低碳Mn-Nb钢和低碳Mn-Nb-Ti钢的显微组织

对低碳Mn-Nb钢和低碳Mn-Nb-Ti钢经不同温度加热奥氏体化后空冷和等温处理条件下的显微组织进行了研究。结果表明；当加热温度低于晶粒粗化临界温度(Tc)时，不论是空冷还是等温处理，两种钢均获得铁素体-珠光体组织。当加热温度高于Tc时，低碳Mn-Nb钢中易出现魏氏组织，而低碳Mn-Nb-Ti钢中则易于出现粒状贝氏体，这可能是因为微合金化元素溶入奥氏体中后影响了钢的转变动力学所致。     

贝氏体区等温时间对低硅TRIP钢组织和力学性能的影响

研究了0.15C-1.5Mn-1.5Al-0.3Si TRIP钢820℃2 min加热后快冷至450℃盐浴中保温5～300s空冷的组织和力学性能。结果表明,随在贝氏体转变区450℃等温时间的增加,该钢的屈服强度和伸长率增加,抗拉强度降低,等温时间60s时强塑积最佳,为23 000MPa%;等温时间≤60s时随等温时间增加钢中残余奥氏体含量增加,>60s时随等温时间的增加钢中残余奥氏体含量降低,60s时钢中残余奥氏体达到最高值,为14%。     

淬火冷却速度对耐热钢1Cr12Ni3Mo2VN组织和性能的影响

研究了1040℃1h油冷、炉冷(5℃/min)、1℃/min、0.5℃/min冷却后耐热钢1Cr12Ni3Mo2VN的组织和该钢1040℃1h不同冷却速度淬火+565℃2h空冷后的力学性能。试验结果表明,该钢4种冷却速度淬火均可得到马氏体组织,但油冷+回火的A_(KV2)值为156.5 J,而5～0.5℃/min冷却+回火时为40.5～16.5 J。残余奥氏体发生热失稳分解是导致试验钢淬火缓冷后冲击韧性显著下降的主要原因;在淬火缓冷过程中720～820℃这一温度段,由于原奥氏体晶界上碳化物的大量析出,使残余奥氏体中合金元素和碳含量的显著减少,造成淬火组织中的残余奥氏体稳定性大幅度下降。     

一种Fe-C-Si-Mn-Cr-Mo钢碳配分行为对组织的影响

 利用Formastor-FⅡ全自动相变仪模拟研究了一种Fe-0.24C-0.3Si-1.0Mn-0.56Cr-0.17Mo（质量分数,%）钢在冷却过程中的碳配分行为及其对马氏体和残余奥氏体的影响,用扫描电镜、透射电镜进行微观组织表征,用X射线衍射法和电子背散射衍射法测定残余奥氏体体积分数。结果表明,试验钢分别经末段慢冷和直接快冷工艺冷却后均获得马氏体＋残余奥氏体两相组织,其中直接快冷工艺所得马氏体相对杂乱,尺寸较小,残余奥氏体体积分数较少;而末段慢冷工艺所得马氏体板条较长,且发生了碳的配分,残余奥氏体体积分数较多,以薄膜状分布在马氏体板条间,板条内部含有高密度位错。     

常化后冷却工艺对1600MPa级超高强钢组织性能的影响

为改善高强度钢的塑性和韧性,对中碳低合金马氏体高强度钢分别采用常化后空冷＋回火和常化后控冷＋回火工艺,研究常化后冷却工艺对钢中残余奥氏体及力学性能的影响.采用扫描电镜获得钢的组织形态,利用X射线衍射和电子背散射衍射技术分析钢中残余奥氏体的体积分数、形貌和分布.发现两种工艺下均得到板条马氏体＋残余奥氏体组织,残余奥氏体均匀分布在板条之间,随工艺参数不同,其体积分数在3%~10%变化.常化后加速冷却能显著细化马氏体板条,提高钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度100 MPa以上,冲击功下降4 J.残余奥氏体的体积分数随常化控冷终冷温度的升高呈现先升高后降低的变化,常化后的控制冷却也可以作为进一步改善马氏体类型钢组织和性能的方法      

冷却速率对新型C61齿轮钢力学性能和微观组织的影响

借助光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)等设备,通过力学性能测试和显微组织观察,探究炉冷、水冷、石棉缓冷三种不同冷却方式对C61钢热轧态组织和性能的影响,对比不同状态下试验钢的性能。试验结果表明：冷却速度对试验钢的性能影响较大,由于冷却速率V_水冷>V_石棉缓冷>V_炉冷,导致试验钢在水冷条件下强度、硬度均高于炉冷和石棉缓冷处理时的性能;热轧后经水冷,试验钢的抗拉强度(R_m)和断面收缩率(Z%)分别为1450 MPa和62.7%,XRD分析得知,热轧后随冷却速率增加钢的残余奥氏体含量增多,面心立方的奥氏体有利于提升试验钢的韧性。可见,热轧水冷后的试验钢经过950℃加热1 h,水淬,经过-73℃冷处理1 h后,恢复到室温,最后在482℃回火16 h,空冷至室温是最佳工艺方案。     

贝氏体等温温度对超高强冷轧TRIP钢组织性能的影响

将C-Si-Mn钢加热至800℃保温120 s后,分别快速冷却至350～410℃保温600 s以模拟贝氏体等温转变工艺。通过扫描电镜(SEM)和拉伸测试的方法研究了贝氏体等温温度对超高强相变诱导塑性钢(TRIP钢)微观组织和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,冷轧TRIP钢的微观组织由铁素体、贝氏体、马氏体和残余奥氏体组成;贝氏体和残余奥氏体形成于等温转变阶段,而马氏体形成于等温后的终冷阶段。随着贝氏体等温温度增加,固溶C原子扩散系数提高,促进残余奥氏体中碳化物的析出。因此,奥氏体中的平均固溶C含量降低,使得TRIP钢残余奥氏体分数降低,马氏体体积分数增加。贝氏体等温温度由350℃增加至410℃时,TRIP钢屈服强度由720 MPa降低至573 MPa,抗拉强度由1 195 MPa提高至1 312 MPa,伸长率A_(80)由17.8%降低至12.5%。贝氏体等温温度为350℃时,冷轧TRIP钢具有优良的综合力学性能,强塑积达到21 270 MPa·%。     

空冷弛豫对铌微合金化热轧多相钢组织性能的影响

研究了铌微合金化试验钢控冷过程空冷弛豫温度对其组织和力学性能的影响,结合金相、电镜观察以及XRD技术分析了弛豫过程铁索体组织的演变、基体中的应变诱导析出行为以及组织中的残余奥氏体量变化.结果表明,轧后采用弛豫+超快冷的控冷工艺可以得到含有铁素体、贝氏体和残余奥氏体的多相组织,弛豫终止温度显著影响铁素体晶粒尺寸、铁素体量...     

空冷高硅中碳低合金钢的组织与性能

研究了高硅中碳低合金钢空冷态和空冷+回火态的显微组织和力学性能.试验钢在860℃保温0.5h奥氏体化后空冷处理,随后分别在250℃和400℃保温1h回火.结果表明:试验钢空冷后组织为贝氏体/马氏体和残余奥氏体的混合组织,硬度约为41 HRC;而250℃回火后组织变化不大,硬度明显升高,约为49 HRC,韧性明显增加,由44 J/cm2增加到66 J/cm2,抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率明显下降.回火温度进一步增加对力学性能影响不大.     

贝氏体等温时间对超高强冷轧相变诱导塑性钢组织性能的影响

将C-Si-Mn钢加热至800℃保温120 s后,分别快速冷却至350℃保温100~1 000 s以模拟贝氏体等温转变工艺。通过扫描电镜(SEM)和拉伸测试的方法研究了贝氏体等温时间对超高强冷轧相变诱导塑性钢(TRIP钢)微观组织和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,冷轧TRIP钢的微观组织由铁素体、贝氏体、马氏体和残余奥氏体组成。贝氏体和残余奥氏体形成于等温转变阶段,而马氏体形成于等温后的终冷阶段。随着贝氏体等温时间增加,促进了过冷奥氏体向贝氏体转变,固溶C原子充分向剩余奥氏体中富集。因此,过冷奥氏体中的平均碳含量增加,使得冷轧TRIP钢残余奥氏体分数提高,马氏体体积分数下降。贝氏体等温时间由100 s延长至1 000 s时,冷轧TRIP钢屈服强度由596 MPa提高至692 MPa,抗拉强度由1 455 MPa降低至1 138 MPa,屈强比由0.41提高至0.61,伸长率(A80)由6.3%提高至18.9%。贝氏体等温时间为1 000 s时,冷轧超高强TRIP钢具有优良的综合力学性能,最大强塑积达到21 510 MPa·%。     

转炉炉壳热应力分析

根据实际转炉建立实体模型。以有限元为手段,考虑了炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点和炉衬与炉壳之间膨胀间隙,计算了转炉炉壳在温度载荷和炉衬膨胀压力同时作用下的热应力。所得结果可为转炉炉壳设计提供依据。     

焦炭热性能指标意义浅析

通过对焦炭在高炉内的历程及其变化规律的剖析,阐述焦炭热性能指标的意义,形象地把焦炭在高炉内的损耗分为三部分(M1,M2,M3)。指出M2对焦比及焦炭价格有一定的指导作用。     

Results of treatment of cancer of the cardia

Cancer of the cardia is traditionally discussed with cardiac cancer of the lower portion of the esophagus and upper gastric cancer invading the esophagus, and the specific characteristics of cancer of the cardia have never been clearly defined. We reviewed the outcome of 172 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cardia who had undergone radical surgery between 1949 and 1994 in the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the Cancer Institute Hospital. The centers of the tumors were located within 2 cm above and below the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach, and their longitudinal diameter was less than 8 cm. We divided the patients into an early period (1949-1979; n = 79) and a late period (1980-1994; n = 93), and focused on the historical transition. There were no differences in patient gender or histology between the two periods. However, the late period was associated with fewer cases of esophageal invasion and shorter longitudinal diameter, as the age of the population advanced. The number of advanced cancers such as the localized and infiltrative type had decreased, and early cancer and early clinical stage had become more common, but despite the fact that the number of early cancers had increased, extended dissection, such as thoracic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, was performed more frequently. By clinical stage, the long-term outcome markedly improved in Stage I patient in the late period, and tended to improve in Stage II and III patients. This appears to have been attributable to the prevention of micrometastasis by extended dissection, although the number of early cancers is another major potential cause. There were no differences in the outcome of Stage IV patients between the two periods, and further advances in multimodality therapy must be awaited. The range of resection is basically proximal gastrectomy, and if there are adequate indications, the prognosis is favorable. In view of the status of lymphatic flow and lymph node metastasis, and long-term results, lateroaortic lymph node dissection is important. Since the number of early cancer patients has been increasing, if intraabdominal recurrence is prevented, intrathoracic lymph node dissection will contribute greatly to the outcome of such patients.     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of rates of infection of two methods of emergency ventricular drainage

The rates of infection of two methods of external ventricular drainage in use at Atkinson Morley's Hospital--namely, (a) percutaneous drainage with Rickham reservoirs and (b) tunnelled ventriculostomies--were compared in this retrospective review. Percutaneous drainage of CSF with Rickham reservoirs was associated with a 27% rate of infection as identified by positive microbiological cultures; tunnelled ventriculostomy catheters had a 10% infection rate. The difference in the infection rate between the two methods was statistically significant (P < 0.015). Other variables examined, including the age and sex of the patients and the reasons for ventricular drainage, were not associated with an increased rate of infection. Most infections from either method were caused by a coagulase negative staphylococcus. The average duration of ventricular drainage before identification of positive cultures was 5.7 days for Rickham reservoirs and 6.0 days for ventriculostomies.     

浅析《野草》的版画特征

鲁迅先生一生热爱美术作品,对版画中木刻兴趣尤甚.<野草>作为其"写心之作",亦呈现出一些与木刻版画一致的审美特征:一是具有木刻版画的色彩特征,多对比、多冷色,有阴郁的美感;二是具有木刻版画的力度特征,环境描写、人物刻画处处刀锋毕现,遒劲有力,有一种"力之美".     

四辊破碎机车刀架的改造

针对四辊破碎机车刀架车削中存在的几个问题,详细介绍了电动车刀架的结构和工作原理,建立主要设计参数的数学表达式,并进行适当的分析。改造后,这种电动车刀架运行平稳、可靠、方便、省力,取得了预期的效果。     

Effect of antibiotics of chemotaxis of human leukocytes

The effect of 20 different antibiotics on chemotaxis by human neutrophils was studied. Human leukocytes incubated with chloramphenicol, rifampin, sodium fusidate, and tetracyclines in vitro showed markedly depressed migration. The mechanisms by which these antibiotics affect leukotaxis are discussed.