浸没式超滤海水预处理工艺

目前渤海湾反渗透海水淡化工程多采用新型的超滤膜法预处理工艺,为提高预处理效果,主要进行超滤膜材料和性能改进以及膜组件运行参数的优化,而对超滤膜前预处理的研究相对较少。本实验研究了超滤与混凝/超滤作为反渗透海水淡化预处理工艺的处理效果。考察了两种预处理工艺条件下浸没式超滤膜比通量(SF)、进水水质、产水水质,膜孔孔径变化、反洗效果及膜表面污染情况。结果表明,超滤与混凝/超滤两种预处理工艺都能达到产水SDI₁₅<2.0;混凝处理可以大幅度降低海水中颗粒数目,降低颗粒物在膜表面沉积和吸附的概率,减轻超滤膜的污染。当采用混凝/超滤工艺时超滤膜表面滤饼层疏松多孔,膜孔孔径变化较小,超滤膜比通量的衰减速度减缓,反洗时超滤膜比通量恢复率较高。     

超滤组合工艺在超高浓度制盐卤水精制中的应用

采用超滤组合工艺处理超高盐度制盐卤水,分析了砂滤、混凝气浮+砂滤和混凝气浮+砂滤+超滤等不同处理工艺下的卤水处理效果,对比分析了各工况下膜系统单周期运行的膜比通量(SF)和膜污染速率(K)。实验结果表明:混凝气浮+砂滤对卤水TOC、浊度、SS都有较好的去除效果,其去除率依次为35.6%~38.9%、38.8%~54.7%和68.7%~73.4%,混凝气浮+砂滤+超滤对TOC和浊度去除率提高为38.6%~44.2%和99.6%~99.7%;运行通量升高,膜污染速率加快,改变错流量几乎不影响膜污染速率,混凝气浮+砂滤预处理后膜比通量提高,膜污染速率明显降低。     

超滤膜处理水库水研究

超滤膜过滤哈尔滨附近B水库水研究显示,超滤膜通量下降受膜进水浊度影响很大。利用混凝作为超滤的预处理能提高膜通量,并且能减缓膜通量的下降,混凝／超滤工艺所需混凝剂量比自来水厂常规工艺少．并且出水水质好。对于B水库水质量分数0．1％的柠檬酸溶液是较好的膜清洗剂。     

渤海湾海水混凝-超滤预处理工艺研究

采用混凝-超滤工艺对渤海湾海水进行了预处理实验,在50 L/(m2·h)和57.5 L/(m2·h)通量下考察了混凝-超滤系统的运行稳定性,研究了Fe Cl3混凝沉淀过程对超滤系统出水水质、跨膜压差及膜表面污染程度的影响。结果表明:在膜组件运行通量不超过60 L/(m2·h),温度高于14℃,Fe Cl3投量为6 mg/L时,超滤系统的跨膜压差较低,可长期稳定运行,超滤系统出水浊度小于0.15 NTU,SDI15稳定在2.0左右,达到反渗透进水水质要求。实验使用Darcy模型对膜阻力增长机理进行了分析,结果表明:Fe Cl3混凝预处理可有效减缓膜阻力的增长,特别是因膜孔内污染物堵塞和吸附产生的阻力。经过混凝沉淀预处理,膜表面的滤饼层明显松散并呈现絮体状,可有效阻挡小颗粒污染物进入膜孔内造成不可逆污染。     

混凝-超滤工艺中膜污染和膜清洗试验研究

以重庆江河水源水为研究对象,考察混凝-超滤工艺膜污染情况。结果表明,在超滤膜膜组件处理江河水的过程中,随着膜组件运行时间的延长,膜组件会出现一定程度的污染状况,其跨膜压差的增加和膜通量的下降表现了膜污染程度。通过混凝-平板式膜滤组合工艺处理水样运行25 min,跨膜压差上升量占总上升量的73%,之后随着过滤时间的延长跨膜压差呈现上升趋势,并且上升较为缓慢,通过物理清洗膜通量可恢复为到原始通量的94%。通过混凝-中空纤维式超滤组合工艺处理水样运行15 min,膜压差上升量占总上升量的82%,之后随着过滤时间的延长跨膜压差呈现上升趋势,且上升较为缓慢,通过物理清洗膜通量可恢复为到原始通量的98.5%。     

反渗透海水淡化预处理工艺

对不同海水预处理工艺进行了研究,对比分析了不同工艺产水浊度、化学需氧量（COD_Mn）、污染密度指数（SDI₁₅）等参数及不同预处理工艺对超滤膜膜比通量的影响。混凝-沉淀或气浮处理能够有效降低海水浊度,配合砂滤或纤维过滤,浊度可以降低到0.3NTU左右。当超滤处理海水时,无论采用何种预处理方法,其产水浊度和SDI₁₅都可以满足反渗透进水要求。直接超滤时,COD_Mn去除效果较差,超滤结合混凝-沉淀或气浮处理时,COD_Mn去除率有了较大的提高。预处理方法对超滤膜膜比通量影响较大,直接采用超滤进行处理时,超滤膜膜比通量衰减较快,经混凝-沉淀或气浮处理后,膜比通量衰减有所减缓,进一步经砂滤或纤维过滤后,膜比通量的衰减得到了较好的控制。采用混凝-沉淀/纤维过滤预处理工艺时超滤膜膜比通量衰减最低。     

强化混凝对超滤处理碎煤加压气化废水生化出水试验研究

研究了碎煤加压气化废水生化出水经不同药剂的强化混凝预处理后出水的超滤膜通量变化规律。结果表明,初始膜通量随着混凝药剂投加量的增大而增大,在PFC投加量为150 mg/L时,初始膜通量为纯水通量的80.4%,原水未经混凝预处理时初始通量仅为纯水通量62.5%,经过长期运行,强化混凝后水样超滤通量衰减趋势减缓。不同预处理条件下受污染的超滤膜经简单碱洗(NaOH,浓度10 mmol/L)-酸洗(HCl,浓度10 mmol/L)浸泡后,通量恢复效果不同,处理原水、PFC(150 mg/L)、PAC(150 mg/L)的超滤膜初始通量恢复率分别为79.4%、84.1%、85.1%。     

火力电厂循环冷却排水回用处理工艺研究

结合火力电厂循环冷却排水回用处理现有工艺,对混凝—超滤(UF)—反渗透(RO)工艺和澄清—过滤—UF—RO工艺进行了试验研究。结果表明,超滤作为RO的预处理具有较大的优越性,混凝—UF—RO工艺虽然可简化处理流程,但膜通量较小,总体投资并未减少,且运行可靠性较差;澄清—过滤—UF—RO工艺出水水质优良(UF出水SDI值小于2,RO除盐率达到99%),UF膜通量可达到3m3/(m2.d),系统运行可靠,运行维护费用低,是较合理的工艺。     

超滤与强化混凝及其联用技术处理微污染窖水

为了经济、高效的提高西北农村地区微污染窖水的水质,实验采用PAC/NPAM/木质粉末活性炭与超滤联用处理微污染窖水,考察了对浊度、氨氮、UV_(254)以及COD_(Mn)的去除效果以及对膜通量的变化研究,并且将其与单独超滤、3种强化混凝(PAC、PAC/NPAM、PAC/NPAM/木质粉末活性炭)进行对比,其结果表明:联用技术的去除效果较单独超滤与PAC/NPAM/木质粉末活性炭的去除效率都高,其中联用技术对氨氮、COD_(Mn)、UV_(254)的去除率分别为50.07%,63.05%和84.7%,而单独超滤的去除率为15.36%,23.50%,16.17%,PAC/NAPM/木质粉末活性炭联合投加的去除率为42.09%,50.47%,64.25%;同时,联用技术下的膜通量衰减速率比单独超滤的缓慢,其中混凝沉淀/超滤的膜通量的衰减速率比单独超滤的平均减缓了36.24%,而在线混凝/超滤的膜通量的衰减速率比单独超滤的平均减缓了42.23%,适用于农村微污染窖水的净化。     

双膜法深度处理油田采出水的现场试验研究

基于油田注汽锅炉给水的要求,利用商品膜组件,进行了(超滤+纳滤)双膜法深度处理油田采出水的现场试验研究.结果表明,超滤预处理效果良好,出水油的质量浓度小于0.06 mg·L~(-1),SDI_(15)小于4.0,满足了纳滤膜进水要求.氢氧化钠+十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)复合清洗剂对超滤膜污染表现出较好的清洗效果,纯水通量恢复系数高达92%.在较高的回收率下,纳滤对硬度、总溶解固体(TDS)、SS、和COD仍保持高截留率,且保持了稳定的产水通量,系统出水水质达到油田注汽锅炉进水水质指标.(超滤+纳滤)双膜工艺在长期运行过程中,产水通量及水质表现出较高的稳定性.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。