Three-dimensional displays

Three-dimensional display techniques can be classified as binocular and autostereoscopic types, still and animated types, nontransmitted and transmitted types, and nonholographic and holographic types. This paper deals mainly with autostereoscopic still nontransmitted techniques. Holographic and nonholographic tecniques are described on about equal footing. For the sake of brevity, emphasis is placed upon those techniques that appeared in the past several years. However, some old techniques of historical and/or practical importance are also mentioned because rather few textbooks are available in this field. In the final part, state of the art of three-dimensional display for animated and transmitted images (three-dimensional television) is described. Speculations on the direction of the development are presented.     

中小尺寸自动立体显示器结构及视差栅栏设计的研究

视差栅栏方式的立体显示技术是现在主要的自动立体显示技术。由于中小尺寸的自动立体显示器比大尺寸的自动立体显示器影像小很多，因此需要更短的可观看距离和更宽的视阈。本文主要对中小尺寸的自动立体显示器结构和视差栅栏的设计进行了相关的讨论。这对于这类立体显示器的设计和应用具有一定的意义。     

Autostereoscopic 3D flat panel display using an LCD-pixel-associated parallax barrier

This letter reports an autostereoscopic three-dimensional （3D） fiat panel display system employing a newly designed LCD-pixel-associated parallax barrier （LPB）. The battler＇s parameters can be conveniently determined by the LCD pixels and can help to greatly simplify the conventional design. The optical system of the proposed 3D display is built and simulated to verify the design. For further experimental demonstration, a 508-mm autostereoscopic 3D displayprototype is developed and it presents good stereoscopic images. Experimental results agree well wlth the simulation, which reveals a strong potential for 3D display applications.     

Surgical navigation by autostereoscopic image overlay of integral videography

This paper describes an autostereoscopic image overlay technique that is integrated into a surgical navigation system to superimpose a real three-dimensional (3-D) image onto the patient via a half-silvered mirror. The images are created by employing a modified version of integral videography (IV), which is an animated extension of integral photography. IV records and reproduces 3-D images using a microconvex lens array and flat display; it can display geometrically accurate 3-D autostereoscopic images and reproduce motion parallax without the need for special devices. The use of semitransparent display devices makes it appear that the 3-D image is inside the patient's body. This is the first report of applying an autostereoscopic display with an image overlay system in surgical navigation. Experiments demonstrated that the fast IV rendering technique and patient-image registration method produce an average registration accuracy of 1.13 mm. Experiments using a target in phantom agar showed that the system can guide a needle toward a target with an average error of 2.6 mm. Improvement in the quality of the IV display will make this system practical and its use will increase surgical accuracy and reduce invasiveness.     

自由立体显示中的实景立体影像获取方法

获取适当位差的立体影像是自由立体显示系统的重要环节.针对该问题,提出了无导轨实景拍摄立体影像的过程和方法.分析并计算了立体包容范围与相机间距的关系,建立了立体场景包容范围模型.在测量自制各尺寸显示器的水平视差极限后,给出了最佳拍摄间距,为立体实景拍摄和制作提供了理论依据.     

高衍射效率光致聚合物薄膜中全息记录研究

为了研究新的全息记录介质,本文我们介绍一种基于TMPTA单体的光致聚合物材料。我们已经在该聚合物薄膜样品中成功记录三维实物信息及数字静态视差图像存储等,证明具有良好的全息记录与重建的性能。实验结果表明:该材料在记录角度为26°时,不加电压等任何外部条件下的衍射效率接近90%,并且制作简便、容易保存,作为全息记录介质能够有效地重建出高分辨率,高衍射效率的全息再现像。由于该聚合物的高衍射效率并且不需要外加电压等特性,该材料更加适合用于全息图和大数据的永久存储,并且它在大尺寸静态三维全息图显示、三维图像存储、数据储存、全息防伪、全息打印等领域具有较强的优势和潜在的应用前景。     

变焦纳米液晶透镜的体三维立体显示器的初步研究

三维(3D)立体显示技术已成为当今一个引人注目的前沿科技领域。本文提出研制基于电动变焦纳米液晶透镜的3D立体显示器。该变焦透镜具有50Hz的高速响应,以达到无闪烁的显示。梯度折射率纳米聚合物分散液晶透镜通过紫外掩模制作,具有透明性好,响应速度快的优点。采用快速阴极射线管作为二维显示器。该体3D立体显示器是一个全新的3D立体显示方案,该显示器的实验工作正在进行中。     

An Updatable Holographic Display for 3D Visualization

Among the various methods to produce three-dimensional (3D) images, holography occupies a special niche. Indeed, holograms provide highly realistic 3D images with a large viewing angle capability without the need for special eyewear. Such characteristics make them valuable tools for a wide range of applications such as medical, industrial, military, and entertainment imaging. To be suitable for an updatable holographic display, a material needs to have a high diffraction efficiency, fast writing time, hours of image persistence, capability for rapid erasure, and the potential for large display area—a combination of properties that has not been realized before.      

基于随机场的全息采样及三维显示

虽然真彩色实时全息显示技术在近几年已经取得了阶段性的发展,如何实现符合人眼视觉条件的理想三维显示是一项具有很有挑战性的工作.本文提出了基于随机场的局部平均采样理论,并借助光子波函数的四维傅里叶变换,搭建了以体像素和空间谱为基本抽样单位的三维空间信息的全息抽样框架,并进一步通过实例将这一新的数学模型成功应用于三维空间信息的离散采样、完整恢复与全息显示.最后借助商用4K平面显示器,结合小透镜阵列和全息功能屏,成功演示了人眼可分辨的典型完美全息三维场.     

基于LC-SLM的CT图像全息三维重构与实时显示

提出了一种将计算全息技术与液晶空间光调制器相结合的CT图像三维重构与实时显示的方法。用计算全息技术对一系列CT图片进行三维信息融合,并根据CT图片数目的不同,制作了不同的计算全息图,基于CT图片本身是数字化二维图像的特点,采用了快速傅里叶变换算法。用液晶空间光调制器作为全息图显示载体,设计了CT图像三维实时显示系统,利用计算机控制实时输出不同的计算全息图到空间光调制器,通过光学再现获得不断变化的三维再现像,实现CT图像的三维实时显示。     

Haptic holography: a primitive computational plastic

We describe our work on haptic holography, a combination of computational modeling and multimodal spatial display, which allows a person to see, feel, and interact with three-dimensional freestanding holographic images of material surfaces. In this paper, we combine various holographic displays with a force-feedback device to render multimodal images with programmatically prescribed material properties and behavior. After a brief overview of related work which situates visual display within the manual workspace, we describe our holo-haptic approach and survey three implementations, Touch, Lathe, and Poke, each named for the primitive functional affordance it offers. In Touch, static holographic images of simple geometric scenes are reconstructed in front of the hologram plane, and coregistered with a force model of the same geometry. These images can be visually inspected and haptically explored using a handheld interface. In Lathe, a holo-haptic image can be reshaped by haptic interaction in a dynamic but constrained manner. Finally in Poke, using a new technique for updating interference-modeled holographic fringe patterns, we render a holo-haptic image that permits more flexible interactive reshaping of its reconstructed surface. We situate this work within the context of related research and describe the strengths, shortcomings, and implications of our approach.     

多投影仪自由立体显示系统中的特征点检测及几何校正

几何校正是多投影仪自由立体显示系统实现无缝拼接显示的关键,而特征点检测是多投影仪组合显示进行几何校正的基础.自由立体显示系统中三维立体显示屏幕的各向异性反射特性使得基于亮度阈值分割的特征点检测方法效果不佳,为此,我们提出了基于轮廓检测的特征点检测方法:采用基于Hough变换的圆检测方法检测特征点的位置,以特征点集的凸包为基准插入及补充漏检的特征点,然后使用两次最小二乘直线拟合方法矫正误差.最后,利用特征点网格,实现了自由立体显示系统的几何校正.实验证明,我们的特征点检测方法鲁棒性好,精度较高,自动地实现了投影显示图像的高精度几何校正.     

Flat Projection for 3-D

The two challenges for three-dimensional (3-D) display are designing the optics for wide fields of view, and delivering pixels at the rates needed to support this. Getting such pixel rates at low cost is merely an extension of the key challenge for two-dimensional (2-D) displays,and the cost advantage of projection in this respect over alternatives increases considerably at the data rates needed for 3-D. Both 2-D and 3-D projection concepts are bulky, so the authors describe how to project images within a flat panel. Flat projection is not only inexpensive: it can generate virtual as well as real images, and allows the screen to take images and input from the viewer as well as vice versa. Real images are created by pointing a projector into a wedge-shaped light guide, and either the projector or the screen can be shuttered in order to time-multiplex a 3-D image on a large screen. Virtual images are created by pointing a projector into a slab embossed with a grating and can deliver the collimated illumination needed if a liquid crystal display is to time-multiplex a 3-D image with the high off-screen resolution provided by holograms.     

Vibrating varifocal mirrors for 3-D imaging

As technology advances, the interactions between man and machine become more complex. A reliable three-dimensional man-machine interface could help alleviate some of the complexity; but an effective 3-D display has, so far, eluded technologists. Thus, we have been forced to make unnatural compromises when dealing with data that are essentially three-dimensional in nature. This article describes a system that may meet the autostereoscopic display requirements in many situations.     

高分辨率多视点动态全息3D显示

提出了一种高分辨率多视点动态全息3D显示方法,观看视点位置变化时,观看者能够看到连续变化的3D效果。在进行全息图计算时,首先根据针孔阵列投影模型,渲染3D动画中每一帧3D模型的光场图像序列;然后从已渲染的多组光场图像序列中抽取对应视角信息的光场图像进行融合,得到融合后的动态光场图像序列;在进行全息图编码时,以动态光场图像序列中的一帧图像作为物光振幅,以来自于针孔的发散球面波的相位作为物光相位,引入平面参考光进行编码,得到一个单元全息图。由于每个单元全息图的计算是相互独立的,因此在计算过程中使用并行加速计算,实现了尺寸为32 mm×32 mm、分辨率为100000 pixel×100000 pixel的高分辨率全息图,其光场图像融合和全息编码的时间仅需27 min。光学再现结果证明了该方法的可行性。所提出的高分辨率多视点动态全息3D显示方法在全息包装和3D广告等领域具有广泛的应用前景。     

一种基于视觉的手指与全息影像交互研究

利用全息技术进行真三维显示是显示技术研究领域中的一个亮点。为了探讨人与三维全息影像的交互问题,提出了基于视觉的手指与全息影像的交互方法。结合背景差分和色度差分检测图像中的人手区域,然后分析手部轮廓曲率定位指尖位置,并通过指尖位置引导人头三维全息实影像的显示,实现了人与全息实影像的动态交互。最后,通过对比指尖坐标的程序检测值与人工标定值,验证了指尖定位的准确性;通过分析指尖位置与人头影像的对应关系,验证了交互的正确性。     

基于棱镜反射光栅的低串扰自由立体投影显示方法

为解决传统柱透镜自由立体投影显示中像差和视几何引起的串扰和视点数受限问题,基于回归反射,提出了一种棱镜反射光栅自由立体投影显示方法。通过分析其3D成像的原理,对棱镜反射光栅自由立体投影显示进行仿真,发现该方法在水平视宽相同的条件下,视场照度是柱透镜光栅投影的10倍,而其串扰比是柱透镜光栅投影的1/5,且不存在次视区。制作了棱镜反射光栅屏,并搭建系统进行实验,验证了棱镜反射光栅自由立体投影显示方案的可行性。     

狭缝光栅自由立体显示器的立体图像串扰度

为了表征狭缝光栅自由立体显示器存在的左右眼视差图像的混叠程度,提出了立体图像串扰度C的概念。根据狭缝光栅自由立体显示器的结构和工作原理,应用几何光学知识,分析得出了立体图像串扰度C的计算公式,并给出了一个具体的狭缝光栅自由立体显示器的计算结果。通过观看实验,证明了所定义的立体图像串扰度C可以定量描述观看者在立体可视区域看到的立体图像的串扰程度。     

应用微柱透镜的自由立体前投影屏幕设计

介绍了应用微柱透镜阵列的自由立体前投影显示的原理。推导出确定自由立体前投影屏幕中微柱透镜参数的公式,详细给出了一种设计方法。根据此方法设计了一块采用微柱透镜阵列的自由立体前投影屏幕,在Lighttools中对采用此屏幕的投影系统进行仿真模拟,仿真结果显示有5个比较明显的视区,视区间隔比较连续。搭建屏幕和投影系统进行实验验证,实验结果与仿真结果一致,串扰度为7.9%,图像重合度为1.008,在观察面处立体效果显著。实验结果验证了应用微柱透镜阵列的自由立体前投影显示的可行性。与背投影的自由立体显示技术相比,自由立体前投影显示具有装调快、占用空间小、投影距离灵活可调的优点,将是未来大屏幕自由立体显示的一个重要发展方向。     

基于硅基液晶的空分复用彩色全息显示研究

彩色全息显示是全息显示的一个重要研究目标。研究了使用RGB三色激光的彩色全息显示技术,提出基于空分复用的彩色全息显示方法。全息光电再现像的成像区域大小和成像区域中心位置依赖于RGB三色激光的波长,通过调节RGB三色分量原图大小以及加载数字闪耀光栅实现RGB三色再现图像分量区域大小和成像中心的重合。基于空分复用的方法建立了彩色全息显示系统,最终的彩色全息显示系统利用空间光调制器加载计算生成的24bit全息图再现彩色图像。实验结果验证了该方法的可行性。