高强钢应力腐蚀门槛值随强度的变化规律

恒位移试样测量表明,４０ＣｒＭｏ钢在３．５％ＮａＣｌ水溶液中应力腐蚀（ＳＣＣ）门槛应力强度因子ＫＩＳＣＣ随屈服强度σｓ指数下降、即ＫＩＳＣＣ＝１．３８×１０６ｅｘｐ（－８．２６×１０－３σｓ）．动态充氢时氢致开裂（ＨＩＣ）门槛应力强度因子ＫＩＨ随试样中可扩散氢浓度Ｃ０（１０－６）的对数而线性下降,即ＫＩＨ＝３１．１－９．１１ｎＣ０． ＳＣＣ时也遵循这个规律．发生ＨＩＣ型ＳＣＣ的临界氢浓度Ｃｔｈ随σｓ指数下降,从而可导出ＫＩＳＣＣ＝ａｋ１ｅｘｐ（－ｋ２σｓ）;其中ａ＝３ＲＴ　／２（１＋ν）ＶＨ,ＲＴ是热能,ρ是裂纹止裂时的曲率半径,ＶＨ是氢在钢中的偏摩尔体积,ν为Ｐｏｉｓｓｉｏｎ比,ｋ１和ｋ２则是和成分及组织有关的常数．     

Fe74.5Ni10Si3.5B9C2非晶带的氢致滞后断裂

Ｆ０７４．５Ｎｉ１０Ｓｉ３．５Ｂ９Ｃ２非晶带在恒载荷动态充氢时能发生氢致滞后断裂． 测量了不同充氢电流密度ｉ下的氢致滞后断裂归一化门槛应力σＨＩＣ／σＦ，以及进入试样的氢浓度Ｃ０．结果表明． 当Ｃ０≤６７．４ × １０－４％时．σＨＩＣ／σＦ随ｌｎＣ０上升成线性下降．即σＨＩＣ／σＦ＝１．５９－０．３５　Ｉｎ　Ｃ０：当Ｃ０＞６７．４×１０－４％后，σＨＩＣ／σＦ＝≤０．１，由于实验精度的限制无法测出真实的σＨＩＣ／σＦ值．     

TiAl的室温氢致滞后的断裂

ＴｉＡｌ镀Ｎｉ－Ｐ后避免阴极腐蚀。氢化物饱和的试样平面应力断裂韧性ＫＣ（Ｈ）比空气中的ＫＣ值低约２０％。含饱和氢化物试样动态充氢时能发生滞后断裂，这是原子氢引起的。氢致滞后断裂门槛值ＫＩＨ和ＫＣ（Ｈ）的比值约为０．７。     

C90油管钢的氢损伤

对比研究了三种油管钢（宝钢的Ｃ９０和日本的ＳＭ９０及ＳＭ９５）的氢致开裂性能．ＳＭ９０，ＳＭ９５和Ｃ９０产生氢损伤的临界扩散氢质量分数（×１０~（－６））分别为１．７６，４．３和８．３８；临界全氢质量分数（×１０~（－６））分别为４．２４，６．３５和１０．２２三种钢在Ｈ_２Ｓ中的门槛应力σ_（ｔｈ）／σ_ｓ分别为０．６４，０．８０和０．８５．三种油管钢抗氢损伤能力和抗氢致滞后断裂的能力是一致的，以Ｃ９０为最好，它和氢的扩散系数无关．Ｃ９０钢缺口试样氢致滞后断裂门槛值Ｋ_（ＩＨ）与可扩散的氢质量分数ｗ_０有关，实验获得Ｋ_（ＩＨ）＝４６－１２．５１ｌｎ_（ｗ０）．理论分析和实验结果完全一致．对Ｃ９０钢，当ｗ_０≤４．８×１０－６时，在任何Ｋ_Ｉ／Ｋ_Ｃ下均将获得韧窝断口；ｗ_０≥７．６×１０~（－６），Ｋ_Ｉ／Ｋ_Ｃ≥０．５时，则氢致韧断；Ｋ_Ｉ／Ｋ_Ｃ≤０．４时，则氢致脆断．     

油井管钢氢致开裂门槛值研究

四种高强度油井管钢动态及氢时,进入试样的可扩散氢含量ｃ０和充氢电流ｉ成正比,而氢致断裂门榄应力σｃ与名义屈服强度σｔ之比和ｌｎｃ０成正比,即σｃ／σｔ＝Ａ－Ｂｌｎｃ０,测量了四种钢在Ｈ２Ｓ中浸泡进入试样的Ｃ０,求出相应的ｉｃ,用ｉｃ充氢时同的门槛应力σｃ（Ｈ）／σｔ和Ｈ２Ｓ中应力腐蚀门槛应力σＣ（Ｈ２Ｓ）／σｔ相一致,这表明,可用特定电流下的动态充氢来代替Ｈ２Ｓ应力腐蚀。     

Ti_3Al＋Nb在甲醇中沿相界的应力腐蚀SCIEI

研究了Ｔｉ－２４Ａｌ－ｌｌＮｂ合金中Ｔｉ３Ａｌ＋Ｎｂ金属间化合物在甲醇溶液中的应力腐蚀及室温氢致开裂的规律，探讨了组织结构的影响．结果表明，Ｔｉ３Ａｌ＋Ｎｂ在甲醇溶液中应力腐蚀敏感性很高，不向组织应力腐蚀断裂归一化门槛值为而ｋ（ＩＳＣＣ）／ＫＣ＝０．５３－０．６９；应力腐蚀裂纹止裂门槛值为Ｋ（ＩＳＣＣ）／Ｋ（ｌｉ）＝０．６１－０．７９．Ｔｉ３Ａｌ＋Ｎｂ在室温动态充氢时能发生氢致开裂，门槛值和应力腐蚀相近，但裂纹扩展速率或断裂时间比应力腐蚀要慢１－３个数量级．两者断口形貌也不相同．发现了相界应力腐蚀现象．对固溶后炉冷试样，当ＫＩ较低时，应力腐蚀裂纹优先沿α２／β相界形核和扩展，从而获得相界应力腐蚀断口．如固溶后空冷或ＫＩ较高，则不出现相界应力腐蚀．     

B_2型Fe_3Al金属间化合物的应力腐蚀和氢致开裂SCIEI

用ＷＯＬ恒位移试样研究了Ｂ_２结构的Ｆｅ_３Ａｌ和Ｆｅ_３Ａｌ＋Ｃｒ的应力腐蚀和氢致开裂．结果表明，水中应力腐蚀的门槛值和裂纹扩展速率均高于动态充氢时的相应值加Ｃｒ能提高Ｆｅ_３Ａｌ的Ｋ_（ＩＣ），Ｋ_（ＩＳＣＣ）和Ｋ_（ＩＨ）．氢致开裂断口随Ｋ_Ｉ下降由解理向沿晶转变，水中应力腐蚀则全是解理断口，这与Ｋ_（ＩＳＣＣ）较高有关．     

STRESS CORROSION CRACKING AND HYDROGEN INDUCED CRACKING OF ORDERED B_2－TYPE Fe_3Al

用ＷＯＬ恒位移试样研究了Ｂ_２结构的Ｆｅ_３Ａｌ和Ｆｅ_３Ａｌ＋Ｃｒ的应力腐蚀和氢致开裂．结果表明，水中应力腐蚀的门槛值和裂纹扩展速率均高于动态充氢时的相应值加Ｃｒ能提高Ｆｅ_３Ａｌ的Ｋ_（ＩＣ），Ｋ_（ＩＳＣＣ）和Ｋ_（ＩＨ）．氢致开裂断口随Ｋ_Ｉ下降由解理向沿晶转变，水中应力腐蚀则全是解理断口，这与Ｋ_（ＩＳＣＣ）较高有关．     

氢促进纯镍位错发射的分子动力学模拟及实验证明

采用 ＥＡＭ多体势的分子动力学模拟表明，Ｎｉ中固溶的氢能使裂尖发射位错的临界应力强度因子ＫＩｅ（θ＝４５°）从 １．００ ＭＰａ·ｍ１／２降为 ０．９０ＭＰａｍ·１／２；使 ＫＩｅ（θ＝７０°）从 ０．８２ ＭＰａ＞·ｍ１／２降为 ０．７０ ＭＰａ·ｍ１／２，即氢能促进位错的发射 另外 氢能使（１１１）滑移面上的 Ｇｒｉｆｆｉｔｈ裂纹解理扩展的临界应力强度因子ＫＩＧ（θ＝０°）从 １．０３ ＭＰ·ａｍ１／２降为０．９３ ＭＰａ·ｍ１／２、即氢使(１１）面的表面能下降 γ１１１（Ｈ）＝０．８２θθγ１１１；从而促进位错的发射 透射电＃（ＴＥＭ）原位观察表明，在氢致裂纹形核之前氢就能促进位错的发射和运动。     

TiNi形状记忆合金的氢致滞后断裂

用单边缺口拉伸试样研究了TiNi形状记忆合金在恒载荷下动态充氢时的滞后断裂过程，以及原子氢、氢致马氏体和氢化物在氢致滞后断裂中所起的作用，结果表明，TiNi合金能发生氢致滞后断裂，归一化门槛应力强度因子随总氢浓度对数的增加而线性下降，即KIH/KIC=2.01-0.25lnCT。在恒载荷动态充氢时氢化物含量不断升高，材料的断裂韧性不断下降，这是氢致滞后断裂的主要原因；而原子氢和氢致马氏体在氢致滞后断裂中所起的作用则极小。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。