棉籽油皂脚的开发利用

我国盛产棉花,产量居世界首位,棉籽油是我国主要油品之一,棉籽油精炼后的下脚料:棉油皂脚开发利用,前途广阔,经济效益高,示范意义大。现将棉油皂脚综合利用略谈一二。 一、棉油皂脚提取脂肪酸,并分离成硬脂酸和油酸 （表面活性剂分离法） 棉油皂脚是在毛棉油精炼过程中所得的副产品,由于棉籽榨油加工和对毛棉油     

棉油皂脚的合理利用初探

前言 我国是世界上棉籽产量最高的国家,1983年全国棉籽总产量近2亿万担,生产棉籽油22.5亿斤。在加工这么多棉油的过程中留下了2.25亿斤棉油皂脚。由于棉油皂脚里含有多种易氧化酸败及腐烂变质的成分,因此,严重地影响了工厂的环境卫生,同时存放和处理这些“废料”也花费了大量的人力、物力。怎样最有效,最合理地利用棉油皂脚,使它变废为宝,是有关油脂加工厂关注的大问题。     

棉籽混合油连续精炼工艺设计及实践

主要叙述了在浸出车间对第一蒸发器出来的棉籽混合油进行脱胶、脱酸,在低温下脱除混合油中的胶溶性杂质和脂溶性杂质,避免混合油中所含的杂质经过蒸发、汽提过程中的高温作用,导致色素固化的连续精炼原理;并对工艺流程作了详细描述。经混合油连续精炼后棉籽油质量指标为:酸值(KOH)0.12 mg/g,杂质0.04%,水分0.05%,色泽(25.4 mm槽)Y35 R3.8(国标三级棉籽油色泽为Y35 R8),优于国标三级棉籽油指标;皂脚干基含油28.43%,优于常规精炼中离心机分离的皂脚干基含油(38.50%);同时对工艺设计、生产操作和要求作了详细介绍,对今后混合油精炼生产及推广有一定的借鉴作用。     

两种精炼工艺在新疆棉籽油生产加工中的应用对比

阐述了两种精炼工艺(常规精炼工艺和混合油精炼工艺)的工艺流程及控制要点,并将两种工艺生产的成品棉籽油的各项指标进行对比分析。与常规精炼工艺相比,混合油精炼得到的成品棉籽油色泽R值低1.5~2.5,酸值(KOH)低0.08 mg/g,含皂量低0.015个百分点,皂脚含油低10~20个百分点,精炼得率提高2~6个百分点。混合油精炼工艺在新疆棉籽油生产加工中的应用具有精炼得率高、成品油色泽浅、动力消耗低、维护费用低等优势,解决了新疆棉籽高棉酚含量对棉籽油生产加工的不利影响,更适合于新疆棉籽油的加工。     

棉籽皂脚复浸回收中性油工艺研究与实践

棉油皂脚中中性油含量视不同工艺而异.间歇法生产工艺得到的皂脚其中性油含量一般在30—40%,有的厂家高达40—50%.笔者根据棉籽皂脚的特点进行了“棉油皂脚复浸回收中性油工艺“的研究与实践,取得了良好的效果.采用此工艺可使棉油皂脚中性油含量降到3—5%,复浸的皂脚经处理后可作为化工原料出售或进一步深加工.     

提高棉籽油精炼率新工艺

采用水化低温长混工艺,避免棉酚变性,棉油色泽固化,使油皂易于分离.毛油经预处理、除杂、脱胶后,在棉籽油离心脱皂前,加入适量浓度的食盐溶液.该工序降低了皂脚夹带的中性油含量,提高了棉籽油精炼率.     

两种溶剂萃取棉籽油和棉籽粕的质量比较

利用正己烷和异丙醇作溶剂,分别萃取棉籽仁得到棉籽油和棉籽粕.对棉籽油的理化指标进行测定,结果表明两种不同溶剂萃取得到的棉籽油在理化指标上存在一定的差异.分析所得棉籽粕的蛋白含量和功能特性,结果表明正己烷萃取的棉籽粕中粗蛋白含量和水溶性蛋白含量均低于异丙醇萃取的棉籽粕;正己烷萃取的棉籽粕吸油性、泡沫稳定性小于异丙醇萃取的棉籽粕,但是吸水性、乳化性、乳化稳定性和起泡性却高于异丙醇萃取的棉籽粕.分析游离棉酚含量时,发现异丙醇萃取的棉籽油中游离棉酚(FGP)含量高于正己烷萃取的棉籽油.用异丙醇萃取的棉籽粕中FGP含量在国家标准规定的安全使用限量范围内,用作饲料时不需再增加脱毒工艺.     

无腺棉籽油的色泽稳性定

对无腺棉籽油及加入不同量有腺棉籽油后的无腺棉籽油的色泽稳定性进行研究,脱色棉籽油在贮藏期间的褐变速率与最初的有腺棉籽含量或油中的棉酚含量、贮藏时间、温度成正比。无腺棉籽中含有0～10%的有腺棉籽生产出来的油,在25～40℃下贮存25天后,进行常规的精炼和脱色,可以得到与无腺棉籽油相等或更好的色泽,比混合油精炼有腺棉籽油的色泽更好,这说明为了生产出高质量的棉籽油,在浸出无腺棉籽油的新油厂中,不需要增加混合油精炼设备。     

混合油精炼皂脚的连续酸化

本文叙述混合油精炼的皂脚经过加压和二次离心处理而进行连续分解的过程。收集了一些数据。棉籽油混合油精炼皂脚脂肪酸回收率在92％以上,其总脂肪含量在94％以上。皂脚里的溶剂经真空汽提回收而重复使用。     

棉籽混合油碱炼工艺优化

为确保棉籽油的稳定生产，提高棉籽油的品质，以混合油浓度、超量碱添加量、碱液质量分数和反应时间为试验因素，以棉籽油的含皂量、色泽（R值）和精炼得率为考察指标，设计正交试验对棉籽混合油碱炼工艺条件进行优化。结果表明，棉籽混合油碱炼的最优工艺条件为混合油浓度85%，超量碱添加量0.8%，碱液质量分数12.69%（18°Bé），反应时间20 min。在最优工艺条件下，生产线上实际生产的棉籽油酸值（KOH）降到0.2 mg/g以下，过氧化值降到0.020 g/100 g，色泽（R值）可稳定控制在4.8以下，精炼得率为95.92%，优于小试试验效果。     

超声波强化技术在萃取皂脚棉酚中的应用

棉油皂脚为棉毛油碱炼的下脚料,但其中含有的棉酚却具有抗肿瘤作用。为了高效地从棉油皂脚中分离出醋酸棉酚,联合使用超声波萃取和超声波诱导结晶强化技术,探讨了超声萃取时间、热处理时间、酸度和超声结晶时间对醋酸棉酚粗品质量和含量的影响。结果表明:利用超声波萃取和诱导结晶协同效应可以直接从棉油皂脚中获得醋酸棉酚含量高达96%的粗品,并且经纯化后,具有和标准品相同的熔点范围。超声波强化技术可以将醋酸棉酚的生产周期缩短为传统工艺的25%,提高了产品纯度,减轻了重结晶压力,是未来分离纯化醋酸棉酚的一种先进技术。     

棉酚的制取及其用途

棉酚在医疗和工业方面有很重要的用途。棉酚的制备可以从棉仁粉、棉籽饼粕和棉籽油皂脚中得到 ,先将游离棉酚转化为苯胺棉酚、醋酸棉酚 ,然后经水解精制得到纯棉酚     

Effect of phospholipids,free fatty acids and soapstock on colour fixation of cottonseed oil

Effect of some substances present in cottonseed oil, e.g. phospholipids, free fatty acids and soapstock, on colour fixation of the oil was investigated. These components were added to cottonseed oil at different ratios and the oil exposed to a colour fixation treatment (heating at 60 °C for 15 days). Fixed oil samples were then refined and bleached. Spectrophotometric analysis (absorption spectra curves, oil colour, refinability, bleachability) and gossypol content were evaluated. Results revealed that the two samples of phospholipids (commercial from factory and laboratory prepared) added at 4% of crude cottonseed oil increased colour fixation. Free fatty acid added as oleic acid increased colour fixation at 2.5% of oil over than 5% and 10%, whereas soapstock of two sources added at 10% of crude oil did not increase colour fixation.     

MISCELLA REFINING OF ISOPROPANOL EXTRACTED COTTONSEED OIL

A technologically feasible cottonseed oil-isopropyl alcohol (IPA) miscella refining process was developed to produce Prime Bleachable Summer Yellow (PBSY) quality cottonseed oil. Individual steps necessary to refine cottonseed oil-IPA miscella were determined and improved. The miscella was first neutralized with 20 Baume (Be') caustic solution (50% excess) using a homogenizer. After centrifugation to remove soapstock, the two remaining liquid layers were separated and desolventized. The refined oils from bottom and top layers were then water washed using 12.5 and 20% hot water (w/w), respectively. Water washing efficiently recovered the oil from the top miscella layer and reduced soap and phosphorus contents. The water washed and dried oil from the bottom and top layers were treated with 0.5 and 4% (w/w) acid-activated bleaching clay, respectively. Good quality bleached oil was then obtained. However, the quality of bleached oil produced from the bottom layer was better than that of the top layer. Comparative experiments with both IPA and hexane miscellas showed that quality of the refined oil from cottonseed oil-IPA miscella is as good as that produced from the cottonseed oil-hexane miscella using the process developed in this study.     

Effect of lint on whole cottonseed passage and digestibility and diet choice on intake of whole cottonseed by Holstein cows

Effects of rolling whole linted cottonseed and whole acid-delinted cottonseed on whole seed passage and digestibility were determined using 24 lactating Holstein cows. Whole seed passage averaged .74% in all cows fed whole linted seed during the standardization period and .45% in 6 cows fed whole linted seed during a comparison period, contrasted to 11.3% in 6 cows fed acid-delinted seed. Digestibility of ether extract was less in the 6 cows fed whole acid-delinted cottonseed. No advantage was for rolling whole linted cottonseed before feeding, but rolling was beneficial for whole acid-delinted cottonseed. Individual consumption of whole linted cottonseed by 18 nonpregnant, dry Holstein cows varied from .04 to 5.05 kg/day when two-choice options were given for cottonseed versus chopped coastal bermudagrass hay or corn silage, or a complete ration of 75% corn silage and 25% concentrate. No indication of gossypol toxicity was seen, but the large variation in each choice situation suggests it is desirable to blend cottonseed with other ingredients to ensure more uniform consumption.     

Safety of Low Gossypol Cottonseed Kernels

The safety of low gossypol raw, cooked, or roasted cottonseed kernels ground into flour was determined. Growing females utilized cooked or roasted cottonseed more efficiently than raw cottonseed or control diet. The percentages of pups alive at birth surviving to 4 days were significantly higher for rats fed raw or cooked cottonseed than roasted cottonseed. There were no significant differences observed in average body weight at parturition, at weaning time of dams or weight of offspring due to diet. No detrimental effects due to feeding cottonsed at 20% of the diet were observed.     

有机凝胶构筑液态油脂晶体网络的研究进展

消费者在十年来对膳食中减少饱和脂肪酸和消除反式脂肪酸的需要,促使脂类质构剂的研究日趋活跃。在液态油脂中添加小分子质量和低浓度的有机凝胶,可以自组装成晶体网络结构,代替饱和脂肪和反式脂肪以固化油脂。植物甾醇、神经酰胺、烷烃和蜡、单酰基甘油酯、乙基纤维素等都属于能够构建疏水性液态油脂的有机凝胶类型。全面叙述了作为新型脂类质构剂的有机凝胶的研究进展和应用前景,并总结了有机凝胶晶体网络微观结构的分析方法,及其分子间非共价键组成晶格的形式和方法。     

Preferential extractability of γ‐oryzanol from dried soapstock using different solvents

BACKGROUND: γ‐Oryzanol from rice bran has lately gained potential importance because of its proven health benefits. Thus the extractability of γ‐oryzanol from the soapstock of crude rice bran oil is important from the perspective of future large‐scale production, which would give value addition to this by‐product obtained from the rice bran oil industry. The aim of the present study was to investigate the extraction of γ‐oryzanol from the drum‐dried soapstock of rice bran oil using various solvents. RESULTS: It was found that γ‐oryzanol could be extracted most effectively using ethyl acetate, followed by dichloromethane and ethyl methyl ketone. All components of γ‐oryzanol have an alcohol group in the ferulate portion giving rise to relatively high polarity, thereby increasing the extraction in more polar solvents efficiently. Ethyl acetate showed maximum extractability of γ‐oryzanol by the Soxhlet method. To quantify γ‐oryzanol, reverse phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) was used for fingerprinting the γ‐oryzanol analogues with respect to standard γ‐oryzanol. CONCLUSION: A new RP‐HPLC method for determining the individual components of γ‐oryzanol has been reported that can be used for performing an online characterisation of γ‐oryzanol analogues by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

基于特征脂肪酸的食用油中棉籽油掺假鉴别技术

目的 开发检测棉籽油特征标志物锦葵酸和苹婆酸的气相色谱-质谱法,实现食用油中棉籽油掺假确证性鉴别。方法 利用碱式甲酯化方法对油脂样品进行酯化,正己烷提取脂肪酸甲酯,加入无水硫酸钠过滤,选择性离子扫描模式采集数据,外标法定量,以特征标志物判定食用油中是否掺假棉籽油。结果 建立的食用油中锦葵酸和苹婆酸高灵敏检测技术能准确鉴定食用油中5%棉籽油掺假。与基于脂肪酸组成结合偏最小二乘法-判别分析仅能鉴别大豆油中10%以上的棉籽油掺假相比,本研究建立的基于标志物方法鉴别灵敏度更高。结论 本研究建立了食用油中苹婆酸和锦葵酸高灵敏检测技术,为鉴别食用油中棉籽油掺假提供了关键检测技术支撑。