁基催化剂的研究进展,对其未来的发展前景进行了展望。     

聚苯胺衍生碳材料负载的Fe基合成气直接制低碳烯烃催化剂：载体碳化温度的影响

低碳烯烃是重要的基础化工原料,广泛应用于中间体和聚合物的生产。开发非石油路线的合成气直接制取低碳烯烃工艺具有重要的意义。在CO加氢反应中,载体对催化剂的性能影响显著。通过等体积浸渍法制备了不同碳化温度的聚苯胺（PANI）衍生碳材料负载的Fe基催化剂,考察了碳化温度对负载型Fe基催化剂CO加氢性能的影响。结果表明,随着PANI衍生碳材料碳化温度的升高,低碳烯烃选择性和烯烷比均有所升高;Fe₂₀/NC-800催化剂表现出最好的低碳烯烃选择性（41.05%）。通过扫描电子显微镜（scanning electron microscope,SEM）、Raman光谱（Raman spectrum）、X射线光电子能谱（X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,XPS）对载体表面研究,发现随着碳化温度提高,载体形貌变化较小,但载体石墨化程度增高,载体总含氮量减少,吡啶氮增加,季氮减少,吡咯氮小幅降低后再升高。此外,通过XPS和原位X射线衍射（in situ XRD）等对催化剂表面和体相结构的表征发现,碳化温度的提高导致载体表面高结合能N物种减少,对Fe供电子作用增强,弱化了载体-金属间相互作用,促进了活性金属Fe的还原、碳化及团聚能力,进而促进了低碳烯烃的生成。     

合成气直接制低碳烯烃铁基催化剂研究进展

综述了近年来合成气直接制低碳烯烃铁基催化剂的研究进展,重点介绍了铁基催化剂的制备方法、载体和助剂等对催化剂活性和选择性的影响,并对未来铁基催化剂的发展方向进行了展望。     

用于催化甲醇制烯烃的SAPO-34分子筛合成的研究进展

介绍了用于催化甲醇制烯烃的SAPO-34分子筛合成的研究近况。SAPO-34分子筛的合成过程是影响其晶粒尺寸、酸性强弱等物化性能的重要因素, 因而是影响其催化性能的关键因素。本文详细叙述了原料配比及其种类、模板剂、F^-等合成因素对SAPO-34分子筛物化性能及其MTO反应催化性能的影响。针对SAPO-34合成及其催化性能优化的新技术, 综述了SAPO-34分子筛的金属改性及其超声波、微波辅助合成的特点和效果, 指出通过研发新的模板剂及其助剂、改性或制备新工艺进而改善分子筛的酸性、提高其烯烃选择性、延长催化反应寿命、降低合成成本是SAPO-34今后研发的重要方向。     

Research progress of coke deposition on catalyst during methanol conversion to olefins

介绍了SAPO-34分子筛催化甲醇制烯烃反应时催化剂的积炭机理,催化剂物化性能、反应工艺条件对催化剂积炭行为的影响,积炭和烧炭动力学研究成果。总结显示,导致SAPO-34失活的积炭物种为蒽、菲、芘等稠环芳烃。适当降低分子筛酸密度、减小粒径,可减缓积炭失活速率。随着反应温度升高,催化剂积炭量呈指数规律增长,反应初始阶段的积碳生成速率很快,随后趋于平缓;增加剂醇比,催化剂上积炭量降低;增加原料中水含量,反应初期催化剂积炭量明显降低,但随着反应进行,水的效果逐渐减弱。积炭燃烧速率与氧气分压、催化剂积炭量成正比。对甲醇制烯烃反应过程中催化剂上的积炭问题进行系统分析,为确定催化剂改进方向,延长催化剂寿命、提高低碳烯烃选择性而合理控制反应和再生工艺条件提供依据。     

合成气制低碳烯烃铁基催化剂制备研究现状

论述了合成气制低碳烯烃铁基催化剂的研究现状,并对未来的发展前景进行展望,以期为铁基催化剂的进一步研究提供参考。     

CuZnTiO2/SAPO-34双功能催化剂的设计、制备及其用于CO2加氢制烯烃性能

CO₂加氢经甲醇（含氧中间体）制低碳烯烃工艺路线,可实现成醇、脱水两步反应串联协同进行,打破费托合成产物Anderson-Schulz-Flory（ASF）分布限制,高选择性地制取低碳烯烃。传统甲醇合成Cu基催化剂加氢能力较强,在两步反应中产物以CH₄、低碳烷烃为主。实验设计、制备了CuZnTiO₂/(Zn-)SAPO-34复合催化剂,实现了CO₂加氢在Cu基复合催化剂上高选择性合成C₂～C₄烯烃（约60%）。研究表明,两步反应过程中甲醇体积分数较低（＜6%）,且高温下逆水煤气变换反应严重,导致催化剂酸性变化对产物分布的影响较大。调变两类活性位点比例发现,CH₄的产生与串联反应存在竞争关系,SAPO-34酸量的增加抑制了CH₄的生成,促进串联反应正向进行;合适的酸性有助于生成C₂～C₄烯烃。控制成醇、脱水两类活性位点接触距离可调变烯烃的二次反应,降低加氢能力,改善产物分布。     

沉淀剂对Cu-Zn-Al-Mg甲醇合成催化剂性能的影响

采用二步共沉淀法,选取不同沉淀剂Na2 CO3、K2 CO3和NaHCO3制备Cu-Zn-Al-Mg合成甲醇催化剂,考察不同沉淀剂对催化剂性能的影响.采用N2低温吸附、XRD、H2-TPR和TG-DTG等对样品进行分析,结果表明,K2 CO3为沉淀剂时,催化剂前驱体中锌铝水滑石物相多且结晶好,Na2 CO3为沉淀剂时,...     

硅含量对氯甲烷制取低碳烯烃的SAPO-34分子筛酸性的影响

以三乙胺-四乙基氢氧化铵为复合模板剂,合成了不同硅含量的SAPO-34分子筛,并采用XRD、NH₃-TPD、以及²⁹Si MASNMR等方法对其进行了表征,最后考察了不同硅含量SAPO-34分子筛催化转化氯甲烷制取乙烯、丙烯的反应性能。结果表明:硅铝比在0.10~0.80时,均能合成规整的SAPO-34立方晶粒;硅铝比低于0.05或高于1.00时,易伴随形成片状和无定形晶相。当硅铝比为0.6时,SAPO-34的结晶度最大,微孔比表面积为588m²/g,微孔体积为0.267cm³/g。硅铝比从0.05到0.60逐渐增大时,SAPO-34酸强度和酸数目明显增多,继续增大硅铝比,酸强度增强,弱酸数目减少。在T=425℃、氯甲烷WHSV=2.73h^-1时,对所合成SAPO-34分子筛催化氯甲烷的反应性能进行了评价,随硅铝比增大,SAPO-34的酸性增强,氯甲烷的初始转化率逐渐升高,然而二次反应加剧致使乙烯丙烯选择性略有下降。     

甲醇制烯烃催化剂SAPO-34分子筛的改性研究进展

甲醇制烯烃（MTO）被认为是最有希望以煤或天然气为原料替代石油制取烯烃的技术路线。具有CHA结构的SAPO-34分子筛是MTO反应生产乙烯和丙烯最理想的催化剂,但在甲醇转化过程中,芳香烃类中间体受到SAPO-34分子筛八元环微孔结构的限制,使催化剂孔道堵塞并覆盖其酸性位点,造成催化剂积炭失活。为了提高SAPO-34分子筛催化剂的寿命和低碳烯烃的选择性,改善传质并延缓焦炭的沉积至关重要。从构建多级孔结构、减小晶粒尺寸及调控分子筛酸性3个方面出发,总结了SAPO-34分子筛在MTO反应中的研究进展,并对今后催化剂的粒度、孔尺寸、酸性质等方向的改进及发展进行了展望。     

氟硅酸铵改性纳米HZSM-5分子筛的表征及催化甲醇制低碳烯烃

对纳米HZSM-5分子筛进行氟硅酸铵改性,系统考察氟硅酸铵浓度、改性温度、改性时间及缓冲剂用量的影响。利用X射线衍射、透射电镜、N_2吸附、X荧光光谱和吡啶吸附-红外光谱技术,对改性前后的纳米HXSM-5分子筛进行表征,并在常压、500℃和甲醇空速6 h^(-1)条件下,采用连续流动微型固定床反应器考察其催化甲醇制低碳烯烃的性能。结果表明,通过调变氟硅酸铵改性条件可以有效调节纳米HZSM-5分子筛的孔结构和酸性等,氟硅酸铵改性纳米HZSM-5分子筛的乙烯、丙烯和丁烯选择性可达65.1%,比未改性的纳米HZSM-5分子筛提高了27.8个百分点。     

Synthesis, characterization and catalytic performance of metal-incorporated SAPO-34 for chloromethane transformation to light olefins

SAPO-34 and MeAPSO-34s (MeCo, Mn, Fe) molecular sieves have been synthesized and used as catalysts for chloromethane transformation to light olefins. The influences created by metal incorporation are characterized with XRD, XRF, SEM, NMR, TG and H₂-TPR. The synthesized MeAPSO-34s have the same CHA topology structure, while metal incorporation gives rise to the increase of unit cell parameter and crystalline particle size. The coexistence of metal species in the synthesis starting gel has effect on the Si substitution into AlPO framework. Co, Mn or Fe incorporation generates a negligible difference on the chemical shift in ³¹P and ²⁷Al MAS NMR. ²⁹Si MAS NMR study has demonstrated that metal incorporation favors the Si island formation, predicting the stronger acidity. The reducibility of metal species in the synthesized MeAPSO-34s has been investigated by H₂-TPR with the comparison of metal-impregnated SAPO-34. Two weight losses in TG analysis from template decomposition in diluted oxygen suggest different chemical location of template molecules in the molecular sieves. For MeAPSO-34, more template removal occurrence at high temperature range indicates stronger template-framework interaction and stronger acidity than SAPO-34 after calcinations. All the SAPO-34 and MeAPSO-34 molecular sieves are very active and selective catalyst for light olefins production. Metal incorporation improves the catalyst life and favors the ethylene and propylene generation. These catalytic properties enhancements are possibly related to the mechanism of chloromethane conversion with deposited coke species as reaction center.     

高性能甲醇制低碳烯烃催化剂SAPO-34分子筛的研究进展

从SAPO-34分子筛在甲醇制低碳烯烃过程中(MTO)的催化作用及失活机理出发,分析了影响SAPO-34分子筛催化性能的重要因素,在调节活性位和改善传质两方面综述了近年来在提高SAPO-34分子筛MTO催化单程寿命和双烯选择性方面的研究进展,并对未来高性能SAPO-34分子筛合成的发展进行展望。     

合成气直接催化转化制低碳烯烃研究进展

合成气直接催化转化制乙烯、丙烯等低碳烯烃因具有原料来源广泛、流程较短等优点,成为目前合成气催化转化和烯烃制备技术的一个重要发展方向。本文首先介绍了合成气经费托合成直接制备低碳烯烃的路线（FTO）,简单概括了铁基和钴基催化剂的研究进展以及催化反应机理。随后重点综述了近年来提出并发展的基于双功能催化体系的合成气直接制低碳烯烃路线（STO）,详细阐述了金属氧化物的组成、配比等以及分子筛的酸性、孔道等性质对反应性能的影响,同时讨论了双功能催化体系以乙烯酮或甲醇/二甲醚为关键中间体的催化反应机理。最后对双功能催化体系的研究方向和挑战进行了展望。     

SAPO-34的改性及其在合成气制低碳烯烃中的应用

对金属氧化物与分子筛组成的双功能催化剂中的分子筛进行改性，可进一步提高合成气制低碳烯烃（STO）反应性能。采用水热法合成不同金属Me（Ce、Zn、Zr）及不同Zr掺杂量改性的SAPO-34分子筛，并与GaZrOx金属氧化物物理混合制备GaZrOx/SAPO-34双功能催化剂，考察其催化STO反应性能。采用XRD、TEM、SEM-EDS、BET、FTIR、NH3-TPD、XPS对分子筛表征发现，不同金属改性的分子筛均合成了具有CHA结构的SAPO-34，掺杂Zr提高了分子筛的相对结晶度，减小了颗粒尺寸。Zr掺杂量为1.0%（n(ZrO2)与n(Al2O3)的物质的量比为1:100）时合成的1.0%ZrSP-34分子筛颗粒尺寸最小，平均粒径为0.53 μm，且强酸量适中（1.34 mmol/g）；掺杂2% Zr时导致多余的Zr以ZrO2形式存在于分子筛表面，覆盖了强酸中心。与未改性的SAPO-34相比，采用掺杂1.0% Zr合成的1.0%ZrSP-34制备GaZrOx/1.0%ZrSP-34双功能催化剂，可使CO转化率从14.2%增加到21.2%，低碳烯烃选择性从71.0%提高至82.4%，且该催化剂反应60 h后未出现明显失活。     

One-step conversion of syngas to light olefins over bifunctional metal-zeolite catalyst

Light olefins(C_2–C_4) are fundamental building blocks for the manufacture of polymers, chemical intermediates,and solvents. In this work, we realized a composite catalyst, comprising Mn_xZr _yoxides and SAPO-34 zeolite,which can convert syngas(CO + H_2) into light olefins. Mn_xZr_yoxide catalysts with different Mn/Zr molar ratios were facilely prepared using the coprecipitation method prior to physical mixing with SAPO-34 zeolite. The redox properties, surface morphology, electronic state, crystal structure, and chemical elemental composition of the catalysts were examined using H_2-TPR, SEM, XPS, XRD, and EDS techniques, respectively. Tandem reactions involved activation of CO and subsequent hydrogenation over the metal oxide catalyst, producing methanol and dimethyl ether as the main reaction intermediates, which then migrated onto SAPO-34 zeolite for light olefins synthesis. Effects of temperature, pressure and reactant gas flow rate on CO conversion and light olefins selectivity were investigated in detail. The Mn_1Zr_2/SAPO-34 catalyst(Mn/Zr ratio of 1:2) attained a CO conversion of 10.8% and light olefins selectivity of 60.7%, at an optimized temperature, pressure and GHSV of 380 °C, 3MPa and 3000 h~(-1) respectively. These findings open avenues to exploit other metal oxides with CO activation capabilities for a more efficient syngas conversion and product selectivity.