风力机翼型参数化表达及收敛特性

为了扩展出新的风力机翼型型线和建立便于优化统一的数学模型,基于儒可夫斯基保角变换理论和西奥道生法,提出一种通用的翼型形状参数化集成表达函数(形状函数),分析并推导生成翼型的控制条件方程,研究翼型设计空间覆盖特性情况。以FX66-S196-V1翼型为例,研究应用参数化集成方法生成的不同阶次拟合翼型的几何收敛特性和空气动力收敛特性,随着拟合阶次的增加,拟合翼型的几何坐标和气动性能结果向原翼型逐渐逼近,其11阶拟合翼型的气动特性能够很好的吻合原翼型。在相同工况下11阶拟合翼型升力特性、阻力特性结果与该翼型试验数据的误差很小,可以利用11阶拟合翼型代替原翼型进行风力机的设计和分析,并总结不同翼型参数化集成表达的最低拟合阶数。     

基于连续攻角的风力机翼型整体气动性能提高的优化设计

目前风力机翼型都是考虑单点设计攻角而开发出来,以追求局部气动性能的极大值,而忽略了连续设计攻角范围内翼型整体气动性能。结合翼型泛函集成理论及复杂型线表面曲率光滑连续性思想,提出连续攻角情况下风力机翼型廓线设计新方法,以解决翼型优化设计中其气动力难以收敛这一关键问题,并实现翼型整体气动性能的提高。将连续攻角情况下设计出来的WQ-B翼型与单点攻角情况下设计出来的WQ-A翼型进行了气动性能对比分析;并将WQ-B翼型系列应用到实际2 MW风力机叶片中。研究表明:相比WQ-A翼型及实际叶片,WQ-B新翼型系列及叶片整体性能均有显著提高。该研究不仅验证了该设计方法的可行性,而且也表明WQ-B翼型系列具有广泛的通用性及可置换性。     

Matlab优化工具在通用风力机翼型型线设计中的应用

基于Matlab软件中的优化算法和优化工具,针对风力机翼型通用型线集成表达式建立了优化数学模型.以风力机翼型的最大升阻比为优化设计目标函数,翼型形状控制方程的系数为设计变量,翼型的厚度和弯度为约束条件,设计得到了相对厚度为18%的风力机翼型,并对其性能进行了计算分析.研究结果拓宽了风力机叶片翼型的设计思路和设计方法.     

湍流工况小型风力机翼型气动特性及稳健优化

风力机翼型设计通常未考虑湍流强度影响,气动设计与实际工况产生较大偏差,为使得翼型设计与实际工况相匹配,考虑随机湍流工况湍流强度大小的不确定性,以S809翼型为研究对象,分析低雷诺数下不同湍流强度对翼型S809升阻气动特性、压力分布影响规律,量化湍流不确定性对翼型气动性能的影响,提出一种在气动优化中耦合层流分离预测的高湍流低雷诺数小型风力机翼型优化策略,基于非嵌入式概率配置点法、TransitionSST模型、拉丁超立方试验设计、Kriging模型和非支配排序遗传算法进行气动稳健优化设计。案例结果表明,优化后翼型湍流适应性增强,在不确定湍流强度TI～N(0.15,0.037 52)工况下最大升阻比平均值提升了6.55%,标准差减小了13.49%。该方法使翼型设计与湍流风况相匹配,降低翼型对不确定湍流的敏感性,为不确定湍流工况低雷诺数翼型及小型风力机设计与应用提供重要参考。     

典型霜冰条件下的风力机翼型优化设计

以翼型型线的表达方法为基础,提出结冰条件下风力机翼型设计方法,并在典型霜冰条件下,基于原始翼型WT180优化设计出一种相对厚度为18%的风力机专用翼型ICE180。在自然转捩情况下,用Rfoil计算了ICE180、WT180及NACA63418三种翼型在不结冰以及霜冰条件下的气动性能;在结冰条件下,用计算流体力学(Computational fluid dynamics,CFD)方法对三种结冰翼型的气动性能进行验证。研究表明,相对于原始翼型WT180,新翼型ICE180既保持了无结冰条件下的良好气动性能,又在主攻角范围内,大幅提高了霜冰条件下的气动性能,且翼型前缘结冰厚度更小。故此,提出的翼型优化设计方法对于霜冰条件下的风力机专用翼型设计具有重要意义。     

前缘凹坑及涡流发生器对风力机翼型气动性能影响

通过风洞试验，对相对厚度为21%的风力机翼型及前缘凹坑进行研究。前缘凹坑损伤是采用三维软件进行建模，并利用3D打印技术对模型进行加工的。本次风洞试验考虑了光滑模型、前缘凹坑模型以及增加涡流发生器(VG)后翼型的气动性能。通过对升力系数及压力系数的分析进行流态判读，并采用荧光丝线方式进行流动显示，揭示了翼型失速过程。同时，测试结果表明，前缘凹坑会降低翼型的升力系数，增加翼型的阻力系数。而在前缘带凹坑的翼型上安装VG后，可以改善前缘凹坑翼型的气动性能。     

几何特性对风力机翼型粗糙度敏感性的影响

基于正交试验的方法,采用XFOIL软件研究最大相对厚度、最大相对弯度以及尾缘厚度对翼型前缘粗糙度敏感性的影响,推导评价翼型粗糙度敏感性的指标,并讨论翼型表面不同区域加密面元节点对XFOIL软件计算结果的影响。研究表明,在翼型上表面正压力梯度区域加密面元节点会对XFOIL软件的计算结果产生明显的影响,而在其它区域增加面元节点个数会增加计算的收敛速度,但对计算结果没有明显的影响。通过极差和方差分析发现,翼型前缘粗糙会导致翼型多方面的气动性能参数变坏,翼型的最大相对厚度会对所有的敏感性指标产生显著性影响,而最大相对弯度和尾缘厚度仅对其中一些指标产生明显的影响,且增大翼型的尾缘厚度有利于降低由于前缘粗糙引起的升力系数和升阻比的下降。     

基于最大风能利用系数的风力机翼型设计

以叶素动量理论为基础,对翼型风能利用系数进行循环迭代以求解其最大值,同时分析翼型在各段升阻比范围内升阻比增加对风能系数的影响.针对风力机展向各处对翼型设计的不同要求,基于翼型型线与噪声预测理论,综合考虑翼型的前缘粗糙度敏感性、非设计工况特性、失速特性、噪声特性以及风力机的使用寿命,提出以多攻角范围内翼型风能利用系数为设计目标来设计翼型的新方法.计算实例选取相对厚度为18%的翼型进行优化计算,得到一种性能优越的风力机专用翼型,通过和风力机常用翼型NACA 63418在雷诺数Re=2×106和Re=6×106下自由转捩和固定转捩两种工况时性能的综合比较,新翼型在5°～14°攻角范围内具有良好的粗糙度敏感性、非设计工况特性、失速特性以及低噪声,同时也具有更高的风能利用系数,很好地满足了风力机专用翼型的设计要求.     

兆瓦级风力发电机叶片的气动特性分析

以1.5MW风力发电机为例,论述叶片与来流空气之间的相互作用(气动特性)。首先建立气动模型,采用数值模拟方法对叶片翼型的三维动态绕流流场进行计算。然后以叶片表面边界层理论分析的结果为基础,给出三维旋转效应对气流分离影响的解析关系,为准确计算旋转叶片的气动载荷提供基础。最后在叶片三维紊流风场下建立紊流风模型以及气动载荷计算模型。     

风力机翼型风洞实验中粗糙带形式的选择研究*

由于模型尺寸与实验风速的限制,低速翼型风洞实验雷诺数通常小于实际值,造成翼面转捩点偏后,翼型表面流动与实际不相符。为了尽量真实模拟实际流动,风洞实验一般采用粗糙带在翼型表面前缘进行固定转捩。实践表明,粗糙带的种类及其参数对实验结果有重要的影响,需要非常仔细地选择。另外,由于风力机叶片长期在野外工作,污染造成表面粗糙度增加,这部分的影响一直没有得到很好的研究。本文采用风洞实验的方法,对ZZR、ZZT、T和H型等四种粗糙带在风力机翼型风洞实验中的作用及附加影响进行了研究。研究结果表明,在风力机翼型实验中,ZZT型具有转捩效果好和附加阻力小的特点,H型则对昆虫尸体的影响有较好的模拟效果。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

Limits of topographic measurement by the scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes

Parameters describing the topographic character of a surface (height, surface wavelength, slope and curvature) can be derived from equivalent sinusoidal profiles. The response of a surface-measuring instrument may be modelled in terms of instrument parameters such as stylus radius, and scanning range and resolution. The performance of the instrument may then be mapped as a zone in amplitude-wavelength (AW) space to show the sinusoidal profiles it is capable of measuring. In a first-order analysis the STM and AFM are considered as equivalent to contact-stylus instruments with a notional stylus radius equal to the tip radius plus the gap. Comparisons between different instruments and types of instrument are readily made by mapping in AW space. The error arising from convolution of the sinusoidal profile with that of the finite tip may be quantified and plotted as contours in AW space.     

Fractional order nonsingular terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking

This paper investigates a fractional terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking in the presence of inertia uncertainties and extern...     

奥氏体不锈钢表面双辉等离子渗锆的动力学

利用双辉等离子渗金属技术在0Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢表面制备了一层均匀、致密、呈良好冶金结合的渗锆合金层,并对1 060℃下的渗锆动力学进行了研究。结果表明:随着距锆合金层表面距离的增加,锆元素的含量呈梯度递减,扩散系数逐渐减小,而扩散激活能逐步增大;在1 060℃采用双辉等离子技术渗锆时,渗锆合金层表层的空位密度为2.945×(1012~1013)cm-2,与相同温度下采用常规渗金属工艺相比,提高了1~2个数量级。     

气化炉三维扫描测量与数据处理

以德士古气化炉耐火砖的内壁蚀损检测设备为基础,对采集到的点云数据做了进一步处理.通过对数据的筛选和剔除,实现了数据点的平滑降噪细化和精简.然后利用点云对整、网格划分和分色显示等方法,最终完成了内壁腐蚀情况的三维建模.重点讨论了点云数据的预处理及后处理的方法,并根据内壁耐火砖的腐蚀阈值,提出了一种气化炉内壁腐蚀区域的识别与分割方法.对耐火砖的腐蚀分析、气化炉的生产与维修提供了可靠依据,并在工程应用中获得了一致认可.