基于EDF算法的可行性判定及实现

实时调度算法是实时系统中的关键技术。验证实时调度算法的可行性是在实时系统中实施某种调度算法的必经环节。在介绍实时系统中常用的各种实时调度算法,包括固定优先级调度算法和动态优先级调度算法基础上,详细分析了动态优先级调度算法EDF算法的运算过程和使用条件。提出了该算法在实际应用中存在的问题。针对该硬实时调度算法,提出了分别在简单模型上和复杂模型上如何判定实时任务的可行性。为实际应用中实现该实时调度算法确定了依据。     

基于EDF算法的可行性判定及实现

实时调度算法是实时系统中的关键技术。验证实时调度算法的可行性是在实时系统中实施某种调度算法的必经环节。在介绍实时系统中常用的各种实时调度算法．包括固定优先级调度算法和动态优先级调度算法基础上．详细分析了动态优先级调度算法EDF算法的运算过程和使用条件。提出了该算法在实际应用中存在的问题。针对该硬实时调度算法．提出了分别在简单模型上和复杂模型上如何判定实时任务的可行性。为实际应用中实现该实时调度算法确定了依据．     

一种固定优先级实时调度算法的可行性测定

实时调度算法是实时系统的关键技术,验证实时调度算法的可行性是保证实时系统性能的必要手段。不同实时调度算法可行性测定方法不同。在简单实时模型上,针对固定优先级实时调度算法给出通过任务最坏响应时间来测定调度算法可行性的方法,分析了影响任务最坏响应时间的各种因素,修正了响应时间方程,将该方法运用在复杂实时模型中。     

一种固定优先级实时调度算法的可行性测定

实时调度算法是实时系统的关键技术,验证实时调度算法的可行性是保证实时系统性能的必要手段.不同实时调度算法可行性测定方法不同.在简单实时模型上,针对固定优先级实时调度算法给出通过任务最坏响应时间来测定调度算法可行性的方法,分析了影响任务最坏响应时间的各种因素,修正了响应时间方程,将该方法运用在复杂实时模型中.     

一种硬实时调度算法的可行性判定及实现

实时调度算法是实时系统的关键。验证实时调度算法的可行性是在实时系统中实施某种调度算法的必经环节。本文针对硬实时调度算法中的最早时限优先(EDF)调度算法,分别介绍在简单模型上和复杂模型上如何判定实时任务的可行性。     

分布式实时系统中的预测调度算法

对于分布式实时系统中的周期性任务,人们提出了一系列静态分配调度算法,有效地解决了各种特定条件下的任务分配和调度问题.这些算法的主要特点是,它们均要求被调度任务的特征参数为已知条件.然而在很多实时系统中,周期性任务的运行时间或任务数量常常是一些具有一定规律的随机过程,因而上述静态算法的效能将受到限制.在分析了特定应用背景中的处理流程之后,抽象得到两类随机任务模型,针对这两类模型介绍了在分布式实时系统中已经得到应用的静态分配调度算法SAA(static allocation algorithms),进而提出了多任务分配调度的预测算法PAA(predicting allocation algorithm).它根据周期性任务执行时间或子任务数量的统计特性,实现任务参量的合理预测和多任务的动态调度,以提高系统的实时性能.仿真结果表明,对于两类任务模型,PAA算法与SAA算法相比,在任务完成时间、负载均衡度、系统响应时间及任务夭折率等多方面均有显著改善.     

分布式控制系统中多种混合任务的容错调度

分布式控制系统中存在有强实时、软实时和非实时等多种实时性的任务,其中强实时任务必须在其时限前完成,否则会出现灾难性后果,因此必须为分布式控制系统提供一定的容错能力。首先给出了用于调度多种实时性任务的单处理器调度算法——双优先级队列调度算法,并分析算法的可调度性条件。针对分布式控制系统,考虑基版本与副版本的执行时间不同时,结合版本复制技术和单处理器调度算法提出了一种新的容错调度算法。分析了算法的可调度行,给出了可任务集的可调度条件判断方法和基版本任务时限的设置方法。在此基础上,采用启发式静态任务分配算法,保证各处理器的负载均衡。本算法在保证任务容错可调度的条件下,可提高系统中各处理器的利用率,仿真结果表明该算法是有效的。     

实时调度算法分类研究

调度是实时系统的一个研究热点。一个调度算法的好坏决定着实时任务能否在规定的时限内完成。本文对实时调度进行了讨论;研究了经典静态调度算法中的速率单调调度算法,并提出了对该算法的改进;分析了动态调度中的最早截止期最优先算法;最后,对实时调度研究策略方向进行了展望。     

多处理器系统实时调度的可预测性

在多处理器实时系统中,由于调度的不规则性,系统的可预测性判定问题尤为重要。针对多处理器系统中实时任务调度的可预测性问题,给出了不可预测的实时任务集反例,证明了一种可预测的实时任务集合。对于多处理器实时系统中常用的最早截止期零松弛调度算法(earliest deadline zero laxity,EDZL)的可预测性,利用EDZL算法的基本性质,用一种简捷的方法证明了EDZL算法是可预测的。通过仿真系统验证了证明的正确性,该方法可用于多处理器及分布式实时系统的设计和验证。     

增强Linux内核实时任务调度性能的研究

分析基本Linux内核的调度策略,指出其应用于实时系统时存在的不足,提出了一种增强Linux内核调度性能的实时任务调度策略和调度算法。结合任务的关键性、截止期和执行时间三要素,该调度策略通过三运行队列代替原Linux内核的单运行队列,分别对应系统的硬实时、软实时和非实时任务,保证了硬实时任务的实时性;不同于简单的FIFO调度算法,该调度算法根据任务的最小松弛时间和重要性来确定其在当前运行队列中的优先级,仿真结果表明此算法提高了实时调度性能。     

异构分布式系统中一种新型主副版本调度算法

针对异构分布式系统中处理器数量相对较少时优先级约束条件带来的副版本调度易失败问题，提出一种新型高可靠性主副版本调度算法（HRPB）。任务模型以有向无环图（DAG）表示，该算法共计调度主、副两个版本的任务。在任务优先级排序阶段，根据任务执行时间及截止时限来制定新指标平均最晚开始时间（ALST）进行排序；在任务处理器分配阶段，采取多一重备份策略以解决处理器数量相对较少时优先级约束条件带来的副版本调度易失败问题，并且改进了副版本调度时的可靠性指标计算方法。通过随机生成DAG图进行算法仿真测试，实验结果表明，HRPB比eFRD具有更优的副版本调度成功率、更高的系统可靠性。     

An evolutionary approach to multiprocessor scheduling of dependent tasks

The scheduling of application tasks is a problem that occurs in all multiprocessor systems. This problem has been shown to be NP-hard if the tasks are not independent but are interrelated by mutual exclusion and precedence constraints.

This paper presents an approach for pre-runtime scheduling of periodic tasks on multiple processors for a real-time system that must meet hard deadlines. The tasks can be related to each other by mutual exclusion and precedence forming an acyclic graph. The proposed scheduler is based on genetic algorithms, which relieves the user from knowing how to construct a solution. Consequently, the paper focuses on the problem encoding, i.e., the representation of the problem by genes and chromosomes, and the derivation of an appropriate fitness function. The main benefit of the approach is that it is scalable to any number of processors and can easily be extended to incorporate further requirements.     

实时异构系统中的积极复制容错调度算法

在设计实时异构系统中的容错调度算法时,既要考虑到实时性的约束,又要最大化系统的可靠性.此外,异构系统中的并行应用调度问题已经被证明了是NP完全问题.现有的容错调度算法大多采用复制技术来提升系统的可靠性,但是任务的多次执行会导致应用执行时间变长,系统实时性下降.为此,提出了一个基于积极复制技术的容错调度算法,该算法连续的复制任务集中对当前系统实时性影响最小的任务,然后将任务集中的所有任务调度至最早完成的处理器,用以在满足实时性约束的同时,提升系统的可靠性.实验表明,相比于同样着眼于实时异构系统的DB-FTSA算法,该算法在实时性约束严格的情况下,可靠性有较大提升.     

Power and performance management for parallel computations in clouds and data centers

We address scheduling independent and precedence constrained parallel tasks on multiple homogeneous processors in a data center with dynamically variable voltage and speed as combinatorial optimization problems. We consider the problem of minimizing schedule length with energy consumption constraint and the problem of minimizing energy consumption with schedule length constraint on multiple processors. Our approach is to use level-by-level scheduling algorithms to deal with precedence constraints. We use a simple system partitioning and processor allocation scheme, which always schedules as many parallel tasks as possible for simultaneous execution. We use two heuristic algorithms for scheduling independent parallel tasks in the same level, i.e., SIMPLE and GREEDY. We adopt a two-level energy/time/power allocation scheme, namely, optimal energy/time allocation among levels of tasks and equal power supply to tasks in the same level. Our approach results in significant performance improvement compared with previous algorithms in scheduling independent and precedence constrained parallel tasks.     

Reliability-aware scheduling strategy for heterogeneous distributed computing systems

Heterogeneous computing systems are promising computing platforms, since single parallel architecture based systems may not be sufficient to exploit the available parallelism with the running applications. In some cases, heterogeneous distributed computing (HDC) systems can achieve higher performance with lower cost than single-machine supersystems. However, in HDC systems, processors and networks are not failure free and any kind of failure may be critical to the running applications. One way of dealing with such failures is to employ a reliable scheduling algorithm. Unfortunately, most existing scheduling algorithms for precedence constrained tasks in HDC systems do not adequately consider reliability requirements of inter-dependent tasks. In this paper, we design a reliability-driven scheduling architecture that can effectively measure system reliability, based on an optimal reliability communication path search algorithm, and then we introduce reliability priority rank (RRank) to estimate the task’s priority by considering reliability overheads. Furthermore, based on directed acyclic graph (DAG) we propose a reliability-aware scheduling algorithm for precedence constrained tasks, which can achieve high quality of reliability for applications. The comparison studies, based on both randomly generated graphs and the graphs of some real applications, show that our scheduling algorithm outperforms the existing scheduling algorithms in terms of makespan, scheduling length ratio, and reliability. At the same time, the improvement gained by our algorithm increases as the data communication among tasks increases.     

处理顺序约束的信息物理融合系统静态任务表调度算法

针对异构环境并行计算的静态任务调度问题,以最小化有向无环图 (Directed acyclic graph, DAG)的执行跨度为目标,改变HEFT (Heterogeneous earliest finish time)算法中任务上行权重的计算方法, 获得更加合理的任务顺序排列,提出了一种最早完成时间优先的表调度算法IHEFT (Improvement heterogeneous earliest finish time).该算法在计算任务的上行权重时, 分别计算该任务分配给不同资源的上行权重,取其最小值,比使用所有资源对该任务的平均处理时间进行计算的HEFT算法更为准确. 确定任务的处理顺序后采用最早完成时间越小越优先的策略将任务分配给最优资源,并使得任务的开始执行时间和结束时间满足DAG中有向边的通讯时间约束.通过使用部分文献中的算例数据以及随机生成满足一定结构要求的DAG进行算法测试,将IHEFT与HEFT, CPOP (Critical-path-on-a-processor)和LDCP (Longest dynamic critical path)进行了比较,结果显示IHEFT算法更有效,而且时间复杂度较低.     

Task scheduling with precedence constraints to minimize the total completion time

The authors study the problem of scheduling a set of tasks with known execution times and arbitrary precedence constraints to computing systems. The objective function used to measure the performance of a schedule in this paper is the sum of completion times of all tasks, which is called total completion time. Finding the minimum total completion time of tasks with precedence constraints on the uniprocessor system is known to be NP-complete, let alone on the multiprocessor system (Garey and Johnson 1979) Based on the well-known A? algorithm proposed in the field of artificial intelligence (Nilson 1980) two algorithms are developed to solve efficiently the scheduling problems on the uniprocessor system and multiprocessor system. Some evaluation functions are proposed to accelerate the search of an optimal schedule. A table named the backwards range-limited table is used to assist the computation of the evaluation function. Experimental results show that the proposed approaches can achieve the optimal schedule with greatly reduced search tree size, especially when bounding rules are applied.     

Scheduling divisible MapReduce computations

In this paper we analyze MapReduce distributed computations as a divisible load scheduling problem. The two operations of mapping and reducing can be understood as two divisible applications with precedence constraints. A divisible load model of the computation, and two load partitioning algorithms are proposed. Performance limits of MapReduce computations are investigated. To our best knowledge this is the first time that processing applications with precedence constraints have been considered on the grounds of divisible load theory.     

Deadline and activation time assignment for partitioned real-time application on multiprocessor reservations

Providing temporal isolation between critical activities has been an important design criterion in real-time open systems, which can be achieved using resource reservation techniques. As an abstraction of reservation servers, virtual processor is often used to represent a portion of computing power available on a physical platform while hiding the implementation details. In this paper, we present a general framework of partitioning an application comprised of hard real-time tasks with precedence constraints onto multiple virtual processors in consideration of communication latencies between tasks. A novel method is proposed for assigning deadlines and activation times to tasks such that tasks partitioned onto different virtual processors can be analyzed separately using well-established theories for uniprocessor. Extensive simulations have been performed and the results have shown that, compared to existing algorithms, the proposed method achieves better performance in terms of minimizing both total bandwidth and the maximum individual bandwidth.     

Optimal resource allocation in new product development projects: a control-theoretic approach

Considers problems motivated by the dynamic allocation of limited heterogeneous resources in new product development (NPD) projects. The interchangeability of resources and simultaneous resource sharing are defining characteristics of NPD processes. A continuous flow model is introduced that incorporates these features. For problems without activity precedence constraints, a linear program is presented which yields the minimum completion time for all activities. A dynamic, rule-based algorithm is shown to be optimal for two resources processing a multiple-activity arrival stream. For problems with precedence constraints, some special cases are solved, and structural properties of the class of optimal controls for the general problem are discussed.