Zr-4合金小试样高温疲劳行为研究

基于Zr-4合金漏斗薄片小试样,完成了室温和400℃高温下的等幅横向应变循环与应变疲劳试验.根据弹塑性有限元分析,建立了基于局部应变等效的应变换算方法,并结合实验结果,得到了估算Zr-4合金应变疲劳寿命的Manson-Coffin模型.结果表明:低应变幅下,Zr-4合金表现出循环软化特征;高应变幅下,Zr-4合金表现出循环强化特征.高温严重降低了低应变幅下Zr-4合金的疲劳寿命,随着应变幅增加,温度影响趋弱.分析表明,基于传统应变转换公式的M-C模型用于估算疲劳寿命偏于保守.     

N18锆合金的低周疲劳行为

在不同试验温度（室温～500℃）下,对N18合金进行了低周疲劳试验。试验结果表明：室温～300℃温区,合金表现为明显的循环软化;400、450℃时,合金逐渐呈现循环硬化,450℃时其硬化现象更为明显;500℃时则主要表现为循环饱和。随着温度的升高,疲劳寿命先增加后降低,300℃时疲劳寿命最高。低应变幅下,温度对疲劳寿命的影响更明显。通过疲劳断口SEM分析,室温下疲劳起源于单个裂纹源,疲劳裂纹扩展阶段的微观特征主要是疲劳条纹,局部区域出现轮胎状花样。在高温下为多裂纹源,大量二次裂纹的存在是高温疲劳断口的主要特征。     

Zr-4合金低周疲劳特性研究

研究了再结晶态Zr-4合金板材在室温和400 ℃下的低周疲劳特性.Zr-4合金在室温下的循环变形行为与应变幅有关,当应变幅小于0.8%时,表现为循环软化;应变幅大于0.8%时,表现为循环硬化.在400 ℃下均表现为循环硬化.合金在室温和400 ℃下,均遵循Coffin-Manson关系.在低应变幅下,室温的低周疲劳性能明显优于400 ℃下的低周疲劳性能,随着应变幅的增加,两者寿命趋于接近.用扫描电子显微镜观察分析了合金在室温和400 ℃下的疲劳断口特征.     

不同热处理状态Zr—4合金的疲劳变形机理探讨

测定了不同热处理状态下室温和４００℃时Ｚｒ－４合金的常规力学性能和低周疲劳性能数据。借助于透射电子显微镜观察了疲劳变形亚结构。结果表明：相同循环应变幅下，室温和４００℃下再结晶试样有较好的低周疲劳性能。｛１０１＾－０｝柱面滑移旬Ｚｒ－４主要变 形方式；高温、高循环应变幅条件下，则可能使锥面滑移被激活。室温下典型的疲劳亚结构是平行的位错线，４００℃下消除应力试样形成了矩形位错胞，再结晶试样则形成了拉     

316不锈钢室温和350℃低周疲劳性能研究

采用MTS材料试验机研究作为反应堆结构材料的316奥氏体不锈钢母材在350℃和室温,以及焊缝在室温,±0.3%~1.5%应变幅的低周疲劳性能试验,并采用扫描电镜对试验后样品进行了断口分析。研究结果表明,316不锈钢疲劳性能较好,室温下疲劳寿命高出350℃同一应变幅的30%~50%以上,且母材的疲劳寿命显著高出焊缝同一应变幅的一倍以上。随应变幅的增加,材料疲劳寿命相应下降,峰值应力增加。室温下母材和焊缝均呈现出随循环周次增加、峰值随应力逐渐下降的规律。母材在高温下,随应变幅的增加,逐渐由循环硬化过渡到饱和行为。低周疲劳试验后,断口表面可观察到裂纹源和疲劳条带。随应变幅增加,疲劳条带间距增大,且同一应变幅下,焊缝的间距大于母材,高温的疲劳间距大于室温,与疲劳试验结果相吻合。     

不同热处理状态Zr－4合金的疲劳变形机理探讨

测定了不同热处理状态下室温和４００℃时Ｚｒ－４合金的常规力学性能和低周疲劳性能数据。借助于透射电子显微镜观察了疲劳变形亚结构。结果表用：相同循环应变幅下，室温和４００℃下再结晶试样有较好的低周疲劳性能。｛１０１０｝柱面滑移是Ｚｒ－４主要变形方式；高温、高循环应变幅条件下，则可能使锥面滑移被激活。室温下典型的疲劳亚结构是平行的位错线，４００℃下消除应力试样形成了短形位错胞，再结晶试样则形成了拉长的位错胞和垂直分布的位错偶。最后讨论了Ｚｒ－４的疲劳机理。     

N18合金薄壁管高温应变循环与疲劳行为研究

应用新型自研夹具对N18合金薄壁短管进行400℃下的单轴拉伸和等幅低周应变疲劳试验。试验结果表明：N18短管高温循环应力应变滞回线有良好对称性；等幅循环下短管试样在较低应变幅下表现出循环硬化特性，而在较高应变幅下表现出循环软化；在多级应变循环加载下短管试样应力幅在循环中均保持稳定，循环本构关系不受多级应变循环工况差异的影响；材料循环特性不符合Manson律。获得了用于N18合金在400℃高温下的几个寿命估算式。     

核电厂主管道材料低周疲劳寿命预测方法评价

采用总应变控制方法,对压水堆核电厂主管道国产材料Z3CN20.09M进行了室温与350℃温度下的低周疲劳试验研究,获得了材料的疲劳寿命演化规律。采用Manson-Coffin方程、单拉估算模型、拉伸滞后能寿命模型和三参数幂函数公式对该材料的低周疲劳数据进行了拟合。通过寿命预测结果比较发现,除单拉估算模型外,其他几种模型对350℃高温下疲劳寿命的预测结果分散性明显高于室温疲劳。在众多模型之中,单拉估算模型拟合效果较差且预测寿命偏于非保守,而室温下拉伸滞后能法预测精度相对较高,350℃下则采用三参数幂函数法获得的预测效果更好。     

锆合金薄壁细管的单调拉伸与低周疲劳试验研究

利用自行研制的高温夹具完成了Zr-1Nb合金和Zr-4合金薄壁短管试样不同温度下的单调拉伸和375℃下的等幅低周疲劳试验,获得了两种锆合金的单调和循环本构关系及Manson-Coffin寿命估算模型。研究结果表明：Zr-1Nb合金和Zr-4合金的弹性模量、屈服强度、抗拉强度以及应变硬化程度明显下降。随着温度的升高,温度对Zr-4合金的应变硬化程度的影响逐渐减弱;应变速率对Zr-4合金的拉伸性能的影响微弱。在等幅应变循环过程中,Zr-4合金表现为循环硬化,应变幅越低,硬化现象越明显;Zr-1Nb在较低应变幅下表现为循环硬化特性,而在较高应变幅下表现为循环软化。相对于单调拉伸行为,Zr-4合金在不同温度下的循环行为均表现出明显的强化特性。     

考虑温度效应的钛合金钢低周疲劳行为研究

完成了在室温与３５０℃高温下国产新材料Ｔ４２ＮＧ和Ｔ２２５ＮＧ钛合金钢的拉伸与低周疲劳系列试验研究，获得了四个单调Ｒ－Ｏ本构模型和四个Ｍ－Ｃ寿命估算模型。以这些模型为基础，系统地研究了材料的循环强化与软化规律，研究了温度系数λσ、λ△σ和λＮｆ对材料静强度、循环强度和低周疲劳规律的影响效应。根据温度对寿命的影响系数λＮｆ与应变幅△ε／２呈线性规律这一重要发现，提出考虑了温度效应、用于高温低周疲劳寿     

注锌水化学对Zr-Sn-Nb合金腐蚀性能影响

采用高压釜腐蚀试验研究Zr-Sn-Nb合金在模拟压水堆一回路注锌水化学环境中的腐蚀行为,对Zr-Sn-Nb合金在无锌和加锌水化学环境中的腐蚀增重、氧化膜形貌等现象进行分析。结果表明:Zr-Sn-Nb合金在无锌和加锌水化学环境中腐蚀150 d时腐蚀增重曲线发生转折,加锌对Zr-Sn-Nb合金腐蚀增重量、腐蚀动力学规律、氧化膜形貌、氧化膜物相、氧化膜厚度、氢化物分布和吸氢浓度无明显影响。      

Finite element creep analysis of PCRVs and comparison with experimental results

In order to investigate the validity and application of a finite element creep analysis program developed for the design of PCRV, a creep test was carried out on a scale model of a PCRV and the results were compared with those from numerical analysis. Based on the rate of flow method, the creep strain of concrete is divided into two components: flow strain (irreversible creep) which is assumed to be a linear function in the logarithmic scale of t, and delayed elastic strain (reversible creep) which is expressed as an exponential function of flow strain. The analysis program is based on the finite element method in which triangular constant strain elements for solids of revolution are used and the time-step analysis function, in the form of the initial strain method, is provided. In the analysis of the PCRV model constant creep Poisson's ratios of 0.17, 0.3 and 0.5 are assumed for the purpose of comparison. The constitutive model based on the rate of flow method satisfactorily modelled the uniaxial creep behaviour of test cylinders and the computed strains simulated the characteristics of the strain histories of the PCRV model fairly well in the qualitative sense.     

多轴疲劳模型对比研究及其在核电结构热疲劳寿命预测中的应用

压水堆核电站余热排出系统冷热水混合区管道发现的热疲劳问题影响核反应堆的安全。本文通过一种采用单轴疲劳试验数据拟合疲劳寿命曲线，进而用于预测多轴疲劳寿命的分析方法，基于文献中的疲劳试验数据，对Dang Van模型、Matake模型和Fatemi-Socie模型进行了余热排出系统冷热水混合区管道材料304L不锈钢疲劳寿命预测结果的对比研究。基于余热排出系统冷热水混合区管道的三维简化有限元模型，分别应用Dang Van模型、Matake模型和Fatemi-Socie模型对管道热疲劳寿命进行了预测，并与试验结果进行了对比验证。研究结果表明，基于应变（含平均应力修正）的Fatemi-Socie模型比较适用于304L不锈钢的疲劳分析，其热疲劳寿命预测结果相对Dang Van模型、Matake模型较合理。     

侧压对传热管用690合金微动疲劳寿命影响的计算分析与估算公式

微动是蒸汽发生器传热管失效的一个主要原因,揭示传热管用690合金的微动疲劳十分重要。本文通过有限元模型和自编程序计算分析了690合金与抗震条间平-平面接触副微动疲劳裂纹萌生寿命,重点研究了侧压对微动疲劳寿命的影响。结果表明,侧压下的裂纹萌生寿命远低于其标准疲劳寿命,降低程度与微动接触状态和微动磨损均有关。在此基础上提出了一个考虑侧压影响的微动疲劳寿命估算公式。该经验公式具有较简单的解析表达式,且对疲劳寿命的计算较为保守,可方便地用于工程设计和寿命预估     

Low cycle fatigue behaviors of elbow pipe with local wall thinning

Low cycle fatigue tests were conducted using 100A elbow specimens made of STPT410 carbon steel with local wall thinning. Local wall thinning by erosion/corrosion was simulated by machined pipe wall thinning. The local wall thinning areas were located at three different areas, called extrados, crown and intrados. The elbow specimens were subjected to cyclic in-plane bending under displacement control without internal pressure. The effects of eroded conditions, such as eroded ratio, eroded angle and position, on the low cycle fatigue behavior and fatigue life were discussed by using experimental results and finite element analyses. Also the location of crack initiation and the crack growth direction could be predicted by three dimensional elasto-plastic finite element analyses. In addition, the safety margin of eroded elbows against seismic loading was discussed by comparing the fictitious stress of elbows with the allowable stress limit demanded by the design code.     

Fracture strength and behavior of carbon steel pipes with local wall thinning subjected to cyclic bending load

The power plant piping is designed to withstand seismic events using the design fatigue curve. However, the fatigue strength of a pipe with local wall thinning caused by erosion/corrosion is not clear. To evaluate the fatigue strength of pipes with local wall thinning, low cycle fatigue tests were conducted on 100A carbon steel pipes with local wall thinning. In load controlled tests on these pipes, ratcheting deformation was observed, and the fatigue strength became lower than that of cracked pipes. In displacement controlled tests, the fatigue strength of eroded pipes with 100 mm in eroded axial length, 0.5 in normalized eroded depth and 90° in eroded angle was almost equal to that given by the design fatigue curve in ASME B&PV Code Sec. III. To evaluate the local strain range in the maximum wall thinning area, the finite element analysis was conducted on the eroded pipes in the displacement controlled tests. It is concluded that the Mises strain range in the maximum wall thinning area and the low cycle fatigue curve can be used to conservatively estimate the low cycle fatigue life of an eroded pipe and the validity of estimated results can be confirmed experimentally.     

Effect of test temperature on tensile and fatigue properties of nickel-base heat-resistant alloys

A series of tensile and strain controlled low-cycle fatigue tests were conducted at temperatures ranging from RT to 900°C on a nickel-base heat-resistant alloy, Hastelloy XR-II, which is one of the candidate alloys for applications in the process heating high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR). Fatigue tests at room temperature and all tensile tests were conducted in air, while fatigue tests at and above 400°C were conducted in the simulated HTGR helium environment. In those tests the effect of test temperature on tensile and fatigue properties was investigated. The ductility minimum point was observed near 600° C, while tensile and fatigue strengths decreased with increasing test temperature. The fatigue lives estimated with the method proposed by Manson were compatible with the experimental results under the given conditions. For the specimens fatigued at and above 700°C, the percentage of the intergranular fracture mode gradually increased with increasing test temperature.     

温度及氢化物对Zr-Sn-Nb合金焊缝疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响研究

采用小尺寸三点弯曲试样完成了渗氢和未渗氢Zr-Sn-Nb合金母材和焊缝在室温和360 ℃下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验,研究了温度和氢化物对焊接薄板的疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响。结果表明,腐蚀吸氢后,在母材和焊缝区均析出了呈水平向分布的片状氢化物。相比母材区,焊缝区析出的氢化物更为致密。在相同温度下,未渗氢母材的抗疲劳裂纹扩展性能均优于未渗氢焊缝。腐蚀吸氢后,母材在相同温度下的抗疲劳裂纹扩展性能也优于焊缝。在室温下,腐蚀吸氢后的母材和焊缝的抗疲劳裂纹扩展性能相比吸氢前明显下降。360 ℃下,渗氢母材和焊缝中的氢化物部分溶解,使得其抗疲劳裂纹扩展性能得到一定程度提升。     

钒合金加载变形和损伤演化的数值模拟

钒合金具有良好的高温强度、低辐照活化和抗辐照肿胀等特性,使其成为核工程中的一种重要结构材料。为评估V-5Cr-5Ti合金应力作用下的变形和损伤演化特征,开展了光滑和有缺口两种形状合金试样拉伸加载过程的试验和数值模拟研究,并对断口形貌进行了扫描电镜（SEM）观察。根据拉伸试验拟合钒合金的材料本构参数,数值模拟获得试样加载过程的应力 应变分布和颈缩区的损伤演化,将数值模拟获得的载荷 位移曲线与试验测试对比,结果表明二者在弹性和塑性阶段的变形曲线均非常一致,扫描电镜观察获得了两种形状试样的静态拉伸断裂机制。