镁铬耐火材料在真空条件下的抗渣性

采用真空感应炉抗渣法,研究了半再结合镁铬耐火材料在碱度分别为0.6、1.1、1.5和1.8的CaO-SiO2渣与Al2O3含量为37.98%的CaO-Al2O3渣中的抗侵蚀性,试验条件是真空度5kPa、1650℃保温25min。对侵蚀后的试样进行观察与测量,并用SEM与EDAX分析了试样的断面形貌和化学组成变化。结果发现:在CaO-SiO2渣中,随着炉渣碱度的升高,镁铬试样中的尖晶石更易于受到熔渣的侵蚀,并且尖晶石中的Cr2O3、Fe2O3被CO与钢水中的C还原为金属态的铬铁合金,试样的直接结合被破坏,侵蚀量变大。在CaO-Al2O3渣中,镁铬试样在边界层生成致密的MA尖晶石,抑制了熔渣的进一步侵蚀和Cr2O3、Fe2O3的还原,显示出较好的抗侵蚀性。     

不同条件下白云石耐火材料抗侵蚀性的研究

采用真空感应炉法与静态坩埚法,分别研究了烧成白云石耐火材料在碱度为0.6、1.1、1.5和1.8的CaO-SiO2渣与Al2O3含量为37.98%的CaO-Al2O3渣中的抗侵蚀性。真空感应炉浸棒法的试验条件是真空度5kPa、1650℃保温25min;静态坩埚法的试验条件为空气气氛下于1650℃保温60min。对侵蚀后的试样进行观察与测量,并用SEM与EDAX分析了试样的断面形貌和化学组成变化。结果表明,在静态坩埚法抗渣试验条件下,在CaO-SiO2渣中,随着熔渣碱度的升高,试样与熔渣生成高熔点的C2S保护层,阻挡了熔渣的侵蚀,表现出较好的抗侵蚀性。在真空感应炉浸渍试样的试验中,在CaO-SiO2渣中,随着熔渣碱度的升高,试样抗侵蚀性呈现出先增强后减弱的趋势;在CaO-Al2O3渣中,试样侵蚀后形成低熔点的C12A7,试样的抗侵蚀性很差。     

低炭MgO-C质耐火材料的抗熔渣侵蚀行为

以碱度为 3.0和 1.0的钢渣对石墨含量(w)为 0、2 %、4 %、6 %和 12 %的MgO -C质试样进行了回转抗渣试验 ,并对侵蚀后试样进行了SEM、EDAX和EPMA分析。结果表明 :当石墨含量 (w)≤6 %时 ,试样在两种渣中的侵蚀深度都随石墨含量的增加而减小 ,而当石墨含量达到 12 %时 ,其侵蚀深度又都增加 ;碱度 1.0的渣对石墨含量 (w)≤ 6 %的MgO -C材料的侵蚀严重 ,而碱度 3.0的渣对石墨含量 (w)为 12 %的MgO -C材料的侵蚀严重 ;低碱度渣中Si、Fe对MgO致密层的熔损比高碱度渣中的严重。     

从相图讨论MgO-CaO-ZrO2耐火材料抗炉外精炼渣与水泥的侵蚀

从有关三元系相图讨论了MgO -CaO -ZrO2 材料抗CaO -SiO2 、Al2 O3-CaO炉外精炼渣以及硅酸钙水泥与铝酸钙水泥的侵蚀。结果表明 ,MgO -CaO -ZrO2 材料抗Al2 O3含量不高的碱性渣与硅酸钙水泥的侵蚀性好 ,但抗含Al2 O3高的炉外精炼渣与铝酸钙水泥的侵蚀性可能不好。     

镁锆砖和镁铬砖的抗RH炉渣侵蚀性对比

为取代RH炉用镁铬材料,以电熔镁砂为主原料,分别加入单斜锆、脱硅锆、单斜锆与脱硅锆的混合粉、锆英石制备了ZrO2质量分数分别为15%和20%的镁锆砖,并利用静态坩埚法对比研究了镁锆砖和镁铬砖的抗RH炉渣侵蚀性。结果表明:对于Al2O3含量高且碱度(CaO/SiO2比)大的RH炉渣,镁锆砖抗侵蚀性能优于镁铬砖的;镁锆砖的侵蚀机理是砖中的ZrO2与渣中的CaO迅速反应,形成高熔点物相CaZrO3,能堵塞砖中的孔隙而形成致密保护层,从而阻止钢渣对镁锆砖的进一步侵蚀;而镁铬砖的侵蚀机理是渣中的Al2O3、Fe2O3等R3 和镁铬尖晶石中Cr3 交换,渣与砖反应生成的镁铝尖晶石和镁铁尖晶石使得材料变性,同时由于体积效应使镁铬材料鼓胀开裂,从而导致镁铬砖的严重侵蚀。     

垃圾熔融炉用无铬浇注料

Al2 O3 -Cr2 O3 耐火材料由于具有优良的抗渣侵蚀性而被用作垃圾熔融炉内衬材料 ,但Al2 O3 -Cr2 O3 耐火材料对环境的危害却日益突出。由于MgO和ZrO2 比Al2 O3 更难被渣熔融 ,因此选用MgO和ZrO2 做骨料 ,研制了一种新型的MgO -MgO·Al2 O3 -ZrO2 浇注料。MgO和Al2 O3 以两种方式加入 ,一种是直接加入尖晶石 ,另一种是加入一定量的MgO和Al2 O3 代替部分尖晶石 ,利用MgO和Al2 O3 反应形成尖晶石产生的体积膨胀促使材料的致密化 ,从而改进其抗渣渗透性。试验结果表明 ,当尖晶石的加入量达到 30 %～ 4 5 %时 ,材料的抗渣侵蚀性…     

刚玉尖晶石砖的抗渣性能

采用真空感应炉进行了刚玉尖晶石耐火砖的动态抗渣实验,研究了高碱度脱硫渣和铝硅镇静钢精炼渣对该耐火砖的侵蚀,分析了两种碱性渣对其侵蚀机理.结果表明,刚玉尖晶石耐火砖抗铝硅镇静钢精炼渣侵蚀性能优于高碱度脱硫渣.刚玉尖晶石耐火砖抗侵蚀性能主要受渣中氧化铝和氧化钙含量影响.高碱度脱硫渣中CaO,SiO2,CaF2含量较高,与刚玉尖晶石耐火砖中的Al2O3发生反应低熔点物质,降低了渣的粘度,侵蚀较严重;高碱度脱硫渣中Al2O3含量低,导致尖晶石中MgO直接溶解,而铝硅镇静钢精炼渣中Al2O3含量高,在MgO/渣界面形成MA尖晶石,导致间接溶解,抑制渣侵蚀.     

加入脱硅ZrO2微粉对MgO-Cr2O3材料性能的影响

为了提高MgO-Cr2O3材料的性能,以质量分数为60%的电熔镁铬砂、27%的南非铬矿粉、13%的烧结镁砂为基础配比,外加脱硅ZrO2微粉(其质量分数分别为1.5%、2%、2.5%和3%)制备了MgO-Cr2O3材料。研究引入ZrO2对MgO-Cr2O3材料体积密度、显气孔率、耐压强度、高温抗折强度和抗RH精炼渣侵蚀性的影响。结果表明:1)引入ZrO2显著提高了MgO-Cr2O3材料的体积密度、常温耐压强度和高温抗折强度。2)ZrO2与熔渣中的CaO发生反应,生成高熔点的化合物CaZrO3,堵塞气孔,阻止熔渣进一步渗透,提高了MgO-Cr2O3材料的抗渣性;同时反应吸收CaO,使熔渣的碱度降低,黏度增大,这也有利于提高镁铬砖的抗渣侵蚀性。综合考虑MgO-Cr2O3材料的各项性能,脱硅ZrO2微粉的最佳外加量为2.5%(w)。     

MgO-C材料低压动态条件下抗侵蚀性的研究

采用真空感应炉浸棒法,在真空度为5 kPa,于1 650 ℃保温25 min的试验条件下研究了w(C)约为10%的MgO-C材料的抗熔渣侵蚀性;对试验后的试样进行观察与测量,并用SEM分析了侵蚀后试样显微结构.结果表明:在本试验条件下,熔渣的侵蚀速率大于MgO与C反应的脱碳速率,随着CaO-SiO<,2>渣系碱度的提高,MgO-C材料侵蚀量减少;MgO-C材料对CaO-Al<,2>O<,3>熔渣有较强的抗侵蚀性.     

不同碱度渣对铝镁浇注料的侵蚀行为

以板状刚玉颗粒(≤5 mm)、电熔镁砂粉(≤0.088 mm)、电熔尖晶石粉(≤0.044 mm)、α-Al2O3微粉(d50≤0.7μm)为主要原料,经配料、混料、成型、烘干后制备了铝镁质坩埚试样,采用2种不同碱度的钢包渣(碱度分别为3.40和1.03),通过静态坩埚法对铝镁浇注料进行抗渣试验(1 600℃3 h),分析了抗渣试验后试样的渣蚀指数和显微结构,以研究不同碱度渣对铝镁浇注料试样的侵蚀行为。结果表明,低碱度渣对铝镁浇注料的侵蚀和渗透比高碱度渣严重,这主要是因为不同碱度渣与浇注料反应生成的产物不同。低碱度渣对铝镁浇注料侵蚀时,材料内部CA6和钙铝硅系化合物多相共存的组织以及CA6生成时的体积膨胀效应加剧了渣对材料的侵蚀和渗透;在高碱度渣条件下,渣与材料界面生成了CA2致密层和大量的原位MA,有效地降低了渣对材料的蚀损。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。