镍基617合金动态再结晶微观组织演变与预测

通过Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对镍基617合金进行等温压缩热变形实验,分析617合金在不同变形条件下各变形参数影响动态再结晶微观组织演变的规律。在对应力应变曲线及金相组织照片等实验数据计算分析的基础上,建立617合金动态再结晶模型,并将其导入有限元软件Deform-3D中,对617合金锻造工艺实验中晶粒组织演化进行数值模拟。结果表明:计算结果与实验结果相吻合,基本实现了变形过程微观组织的预测控制,验证了模型的准确性。     

金属材料动态再结晶模型研究现状

动态再结晶是热塑性变形过程中重要的材料软化、晶粒细化、组织控制和塑性成形能力改善方法,而材料发生动态再结晶过程形成的组织结构直接决定其综合性能,因此,长期以来动态再结晶一直是热成形过程中的研究热点。概述了动态再结晶的物理机理,介绍了位错密度模型、动力学模型和微观组织演化数值模拟,并对目前研究现状进行分析,展望其未来发展前景。     

叶片精密锻造过程数值模拟技术研究进展

介绍了叶片精锻成形的三维有限元数值模拟的过程,以及固体型塑性有限元法和流动型塑性有限元法的特点,针对近年来叶片精锻成形的三维有限元数值模拟技术对工艺参数及微观组织演化进行模拟的现状,进行了详细论述,在此基础上,提出了叶片精密锻造的三维有限元数值模拟技术未来发展的方向。     

塑性有限元法在金属轧制过程中组织演化模拟进展

介绍了塑性有限元法在金属轧制过程中组织演化模拟的发展历程和新进展,包括刚塑性有限元法和弹塑性有限元法的理论基础;通过物理冶金模型有限元模拟轧制过程中的组织演变;元胞自动机与有限元结合进行轧制过程多尺度综合模拟;利用晶体塑性有限元研究轧制过程中成形极限、取向织构和空洞长大行为等。最后展望了其今后的发展趋势。     

AZ31镁合金高应变速率轧制宏微观仿真

本工作通过构建宏观有限元模型和微观动态再结晶模型,对AZ31镁合金在300～400℃、平均应变速率为10～29 s-1的条件下进行高应变速率轧制宏微观模拟.对比实验结果的结论如下:随着平均应变速率的增加,模拟的轧板宽度方向等效应力差值和宏观边裂长度都减小,等效应力差值越大,边裂长度越长,宏观模拟结果与实验一致;采用微观动态再结晶模型、宏观有限元历史加载耦合元胞自动机(CA),模拟AZ31镁合金高应变速率轧制中的动态再结晶过程,微观模拟结果与实验吻合;随着平均应变速率的增加,再结晶越完全,使得应力集中被释放,边裂长度减小.通过建立AZ31镁合金高应变速率轧制多尺度宏微观仿真模型,能够精确模拟仿真高应变速率轧制过程,对镁合金高应变速率轧制的精确控制提供了新的思路.     

42CrMoA钢热变形过程动态再结晶行为

目的 通过Deform-3D软件模拟42CrMoA钢的热压缩过程,研究在压缩量为60%、变形温度为950~ 1 100 ℃和应变速率为0.01~10 s⁻¹条件下42CrMoA钢再结晶模型的可靠性。方法 将热压缩试样沿轴线对半分开,以试样中心和边部位置作为金相观察区,分析42CrMoA钢的热变形行为,将计算得到的动态再结晶临界模型输入Deform-3D软件的前处理模块中,模拟过程的变形参数与实验过程的相同,通过在模拟试样的心部和边部位置进行点追踪,实现模拟结果和实验结果中组织的对比分析。结果 在压缩过程中42CrMoA钢真应力的变化受加工硬化和动态软化协同作用影响。随着温度的升高,试样心部和边部的再结晶体积分数均有所上升,且试样心部动态再结晶体积分数大于边部的。模拟结果显示,当温度由1 000 ℃升高至1 100 ℃时,试样心部动态再结晶体积分数由75.6%升高至89.5%,在相同条件下,通过金相观察到试样心部的动态再结晶体积分数由73.2%升高至85.3%。结论 基于Johnson-Mehl-Avrami模型改进的Yada再结晶模型可以较好地描述42CrMoA钢的动态再结晶过程,实验结果与模拟结果间的相对误差小于8.35%,验证了动态再结晶模型的准确性。     

GH4720Li合金粗晶组织热变形细化预测研究

目的 研究不同变形参数下GH4720Li合金动态再结晶行为,建立GH4720Li合金粗晶组织动态再结晶细化的预测模型,为铸态初轧GH4720Li合金锻造工艺参数制定、粗晶组织消除、细晶组织获得提供理论支撑。方法 在温度为1 030～1 150℃、应变速率为0.01～10 s^-1条件下,对铸态初轧GH4720Li合金粗晶组织进行了热压缩实验,分析了不同变形参数下合金的动态再结晶行为。研究了合金动态再结晶演化机制,构建了GH4720Li合金粗晶组织动态再结晶预测模型和晶粒尺寸模型,并结合实验对模型的准确性进行了验证。结果 在合金热压缩过程中,流变应力表现出明显的加工硬化、动态回复和动态再结晶软化平衡特征,粗晶组织动态再结晶细化程度可以通过流变应力变化间接反映。根据应力–应变数据计算得到合金的热变形激活能为1 230.48 kJ/mol,确定了Z参数与峰值应变和临界应变之间的关系,发现峰值应变和临界应变与Z参数均呈线性关系。通过观察合金微观组织发现,在变形过程中发生了非连续动态再结晶和连续动态再结晶,2种变形机制共同影响着粗晶组织的演化,所建立的动态再结晶细化模型和动态...     

多尺度铝合金变形组织演变模型研究进展

铝合金在热成形过程中,微观组织会发生晶粒长大、晶粒不均匀变形、动态再结晶等一系列复杂的演化,而这些材料内部微观结构的改变,会直接影响铝合金的综合性能。通过掌握变形过程中微观组织演变的物理本质,以达到控制微观组织及产品性能的目的,已经越来越受到材料研究者的重视。对铝合金变形组织演变模型的研究现状进行了综述,重点介绍了多尺度模拟方法,同时指出了研究中存在的问题,对铝合金变形组织演变建模的发展趋势进行了展望。     

金属热变形微观组织精密控制的研究进展

大多数承力关键金属构件在其生产过程中均需经历热变形工步。探讨了典型金属结构材料热变形中3种主要动态再结晶机制的流变行为、微观组织演变特征,并对热变形间隔及热变形后的亚动态再结晶行为进行分析,提出了相应的微观组织控制策略。讨论了第二相颗粒对热变形微观组织演变的影响以及通过第二相颗粒实现微观组织控制的方法。对在热变形中及热变形后冷却过程中会发生相变材料的热变形微观组织演变规律进行了分析。分析热变形过程中的微观组织演变规律,并建立相应的数值模型是实现微观组织精密控制的有效途径,因此简要讨论了不同微观组织演变数值模型的特点及适用性。综合考虑动态再结晶、亚动态再结晶的演变过程以及第二相颗粒和相变的影响规律,并结合基于物理冶金基础理论微观组织演变数值模型是实现热变形微观组织精密控制的必由之路。     

变形温度对镁合金等通道转角挤压晶粒尺寸演变影响的有限元模拟

目的研究变形温度对AZ31B镁合金等通道转角挤压(ECAP)过程中晶粒尺寸演变的影响。方法建立AZ31B镁合金动态再结晶和晶粒长大数学模型,采用Fortran语言编写晶粒演变子程序,并通过商用有限元软件MARC的二次开发接口,建立耦合微观组织演变的AZ31B镁合金等通道转角挤压有限元模型,研究变形温度对等通道转角挤压过程应变场、再结晶百分数和晶粒尺寸的影响规律,并与实验结果进行比较。结果随变形温度从200℃增至400℃,原子热激活效应增强,再结晶百分数从75.37%增加至99%,平均晶粒尺寸从6.67μm增加至25.7μm,且晶粒尺寸分布均匀性增大,但是200℃变形的ECAP试样出现开裂。结论在250~300℃温度区间内进行ECAP变形,有助于获得细小均匀的微观组织,同时避免出现变形开裂。     

Finite element modelling on microstructure evolution during multi-pass hot compression for AZ31 alloys using incremental method

Based on the principle of piecewise linearization, the incremental forms of microstructure evolution models were integrated into the thermo-mechanical coupled finite element(FE) model to simulate nonlinear microstructure evolution during multi-pass hot deformation. This is an unsteady-state deformation where dynamic recrystallization(DRX), meta-dynamic recrystallization(MDRX), static recrystallization(SRX) and grain growth(GG) take place during hot deformation or deformation interval. The distributions of deformation and microstructure for cylindrical AZ31 sample during single-pass and double-pass hot compressions were quantitatively calculated and compared with the metallographic observation. It is shown that both the deformation and microstructure are non-uniformly distributed due to the presence of friction between the die and the flat end of sample. The average grain size and its standard deviation under the double-pass hot compression are slightly smaller than those under single-pass compression.The simulated average grain sizes agree well with the experiments, which validates that the developed FE model on the basis of incremental forms of microstructure evolution models is reasonable.     

300M钢的热变形行为及热锻成形工艺研究现状

300M钢凭其优异的综合力学性能而被广泛应用于飞机起落架大型构件的生产。在大型构件的热锻成形过程中,材料的流动行为及组织演变受到众多因素影响,变形机制复杂。主要从300M钢的热变形本构模型、微观组织演变以及锻造工艺三方面对现有研究进行综述。在热变形本构模型方面,综述了300M钢在单道次及多道次热变形下的本构模型的研究现状。在微观演化方面,综述了300M钢热变形各个阶段所对应的组织演化机制,包括晶粒长大、动态再结晶、静态再结晶、亚动态再结晶以及相变过程。此外,从数值分析角度综述了热锻成形工艺的研究现状。最后,针对现有研究提出了后续值得继续深入研究的方向。     

Inconel 718镍基高温合金热加工动态再结晶建模与计算

目的 建立Inconel 718镍基合金动态再结晶组织演变三维介观尺度计算模型.方法 采用Gleeble-1500型热力模拟试验机进行恒温恒应变速率压缩实验,获得Inconel 718高温合金热变形的真应力-应变曲线,并结合光学显微镜分析热变形后的材料的塑性流动规律与组织演化特征,获得材料参数.结果 基于流变和组织行为...     

Numerical simulation for stress/strain distribution and microstructural evolution in 42CrMo steel during hot upsetting process

Based on experimental results, the dynamic recrystallization mathematical models of 42CrMo steel were derived. The effects of strain rates on the strain/stress distribution and microstructural evolution in 42CrMo steel during hot upsetting process were simulated by integrating the thermo-mechanical coupled finite element model. The results show that the deformation of the specimen is inhomogeneous, and the degree of the deformation inhomogeneity decreases with the increase of strain rates. The distribution of the effective stress in the specimen is also inhomogeneous, and the locus of the maximum effective stress changes with the variations of strain rates. The dynamic recrystallization volume fraction decreases with the increase of strain rates. The distribution of the dynamic recrystallization grain is inhomogeneous in the deformed specimen, and the average dynamic recrystallization grain size decreases as the strain rate is increased. A good agreement between the predicted and experimental results confirmed that the derived dynamic recrystallization mathematical models can be successfully incorporated into the finite element model to predict the microstructural evolution in the hot upsetting process for 42CrMo steel.     

径锻压下率对镁棒热力参数及组织演变的影响

目的 通过径向锻造工艺制备大尺寸镁合金棒料,并研究ZK60镁合金稳定变形区轴向截面边部位置的组织演变规律.方法 基于轴对称模型,利用数学解析方法建立不同压下率下的镁棒应变分量数学模型;使用弹塑性有限元分析软件对不同压下率下的镁棒径锻过程进行热力耦合分析;采用GFM-SSP32径锻机对铸态ZK60镁合金棒材进行阶梯锻造实验.结果 随着径向压下量的增大,晶粒细化明显.当压下率达到62.29％时,孪生动态再结晶机制开动;与模拟结果相比,数学模型预测的平均相对误差约为8.4％,可较准确表征径锻镁棒的应变分布情况.结论 径向锻造工艺完全可以制备ZK60镁合金棒材,并可有效解决镁合金塑性变形过程中的易开裂、散热快等问题.     

Microstructural modeling and simulation for GCr15 steel during elevated temperature deformation

The microstructural evolution of GCr15 steel, one of the most commonly used bearing steels, was investigated and simulated by physical experiments and finite element method (FEM). Physical experiments were conducted on the Gleeble-3500 thermo-simulation system. Effects of initial grain size and plastic strain on the microstructural of the materials were investigated by setting different heating temperature, holding time and deformation degree, respectively. Based on the results of stress–strain curves and metallographic analysis, the constitutive equations for flow stress, austenite grain growth and dynamic recrystallization of GCr15 steel were formulated by linear regression method and genetic algorithm. In addition, the coupled thermo-mechanical finite element method integrated with the developed constitutive models was used to simulate the microstructural evolution of GCr15 steel during hot compression. Good agreement between the calculated and experimental results was obtained, which confirmed that the developed constitutive models can be successfully used to predict microstructural evolution during hot deformation process for GCr15 steel.     

金属热成形过程的综合数值模拟

金属在热成形过程中的微观组织演变是影响产品力学性能的关键因素,该演变过程取决于温度、应变和应变速率。本文基于有限变形理论和微观组织演变的数学模型,建立了能够模拟变形过程、温度变化过程和微观组织演变过程的有限元法,研制了通用的三维有限元计算软件,并在H型钢三维热轧模拟方面进行了深入开发,给出了原材料为C-Mn钢的H型钢热轧过程综合模拟结果。综合对比了8组不同工艺下的热轧实验结果和计算机模拟结果,二者均吻合良好,表明本文方法能够较好地预报金属热成形过程。     

Grain refinement in as-cast AZ80 Mg alloy under large strain deformation

Grain refinement in as-cast AZ80 magnesium alloy under large strain deformation was studied by hot multiple forging (MF). The results show that during the deformation there exists a critical strain controlling the degree of the homogeneity, which is in the range of 2–2.4. A homogeneous microstructure with fine dynamic recrystallized grains can be attained when the applied strain exceeds the critical strain and after that, it is difficult to get more grain refinement further. A main characteristic of microstructure evolution is directly associated with grain splitting due to the formation of microbands that develop in various directions. Such microbands intersect each other during hot MF, resulting in continuous subdivision of coarse grains into misoriented fine domains. Further deformation leads to increase in the number and misorientation of these boundaries and finally almost full development of fine equiaxed grains in high strain. New grains are concluded to be evolved by a kind of continuous reaction, that is essentially similar to continuous dynamic recrystallization.     

Finite element analysis and experimental study of microstructure evolution of nitrogen alloyed ultralow carbon stainless steel during hot deformation

Abstract

Hot compression experiments of a nitrogen alloyed ultralow carbon stainless steel were performed in the temperature range of 1223–1423 K, at strain rates of 0.001–1 s^?1, and with deformation amounts of 30–70% on a Gleeble-3500 thermal-simulator. Based on the results from thermo-physical simulation experiments and metallographic analyses, a physically-based constitutive model and a dynamic recrystallisation (DRX) model of the studied steel were derived, and the developed models were further embedded into a finite element method (FEM) software. The microstructure evolution of the studied steel under various hot deformation conditions was simulated by FEM, and the effects of deformation amount, strain rate and temperature on the microstructure evolution were clarified. The results obtained from the finite element analysis were verified by the experiments. The finding confirms that the thermal-mechanical FEM coupled with the developed constitutive model and DRX model can be used to accurately predict the microstructure evolution of the studied steel during hot deformation.